"Rewarding Lotte at the First Banquet in Yangzhou"
(Tang Dynasty) Liu Yuxi
The desolate land of Chushui in Bashan⑵, abandoned for twenty-three years⑶ .
Nostalgically reciting the poems on the flute in the air⑷, but when you go to the countryside to read it, it seems like a bad person⑸.
Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of trees spring in front of the diseased trees.
Today I listen to a song of Junge, and for the time being I will be refreshed with a glass of wine⑺.
Translation of the work
Bashan Chushui is a desolate place, where I have been abandoned by the court for twenty-three years. When I returned to my hometown, all the familiar people were gone, so I could only recite "Reminiscence of the Past" written by Xiang Xiu when he heard the flute to remember them, and he became the man in the myth who lost his axe, and no one knew him anymore. , It’s really like a world away. I am like a sunken ship, and the new rich are like thousands of sails racing by, and like a diseased tree, before my eyes are thousands of trees vying for spring, full of vitality. When I hear the song you sang for me today, just cheer up with this glass of wine. [1]
Creative background
In 826 AD (the second year of Baoli reign of Emperor Jingzong of the Tang Dynasty), Liu Yuxi was dismissed as the governor of Hezhou and returned to Luoyang. At the same time, Bai Juyi returned to Luoyang from Suzhou. The poets met in Yangzhou. We stayed for half a month and then headed north together. When they first met in Yangzhou, Bai Juyi wrote a poem "Drunk Gift to Liu Twenty-eight Envoys" and gave it to Liu Yuxi. The poem goes like this: "Place a glass of wine for me, and sing with you while beating the chopsticks on the pan. The poem says that the country's hand is just for you, but there is nothing you can do about it. The scenery is lonely when you look up, and the official positions in the dynasty are wasted. It is also known that talents can be combined with quilts. This poem by Liu Yuxi was written in response to Bai Juyi, focusing on expressing his thoughts and feelings in this specific environment. [2]
Appreciation of Works
"Lotte" is Bai Juyi's nickname. "Jiangi" refers to the poem Bai Juyi gave to the author. Liu Yuxi's response poem takes over from Bai's poem and focuses on expressing his own feelings in this specific environment. In Bai's poem as a gift, Bai Juyi lamented Liu Yuxi's misfortune. The last two sentences said: "I also know that he has been ruined by his talents. Twenty-three years have been too much." On the one hand, he lamented Liu Yuxi's unfortunate fate, and on the other hand, he praised Liu Yuxi. Liu Yuxi's talent and fame. The general idea is: You deserve misfortune, why are you so talented? But twenty-three years of misfortune is too much. These two lines of poetry contain both sympathy and praise. They are very euphemistic. Because Bai Juyi mentioned twenty-three years at the end of the poem, Liu Yuxi went on to say at the beginning of the poem: "The desolate land of Bashan and Chushui has been abandoned for twenty-three years." He was relegated to live in the desolate area of ??Bashan and Chushui. It has been twenty-three years since I came here. The back-and-forth shows the cordial and cordial relationship between friends. Then, the poet naturally sighed and said: "I recite the flute poems in vain in nostalgia, and when I go to the countryside to read them, I feel like a dead person." He said that he had been away for twenty-three years, and now that he has returned, many old friends have passed away, so he can only chant in vain. Reciting "Wen Di Fu" only expresses condolences. Coming back this time feels like a lifetime ago, and I feel that everything has changed, and it is no longer the same as before. The latter sentence uses an allusion from Wang Zhilanke, which not only hints at the long period of his relegation, but also expresses the changes in the world, as well as the unfamiliar and melancholy mood after returning, which is very rich in meaning.
