Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun were both leading poets in the crisis Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tao Yuanming is a master of poetic style in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Xie Lingyun initiated a new style in the Southern Dynasties. Pastoral poetry? And thanks? Landscape poetry? It plays an important role in the history of China literature. Later generations called them pastoral poems. Xie Lingyun's? Landscape poetry? On Tao Yuanming's? Pastoral poetry? On the basis of inheritance, there are still some developments and innovations. I. Similarities between Tao Xie's poems
(1) Both Tao Xie inherited the characteristics of metaphysical poems and talked about metaphysics in their poems. In many of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, Hyunri is integrated into daily life, for example, in the fifth poem of Drinking? There is a real meaning in this, and you have forgotten to say it? , this? Words? With? Meaning? Tao answered the question of the relationship in daily life. When he was picking chrysanthemums under the east hedge, he accidentally saw Nanshan, saw the returning birds of Nanshan, and realized the true meaning of life. In Xie Lingyun's poems, the description of landscape becomes the main body of the poem, which makes metaphysical poems turn to landscape poems and gain new life. Landscape has become his means of enlightenment, so his landscape poems often write about the scenery in the first half and talk about metaphysics in the second half. For example, at the end of "Returning the Stone House to the Lake", there are: Worry about the thing less natural feel no trouble, mood carefree will feel very happy. Fable takes a stranger, try this push. ? Generally, it is to use the meaning of Laozi and Zhuangzi to convey their pursuit of the natural realm of seclusion between mountains and rivers in order to achieve equal life and death, forget honor and disgrace, and achieve the concept of things.
(2) Tao Xie's poems have a strong self-emotional color. Although there are many differences in content and style between Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun's poems, they all re-express their self-feelings.
Tao Yuanming's poetry creation focuses on freehand brushwork. The pastoral home scenery he described obviously entrusted the poet with his own symbolic meaning. ? Birds? It is the most common image in Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. From the poem "Returning to Birds" in Siyan? Birds? Go to the Woods in the morning, once you find the outside world? The breeze is not right? At the time? Looking for your heart? Return to the forest for a long time. Gu Yu sang? ，? The voices are in harmony? ，? Happy with the old habitat? They all show that the birds are comfortable after returning to the forest. The image of the flying bird is just a symbol of the poet's seclusion after being an official, and the happy state of the flying bird after returning to the forest is also a true reflection of the poet's mentality at the beginning of his seclusion. In addition, pine and chrysanthemum are also images that often appear in Tao's poems, and also have the meaning of the poet's own situation. Tao Yuanming's poems often describe refreshing, lofty and clear scenery, which is the externalization of the poet's clear and clean inner world.
Xie Lingyun's description of landscape scenery is also full of subjective feelings. In the poem "Stone Wall Scenery Returning to the Lake", we can vaguely find out the poet's emotional context, and the beginning is subjective description. The focus of his expression is not to reproduce the unique style, but to express the poet's mood of loving mountains and rivers and wandering back and forth. Then the objective representation of the scenery in the mountains:? The woods and gullies gather in the evening scenery, and the evening clouds float in the sky at night. ? At this time, the subject's love is hidden in the description of the scenery, and when it appears again, it has become a pleasure to realize Hyunri. Most of the emotions expressed in this kind of poems have such a looming process. Therefore, Xie Lingyun hides the poet's subjective feelings behind the objective scenery description. 2. The differences between Tao Xie's poems
(1) Poetry has changed from subjective freehand brushwork to objective portrait
Tao Yuanming himself is an expert in freehand brushwork, and is the main body in his poems? Me? The position is very distinct. Tao Yuanming? Life is poetic, and feelings are poetic, so he has no intention of imitating mountains and rivers, but only writes about the state of mind that is integrated with the scenery? 1。 For example, the first part of "Returning to the Garden":
There is no vulgar rhyme, and the nature loves Qiushan. I slipped into the official career net, and has been away from the field for more than ten years. The bird is in love with the old forest, but the fish in the pool is lost. I would like to open up wasteland at the Minamino, keep my humble nature to the field. Around the house is about ten acres of land, and the thatched cottage of the thatched cottage. Behind the eaves of elm willow, in front of Taoli Luotang. Warm and distant villages, smoke in Yiyi Market. A few dogs barked in the lane, and the mulberry tree was called with a cock. There is no dust clutter in the courtyard, some in the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Being in a cage for a long time is unnatural.
