The earliest irrigation project in China was the pond in the Yellow River Basin (southwest of Xianyang, Shaanxi Province), and the Book of Songs recorded that "the pond flowed northward and flooded the field".
In the early Warring States period, a large-scale water diversion irrigation project appeared in the Yellow River basin.
In 422 BC, Ximen Bao, as Ye Ling, built 12 canals leading to Zhanghe River, a tributary of the Yellow River at that time, to irrigate farmland.
In 246 BC, the State of Qin built the Zheng Guoqu in Shaanxi Province and irrigated more than 40,000 hectares (2.8 million mu today) with Jinghe River water. This project, called "Land of Luze", also played an important role in the process of Qin's unification of China.
The Han Dynasty paid more attention to farmland water conservancy, built six auxiliary canals and white canals, and expanded the irrigation area of Zheng Guoqu. At the same time, Guo Cheng Canal and Lingbi Canal were built on the Weihe River, and Guanzhong area became the earliest economic zone in China.
In order to consolidate the frontier, the policy of opening up wasteland and guarding the frontier was implemented from Qin and Han Dynasties, and canals were opened to irrigate fields in Huangshui River Basin and Ningmeng Hetao Plain along the Yellow River, which turned a large desert into an oasis and won the reputation of "being on the south of the Yangtze River".
In order to ensure the supply of Kyoto such as Chang 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng, the water transport development in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has a long history.
Harnessing the Yellow River flood;
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, dikes were generally built in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.
In 65 1 year BC, Qi Huangong put forward the prohibition of "defense without bending" in order to solve the embankment dispute between vassal states.
By the Western Han Dynasty, there were already official positions such as "River Embankment Officer" and "River Dengguan", and all county governors along the river had the responsibility to defend the river embankment. The number of full-time river bank guards has reached 1000, and has received a lot of financial and material support. The river defense project has reached a considerable scale.
According to historical records, the earliest large-scale river regulation project was "Wang Jing River Regulation" and "Twelve Years of Yongping" in 69 AD, "sending hundreds of thousands of soldiers to build canals and dikes with Wu Wang, traveling thousands of miles from Xingyang to Haikou".
During the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng was the capital, when the Yellow River was seriously flooded. The Song Dynasty attached great importance to river regulation, and set up a water supervision bureau with greater authority to be in charge of river regulation. Local officials along the river attach importance to river affairs, and set up river bank judges in each state to be responsible for river affairs. The imperial court is an important official and participated in the debate on the general plan of river management.
During this period, the problem of river regulation has aroused many people's discussion, deepened their understanding of the situation and water situation of the Yellow River, and made great progress in river engineering technology. In particular, Wang Anshi presided over the mechanical dredging of rivers, diverting water from the Yellow River and developing silt irrigation, and made many innovations in river management technology.
After the Ming Dynasty, with the development of social economy and the aggravation of the flood disaster of the Yellow River, the imperial court paid more attention to river management, and the river management institutions were gradually improved.
In the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry was in charge of river management, and the prime minister was directly responsible for the river. Later, the title of military affairs prefect was added to the Prime Minister's river course, so that he could directly command the army. Local officials below the governors of the provinces along the river also had the responsibility to manage the river course, and gradually strengthened the unified management of the downstream river course affairs.
In the Qing dynasty, the governor of the river channel had greater authority and was directly ordered by the court.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, great progress was made in river regulation and dike repair and maintenance technology. A group of effective river management experts, represented by Pan Jixun and Jin Fu, have emerged.
During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, wars continued, national politics declined, and river management was at a standstill.
In modern times, water conservancy experts, represented by Zhang and Zhang, strongly advocated the introduction of western advanced technology and studied the comprehensive management strategy of the Yellow River, but it was always difficult to make achievements due to the constraints of social and economic cooperation.
Since the founding of New China, more and more attention has been paid to the management of the Yellow River. Each region has a special management and development plan. With the vigorous construction of the country, the Yellow River is now surging, creating a lot of profits and benefiting the people.
Extended data:
Measures for harnessing the Yellow River:
According to the different characteristics of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, adjust measures to local conditions, comprehensively control and thoroughly control it.
The upstream slope is steep and fast, and the main tasks are to build reservoirs, generate electricity and raise fish, make full use of water resources, and vigorously develop forestry and animal husbandry.
Soil erosion is particularly serious in the middle reaches, and afforestation and grass planting are the main means to maintain soil and water, and fruit and animal husbandry are vigorously developed.
In the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, a large number of croplands are returned to forests and grasslands, and the required grain and daily necessities, electricity, fish, meat, livestock products and fruits are planned to be harvested and traded in the downstream.
The river downstream is the most serious threat and the most difficult to control.
It is necessary to dig two standardized and multi-functional artificial Yellow Rivers again, and the A and B rivers are alternately opened, navigable and silted, so as to plant and breed in time and not be built.
In case of catastrophic flood, the two Yellow Rivers will flood at the same time to ensure the downstream safety.
Transform rivers on the ground into irrigation canals. The canal is used for irrigation, and the irrigation canal can also divide the flood.