In Bai Juyi's gift poem, there are two sentences: "Looking up at the scenery is lonely, and the official position in the dynasty is wasted", which means that all the people of your generation have been promoted, but you are the only one who is wasting away in loneliness in a desolate place. When he was young, Liu Yuxi was quite unhappy. Regarding this, Liu Yuxi wrote in his poem: "Thousands of sails are passing by the side of the sunken boat, and thousands of spring trees are in front of the diseased trees." Liu Yuxi used the sunken boat and diseased trees as metaphors for himself. Although he felt melancholy, he was also quite optimistic. On the side of the sunken boat, there are thousands of sails racing; in front of the diseased tree, all trees are in spring. He translated these two sentences from Bai's poem, and instead comforted Bai Juyi not to be sad about his loneliness and wasted time, and showed an open-minded mind about the changes in world affairs and the ups and downs of officials. The poetic meaning of these two lines echoes with Bai's poem "There is nothing to do when life is overwhelming" and "Yizhihe is ruined by talent and fame", but their ideological realm is higher than Bai's poem, and the meaning is much deeper. Twenty-three years of relegated life did not make him depressed. Just as he wrote in another poem, "Mo Dao Sang teases the evening, and the sky is still full of clouds." His diseased tree still needs to regain its spirit and welcome the spring. Because these two lines of poetry are vivid and vivid, they are still often quoted and given new meanings, indicating that new things will inevitably replace old things.
Just because the couplet "Sinking Boat" suddenly became popular, and changed the sad and low mood in the front, the last couplet went down, writing: "Today I listen to a song of Junge, and I will hold my cup for a while. Drinking makes you energetic." This clarifies the meaning of Bai Juyi's question. I mean, I was very moved after listening to your poem today, so let’s cheer up with a drink! Under the warm care of his friends, Liu Yuxi expressed his intention to cheer up and get back into life. Show perseverance. The poetry has ups and downs, and there is boldness in the melancholy. It is an excellent work of reward poetry. [2]
Thoughts and Feelings
It expresses the author’s infinite sadness and resentment towards being demoted and abandoned, and also expresses the poet’s firm belief and optimism.
"Red Cliff" (Author: Du Mu)
The broken halberd sinks in the sand and the iron is not sold,
I will recognize my former dynasty.
Dongfeng did not agree with Zhou Lang,
Tongquechun locked Erqiao deeply.
Poetic
A broken iron halberd sank in the sand at the bottom of the water and has not been eroded. After polishing and washing it, I found that it was a relic from the Battle of Chibi.
If Dongfeng did not provide Zhou Yu with convenience, Cao Cao would probably win and Er Qiao would be imprisoned in Tongque Terrace.
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Writing background
This poem is about the poet passing through the famous ancient battlefield of Chibi (now Chiji Mountain in the southwest of Wuchang County, Hubei Province). It was written with feelings about the success and failure of the heroes in the Three Kingdoms era. The Battle of Chibi, which took place in October of the 13th year of Jian'an reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty (208), was a major battle that played a decisive role in the historical situation of the three kingdoms. As a result, the combined forces of Sun and Liu defeated Cao's army, and the thirty-four-year-old commander of Sun Wu's army, Zhou Yu, was the most influential figure in this battle. The poet viewed the relics of the ancient battlefield and expressed his unique views on the Battle of Chibi. He believed that Zhou Yu's victory was due to luck. At the same time, he also expressed the poet's lament about the rise and fall of the country. There is love and affection.
Appreciation of Works
The beginning of the poem uses an ancient object to express feelings about the people, things and things of the previous dynasties.
"A broken halberd sinks in the sand and the iron is not polished. It will be polished and washed to recognize the former emperor." These two sentences mean that the broken halberd sank in the sand and was not eroded. After polishing it, Recognized as a relic from the previous dynasty. Here, these two descriptions seem plain but are actually unfair. There are broken halberds buried in the sand, pointing out the historical events that took place here. The halberd was broken and sunk in the sand but was not destroyed, implying the sense that time has passed and things have changed. It was the discovery of this rusty "broken halberd" that had been buried at the bottom of the river for more than 600 years that made the poet think a lot, so he had to clean it up and identify it, and found that it turned out to be a remnant of the Battle of Chibi. Weapons coming down. In this way, the relics of the previous dynasty further aroused the author's imaginative thoughts, which laid a good foundation for the subsequent writing.