Is the narrative angle of this poem the first person? Me? . And? Around the house is about ten acres of land, and the thatched cottage of the thatched cottage. Behind the eaves of elm willow, in front of Taoli Luotang. Warm and distant villages, smoke in Yiyi Market. A few dogs barked in the lane, and the mulberry tree was called with a cock. There is no dust clutter in the courtyard, some in the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. ? Not only wrote the beauty of rural scenery, but also wrote the happiness and satisfaction of living in a leisurely rural life. There is love in the scene, and the scene blends.
The natural landscapes described in Xie Lingyun's poems are not contaminated by the author's subjective feelings. In Xie Lingyun's poems, things and I are separated, and he tries to describe the natural landscapes vividly, but he can't see the subject in specific poems? Me? The shadow of. Does the author go with an objective attitude? Watch? Natural landscape, so his description of natural landscape became a description of pure natural landscape. For example:? When it rains, it becomes clear, and the clouds return to the west. The dense forest contains Xu Qing, and the far peak is hidden. ? As can be seen from the above poem, Xie Lingyun tried his best to sketch and depict the changes of the landscape at four o'clock, rain or shine one by one, so as to reach the point of coincidence, which we could not find between the lines? Me? The shadow of. This is due to the separation of things and me in Xie Shi's poems, resulting in the loss of the poet's subject, the natural landscape lost the poet's emotional observation, and the freehand brushwork completely faded, replaced by objective and cold descriptions.
(2) Xie Lingyun's landscape poems broke through Tao Yuanming? A poem stops at a moment? The limitations of. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems arouse infinite feelings from the sight of one thing and one scene. Xie Lingyun is good at describing the dynamic process of natural scenery, and concentrates the emotional scenery of different times in one poem after refining and concentrating. His landscape poems often adopt the technique of changing shapes, such as "Going to the County for the First Time": Upstream of the stream, the water is involved, and the mountain begins to travel? . Xie Lingyun's later poems can contain a period of travel in one poem, showing another style. The poem Into the Hukou of Peng Li, written on the way to Linchuan, has completely broken through the narrative mode limited to one event at a time. (3) From Enlightenment to Realism
The language of Tao Yuanming's poems is very philosophical, which needs readers to associate and understand themselves? Can only be understood without words? Something. Under the surface of Tao Shi's plain description, there is infinite? Ever? . This linguistic feature of Tao poetry is related to the ethos of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but he is never mysterious in language like a metaphysical talker, but embodies profound meaning and purport from the portrayal of images and the construction of poetic context. For example, the fifth part of "Drinking" is just a few sentences, and the poet is? Proud to forget your words? The realm of blending things with me is displayed in front of readers and inspires them.
Xie Lingyun is different. His poetic language is realistic. Xie Lingyun exerted the expressive force of language, enhanced the effect of describing objects in language, and used various techniques to describe them. The realism of language also developed under his efforts. In "Going to the County for the First Time", he wrote: The wild sand shore is clean, the sky is high, the autumn is bright? , use? Kuang? 、? Net? Tall? 、? Ming? Four adjectives describe the fields, sand banks, sky and moon in autumn, and reproduce the characteristics of autumn. As for? Spring grass grows in the pond, and garden willows become songbirds? . ，? The moon shines on the snow, and the north wind moves and mourns? . It is also a beautiful sentence that has been passed down through the ages. These poems give full play to the realism of language, and tell the impression that others want to say but may not be able to say, giving people a refreshing feeling.
It's no accident that pastoral poetry developed into landscape poetry, and from Tao Yuanming to Xie Lingyun. Xie Lingyun and Tao Yuanming * * * both inherited metaphysical poems and their expressive features. Moreover, Xie Lingyun opened up and developed the realm of poetry on the basis of Tao Yuanming's poems, and became the pioneer of pastoral landscape poetry, laying the foundation for the formation of pastoral landscape poetry school in later generations.