"The east wind did not help Zhou Yu, and the bronze bird was locked in the spring." These two sentences have been passed down for a long time, which means that if the east wind did not help Zhou Yu, then the bronze bird would The station will deeply lock Soochow Erqiao. This involves the famous Battle of Chibi in history. This is quite clear to the poet, because Du Mu himself has the talent to manage the country and help the world, is proficient in politics and military affairs, and is very familiar with historical and current events. As we all know, Wu won and Cao was defeated in the Battle of Chibi, but here the author made a bold assumption using reverse thinking and put forward a hypothesis that is contrary to historical facts. What would have been the result if Dongfeng had not helped Zhou Yu? The poet does not directly state the outcome of the war. Instead, it is said that "Tongquechun locks two Qiao deeply." Tongquetai was the place where Cao Cao was proud and extravagant, including his concubines and singers. The bronze bird platform here reminds people of the romantic side of Cao Cao. The word "spring deep" further deepens the romantic charm. Finally, the word "lock" is used to further highlight the meaning of the golden house hiding the beauty. It is really admirable to write about the victory and defeat of the smoke-filled war in such a profound way.
Artistic Features
From an artistic point of view, the poet Du Mu used the technique of pretending to be true in the first two sentences. This is a common technique used by poets in the Tang Dynasty to write poems and compositions. This is like writing about people or things in the current dynasty and borrowing them from people or things in the previous dynasty; there is also the expression technique of seeing the big from the small in the poem. When the last two sentences of the poem describe the victory or defeat of the war, the author It does not point out the truth, but expresses the imagined outcome of the defeat of Wu in the Middle East through the fate of two women with special identities, Xiao Qiao. It can be said that it is really ingenious to see the big from the small. Just imagine, if the wives of the former ruler of Soochow and the current leader of the dynasty had been kidnapped by Cao Jun and taken to Tongquetai, then the outcome of the war would be self-evident, which would make the whole poem vivid, subtle, and emotional.
Crossing the Lingding Ocean
(Southern Song Dynasty) Wen Tianxiang
After a hard encounter, there are only a few stars in the surroundings.
The mountains and rivers are broken, the wind flutters and the catkins float, and the life experience is ups and downs, and the rain and the rain are scattered.
Afraid to say panic on the beach, sigh alone in the ocean.
Who has never died since ancient times? Keep your loyalty to reflect history.
1. The whole poem summarizes the major events in the author's life, blends narrative and ambition, is generous and sad, and deeply touching.
2. The first six sentences of the poem exaggerate the mood of worry, anger and sorrow, and the last two sentences turn to compose a passionate and generous swan song. This mood change has a shocking and earth-moving effect
Sentence analysis and translation
Sentence analysis
First couplet: The first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, describing the poet's life experience.
The words "hard work" and "sparse" in the first couplet describe the author's feelings about these two things.
The "hard work" sentence: recalls the early life and various hardships since becoming an official. .
The sentence "Mountains and Rivers": uses duality and metaphorical rhetorical techniques to connect the fate of the country and the fate of the individual, vividly showing the precarious political situation, indicating that the national situation and the individual's fate have become difficult to achieve. redeem.
"Life experience" refers to life experience.
"Ling Ding" sentence: Lonely and helpless, lamenting the current situation and being alone and helpless. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingding Ocean. The words "panic" and "lonely" skillfully use two emotional words to express the poet's fear, anxiety and loneliness.
Translation
"Crossing the Lingding Ocean" My life's hard experiences all began with a Confucian classic; after leading the rebel army to fight against the Yuan soldiers, after four hard years,
The great rivers and mountains of the motherland were torn apart by the enemy's aggression, like catkins blown away by strong winds;
My own life experience was also turbulent, just like the floating catkins blown by heavy rain. Ping bumps up and down.
Thinking of the defeat in Jiangxi and the scene of (oneself) evacuating from the panic beach, the dangerous rapids and the severe situation still make people panic;
Thinking of the entire army in Wulingpo last year, and they were trapped in The opponent, now alone in the vast ocean, can only lament his loneliness.
Since ancient times, who has never died?
Sacrifice your life for your country, die a worthy death, (let me) leave this sincere heart to illuminate history!
Poetry Appreciation
This is an aspirational poem that will last forever. The poem begins with a review of life experience. It is intended to imply that you have been tempered for a long time and are fearless no matter what hardships and hardships you have. Then I recounted my combat career: I spent four years in a desolate and desolate war environment. Linking personal destiny to the rise and fall of the country. Three or four sentences continue to express the development of the situation and the deep sorrow and indignation from both the national and personal aspects. This couplet has neat contrasts and appropriate metaphors, truly reflecting the social reality at that time and the poet's experience. National disasters, personal ups and downs, and all kinds of pain tortured the poet's feelings, making his words doubly sad. The five or six sentences are deeper and deeper, using typical events in the encounter to once again show the poet's painful soul trembling due to the destruction of the country and personal danger. The last two sentences converge the whole article with majestic momentum, and write a heroic oath of preferring death to surrender. The meaning is that since ancient times, how can there be immortality in life? As long as this patriotic loyalty can be left to shine in the annals of history.
This famous saying that has been passed down through the ages is a hymn to an ideal life composed by the poet with his own blood and life. The tone of the whole poem is melancholy and solemn, and the awe-inspiring righteousness runs through the rainbow. It is indeed a great patriotic poem that moves the heaven and the earth and weeps ghosts and gods.
Appreciation 3
Statue of Wen Tianxiang "After a hard encounter, only a few stars fell all around after fighting." When the author was facing a life-and-death situation, he recalled his life and was filled with emotion. He grasped two major things, one was to become an official with Ming Jing, and the other was to be "King of Diligence". Starting from these two ends, the historical background and personal mood at that time were well written. "There are only a few fights" refers to the overall situation of the country. According to the "History of the Song Dynasty", the imperial court recruited soldiers from all over the world, but there were very few who held high the flag of righteousness and sacrificed their lives for the country like Wen Tianxiang. The author uses the four words "fighting only rarely", implying his anger towards those who are living an ignoble existence and his condemnation of the capitulationists!
In the above six sentences, the author exaggerates the hatred and hardship of his family and country to the extreme, and the sadness converges to a climax, but the last couplet is interrupted in one stroke: "Who has never died in life since ancient times? Keep your loyalty. Follow history!" ends the whole article with majestic momentum and high-pitched sentiment, reflecting his national integrity and his view of life and death of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. The wonderful ending makes the whole story change from sad to strong, from melancholy to uplifting, forming an immortal song. In this sentence, the author speaks directly from his heart, expressing the poet's national integrity of generously dying for the sake of national security.
Introduction to the author
Creative background
"Tong Guan Guan" is Zhang Yanghao's masterpiece in his later years, and it is also a masterpiece that perfectly combines ideological and artistic qualities in Yuan Sanqu. In his collection of Sanqu "Yunzhuang Yuefu", there are nine nostalgic works written with the "Shanshan Sheep" tune, seven titles, among which "Tong Guan Guan" has the most profound charm and rich color.
Zhang Yanghao was an honest official and loved the people like a son. After he lived in seclusion, he decided not to be involved in official career. However, when he heard that he was called back to help the hungry people in Shaanxi, he accepted the call regardless of his old age. During his mission to the Western Qin Dynasty, he witnessed the people's severe disasters. He sighed with emotion and became indignant. He then dispersed his family wealth and tried his best to provide disaster relief, but he died in the line of duty due to overwork. After his death, "the people in Guanzhong mourned as much as their parents" ("Yuan History·Biography of Zhang Yanghao"). "Tong Guan Gu Gu" was written on the way to Yang Guanzhong.
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Appreciation of works
This sanqu starts from Tongguan and nostalgic for the past, expressing sympathy for the people. The sentence "Prosperity, the people suffer; death, the people suffer" expresses the main idea of ??the whole text and reveals the nature of the rulers' oppression of the people.
Brief description
Zhang Yanghao visited the Tongguan Ancient Fortress on his way to Shaanxi, thinking about the past and the present, and wrote this famous lyrical poem. The first three sentences describe what I saw when I came to Tongguan, from far to near. They are both a description of the scenery and a lyrical expression, implicitly expressing the ups and downs of emotions in my heart. "Gathering" and "anger" describe the dynamics and spirituality of mountains and rivers, outline the majesty of mountains and the rushing momentum of water, and effectively highlight the author's sadness, anger and sadness of mourning the past and regretting the present. The four lines of "Looking at the Western Capital" are nostalgic. Facing the ruins of the former imperial capital, the author fully developed his imagination and highlighted the historical changes. The last two sentences reveal the essence of the rise and fall of dynasties in feudal society. From the historical changes and the contrast between rise and fall, the author reveals the tragic fate of the people, which is both a summary of history and a reflection of reality, deepening the ideological content of the whole song.
The poet stood on the mountain road of Tongguan Fortress, with the peaks of Huashan Mountain in front of him and the rapids of the Yellow River at his feet. The river was rushing and roaring in the canyon, like a herd of furious and crazy animals. The peaks are crowded and moving at different heights, as if they are gathered here to be inspected. Tongguan, majestic and dangerous Tongguan, Tongguan has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times!
Thinking of ancient times, the poet couldn't help but look to the west. Three hundred miles west of Tongguan is the Xijing Chang'an. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, several dynasties established their capitals in this area.
In the vast setting sun, the poet saw nothing, but in his mind, he imagined the majestic ancient capitals and the magnificent palaces. How many emperors, generals, heroes and heroes once fought there, which was so powerful that they are now nowhere to be seen. It was all gone, and all that was left was a piece of loess. Looking west to Chang'an, it really makes me feel anxious!
Is the poet just sad that "everything in the palace has been turned into dirt"? No, what saddens him most is the people of all generations. Regardless of the Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, despite the changes of dynasties, the people's suffering has never been eliminated. "When prosperity occurs, the people suffer; when it dies, the people suffer!" This is a sharp general comment on thousands of years of history.
This Sanqu, from Tongguan Fortress to the ancient capital Chang'an, and from the ancient capital Chang'an to the rise and fall of the past dynasties, covers hundreds of miles and more than a thousand years in time. My thoughts are galloping around, and finally it comes down to the sentence "the people are suffering" , chanted repeatedly, combining the artistic conception of landscape poetry and the vision of a historian.
Literary background
In ancient Chinese literature, the Song Dynasty not only inherited the poetry of the Tang Dynasty and formed the unique characteristics of Song poetry, but also had the rise of Ci. By the Yuan Dynasty, another emerging genre was music. Qu can be roughly divided into two types: one is opera and the other is Sanqu. Sanqu has no movements and plain language, making it easy to sing a cappella, including suites and small orders. A suite is composed of several pieces of music, and a small order takes one piece of music as an independent unit. The small order is limited to one. If two or three are combined into one unit, it is called Dai Guoqu. The subject "Sheep on the Hillside" is a small order marked with the title.
Central idea
The author was traveling on the road to Tongguan at this time. He saw the peaks and waves with his own eyes, and the words "like gathering" and "like anger" were all tainted with the author's emotions. color. The reason why the author is unhappy (hesitant) is that disasters are frequent and the people suffer.
This small order was written during the Tianli period of Emperor Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty when there was a severe drought in Guanzhong. Zhang Yanghao was recruited to serve as the Zhongcheng of Shaanxi Province. When he passed Tongguan on his way to the post, he triggered the memory of ancient feelings and expressed it. The author's concern and sympathy for the sufferings of the people. This popular little order reveals an unbreakable truth with a profound historical perspective: "When prosperity occurs, the people suffer; when death occurs, the people suffer." That is, no matter how the feudal dynasties changed, they suffered disasters in their wars to seize cities and land. Yes, those innocent people. It is like a high-burning red candle, illuminating people's eyes and making them realize that the palace symbolizes the feudal regime. Its construction was built with the bones of countless ordinary people; its collapse was also caused by the bones of countless ordinary people. Burial objects. This is the brilliance of thought it shines with. As for the precise wording, vivid modeling, and strong lyrical color, the rest are other things.
Zhang Yanghao's "Sheep on the Mountain: Tong Guan Guan" cleverly combines the topography and history of Tongguan, embodying emotions in the scenery, touching the scenery, using Tongguan as a witness to history, and making a heavy "Xing". The people are suffering; if we die, the people are suffering." This is the eternal sigh.
"The peaks and ridges are like clusters, the waves are like raging, the mountains and rivers are inside and outside, Tongguan Road, looking at the Western Capital, I hesitate. Wherever the Qin and Han Dynasties passed, thousands of palaces and palaces were turned into dirt. The people were prosperous, and the people suffered, and they died. The people are suffering."
Understanding of writing
This article goes deep into the writing, starting from describing the scene, then nostalgic for the past, and then discussing. The perfect combination of profound meaning, melancholy emotion, majestic and vast scenery, sincere and deep emotions and incisive discussion makes the whole song have a strong artistic appeal. The lines of this Sanqu are filled with a sense of historical vicissitudes and times, which not only highlights the characteristics of nostalgic poetry, but also has a unique melancholy style.
Background material
1 Zhang Yanghao is good at poetry, especially sanqu, and is a famous sanquist in the Yuan Dynasty. His sanqu mostly writes about pastoral and secluded life, and also touches on society. He is the author of a volume called "Yunzhuang Retreat in a Small Yuefu", which is mainly composed during his period of seclusion. It reflects his willingness to live in seclusion, and sometimes also reveals his dissatisfaction with officialdom. . In his later years, he witnessed the suffering of the people and wrote some works that exposed the darkness of society and sympathized with the sufferings of the people, with a high style. This song "Sheep on the Hillside·Tong Guan Gu" is one of them.
2. "Shanshan Sheep·Tong Caring about Ancient Times" was written by the author when he passed through Tongguan. "History of the Yuan Dynasty·Biography of Zhang Yanghao" says: "In the second year of Tianli, there was a severe drought in Guanzhong and the hungry people ate each other. I specially worshiped Zhang Yanghao as the Prime Minister of Taichung in Shaanxi Province. He ascended to heaven and went to heaven to help those who were hungry and bury the dead." Zhang Yanghao I wrote this song "Sheep on the Hillside" during the "Severe Drought in Guanzhong".
Artistic Features
① Use movement to describe stillness, giving things a turbulent momentum.
② The scenes blend together and the emotions arise from the scenery. Xiaoling's work has a rigorous structure, clear layers, distinct images, powerful momentum and far-reaching intentions. After reading Xiao Ling, people seem to see the image of the poet looking at Chang'an in the distance, paying attention to the past and paying attention to the present, and caring about the people's sufferings. From the ideological and artistic point of view, it is not uncommon in the Sanqu of the Yuan Dynasty.
3 The combination of virtual and real describes the geographical characteristics of Tongguan at that time. With a word "Juhu", the heavy rocks of Huashan Mountain and the rolling waves of the Yellow River are combined. Looking back on history, lamenting the rise and fall of history, the scenery in front of you and the The history of Tongguan is cleverly combined, using the unchanged scenery to set off the changeable history, using Tongguan as a historical witness to reveal the feudal rulers' struggle for personal interests, which brought suffering to the people, and expresses the author's feelings towards the people. The Sympathy of the Common People
The influence of later generations
The author of "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" was Wen Tianxiang. This poem was written by him when he was crossing the Lingding Ocean in the first month of 1279.
The poem outlines his life experience and destiny, expresses his impassioned patriotic enthusiasm, his high moral integrity and his attitude towards death, as well as his outlook on life of sacrificing himself for righteousness. It is the highest expression of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation.
It is a famous article that will inspire future generations, especially "No one has died since ancient times, and his loyalty will illuminate history", which has influenced generations of patriots and the general public. From the "May 4th Movement" to the Anti-Japanese War, in China, in Southeast Asia and overseas, whether in literary creation, drama performance or song singing, you can often see "Crossing the Lingding Ocean" and other chapters, inspiring national sentiments. . It has profound inspiration and far-reaching influence on the integrity of people with lofty ideals and the sincerity and literary talent of later generations.
Creative background
Duanzong succeeded to the throne
In the second year of Deyou (AD 1276), Zhao ascended the throne in Fuzhou and changed Yuan Jingyan to become Duanzong. . King Guang of Jin was granted the title of King of Wei. Wen Tianxiang served as the privy envoy and governor of the army and horses. Wen Tianxiang opened the governor's office in Nanjianzhou (now Nanping, Fujian). Many civil servants and generals from Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi, local celebrities, and the old troops of King Qin's army came to serve. Wen Tianxiang sent people to various places to recruit troops and raise wages, and soon formed a group. The scale and momentum of the Zhidufu army were much larger than last year's Jiangxi King Qin's army. However, the inability of the ministers of the DPRK and China to deal with the enemy with one heart and one mind became a major hidden danger in the anti-Yuan military campaign.
Government in Exile
In October of the second year of Deyou, the imperial court ordered Wen Tianxiang to send troops to Tingzhou (now Changting, Fujian), but unfortunately the battle failed. Under the attack of the Yuan army, Nanjianzhou also fell into the hands of the enemy, and the capital Fu'an (ie Fuzhou) lost its barrier. Prime Minister Chen Yizhong and Deputy Privy Councilor Zhang Shijie were panic-stricken and hurriedly escorted Duanzong and King Wei into the sea to avoid the attack. Fu'an Prefecture fell immediately, and the Southern Song Dynasty's small court became a government-in-exile at sea.
Victory in southern Jiangxi
At the beginning of the second year of Jingyan (1277), the Yuan army advanced on Tingzhou, and Wen Tianxiang retreated to Meizhou, Guangdong (today's Meizhou, Guangdong). After reorganization, they set out from Meizhou in May to start the campaign to regain Jiangxi. Under the leadership of Wen Tianxiang, Jiangxi's anti-Yuan military campaign was in full swing. The rebels from all sides cooperated with the governor's army to recapture Huichang, Yudu, and Xingguo respectively. Heroes from Fenning, Wuning, and Jianchang counties, as well as volunteers from Linchuan, Hongzhou, Yuanzhou, and Ruizhou came to request the governor to control . Wen Tianxiang unified the deployment, swept across southern Jiangxi, and recovered a large area of ??land.
Defeated and captured
In August of the second year of Jingyan, the Yuan army launched a large-scale attack. Due to the lack of combat experience and strict training, the governor's army was weak in combat effectiveness. Under the fierce attack of the Yuan army's cavalry, it ended dismally. Civil servants and generals were either sacrificed or arrested. Wen Tianxiang's family was left with only the young and old. Although Wen Tianxiang suffered a huge blow from the destruction of his country and his family and the separation of his wife and children, he did not waver in his will to resist the Yuan Dynasty. He led troops into Guangdong and continued to fight against the Yuan Dynasty in Chaozhou and Huizhou. On December 20, the first year of Xiangxing (1278), Wen Tianxiang was unfortunately captured by a Yuan army that attacked Wupoling. He committed suicide by swallowing two ounces of brains (i.e. borneol), but the medicine failed and he failed to die for his country.
Crossing the Lingding Ocean
Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Dynasty led the land and sea armies directly to Guangdong to completely eliminate the Southern Song Dynasty government-in-exile. Wen Tianxiang was escorted by warships to Lingdingyang (now part of Guangdong Province) outside the Pearl River Estuary. Zhang Hongfan sent someone to ask Wen Tianxiang to write a letter to surrender Zhang Shijie. Of course, Wen Tianxiang refused to write a surrender letter, but he wrote a seven-character poem to express his intentions.
The thoughts and feelings expressed in the last couplet
Theme
The author of this poem recalls his arduous experience of fighting against the Yuan Dynasty, expressing his concern for the country and his willingness to die to clarify his ambitions , the heroic ambition to sacrifice one's life for the country and the heroic spirit of disregarding death. It is breathtaking and fascinating. It not only expressed his determination to fight to the death against the Yuan Dynasty, but also showed that he must be loyal and always think of his country and the wishes of his people.
"Shui Diao Ge Tou·When will the bright moon come out"
Northern Song Dynasty Su Shi
When will the bright moon come out? Ask the sky for wine. I don’t know what year it is today in the palace in the sky. I want to ride the wind back home, but I'm afraid it's too cold in the high places. Dancing clear shadow, like in the world.
Turn to the Zhu Pavilion, where the Qihu is low, and the light makes you sleepless. There shouldn't be any hatred, why should we be reunited when we say goodbye? People have joys and sorrows, separations and reunions, and the moon waxes and wanes. This has never been the case in ancient times. I hope that people will live long and travel thousands of miles to meet Chanjuan.
Central idea
This poem uses the description and imagination of the moonscape on the Mid-Autumn Night to express the infinite longing for relatives and express the poet's unwillingness to feel frustrated and parted. The suffering of broad-mindedness.
Writing background
Su Shi This poem was written by the author when he was in Mizhou during the Mid-Autumn Festival in the ninth year of Xining, Shenzong of the Song Dynasty. During this period, because Su Shi had different political views from Wang Anshi and other reformers in power, he sought to be released to the outside world and served as an official in various places. He once asked to be transferred to an official position closer to Su Che so that his brothers could gather together more often. After arriving in Michigan, this wish still could not be realized. In the Mid-Autumn Festival of this year, the bright moon was in the sky and silver lights were everywhere. After parting ways with his brother Su Zhe, it had been seven years since they were reunited. At this moment, the poet faced a bright moon, his heart was ups and downs, so he took advantage of the wine and wrote this famous poem. The small preface before the poem explains the process of writing the poem: "Bingchen Mid-Autumn Festival, drinking and getting drunk, I wrote this poem while pregnant with my son." Obviously, this poem reflects the author's complex and contradictory thoughts and feelings. .
On the one hand, it shows that the author has lofty political ambitions. Although he was 41 years old at the time and was in Mishu, far away from Kyoto, and was very unhappy politically, he was still full of confidence in reality and ideals; on the other hand, due to political Frustrated, the ideal cannot be realized, and the talent cannot be used, thus creating a strong dissatisfaction with reality and fostering thoughts and feelings of passive avoidance. However, what runs through the whole poem is the love for life and the positive and optimistic spirit shown in the words.
Translation
When did the bright moon appear? (I) held the wine glass and asked the sky. I don’t know what year and day it is tonight in the palace of gods in the sky.
I want to ride the breeze and return to the sky (it seems that I have come down from the sky to the world, so I say "go back")
I am afraid that I will come to the jade stone building The beautiful moon palace was completed, but it could not withstand the cold in the high altitude (legend has it that the palace in the middle of the moon is called Guanghan Palace).
In my imagination, I dance to the moon, and the clear shadow follows people, as if I am riding on the clouds and riding the wind. I am in the sky, how can it be compared to being in the world!
The moon turned around the vermilion attic and hung low on the carved windows, illuminating those who were not sleepy.
The bright moon shouldn’t have any resentment towards people, but why does it have to be round and bright when loved ones are leaving?
People undergo changes in joys and sorrows, and the moon also undergoes changes in waxing and waning. This kind of thing has been difficult to understand since ancient times.
I just hope that the person I miss can live a long and healthy life, and that I can enjoy this beautiful moon even though I am thousands of miles apart.
Sheep on the hillside·Tong cares about ancient times
Zhang Yanghao (Yuan Dynasty)
The peaks and mountains are like gatherings, the waves are like angry waves, and the mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road inside and outside. Looking at the Western Capital, I hesitated. It is sad that wherever the Qin and Han Dynasties traveled, thousands of palaces and palaces were turned into dirt. When it prospers, the people suffer; when it dies, the people suffer.