Lamb
Anonymous [Pre-Qin]
Original text
Lamb's skin, five pieces of plain silk. If you retreat from food, you will be selfish, and you will trust others.
Lamb's leather, five pieces of plain silk. If you entrust yourself to a snake, you will retreat from food.
Lamb’s seam, five pieces of plain silk. If you give in to the snake, you will be selfish.
Translation
Wearing a lambskin fur, the plain silk seams are really elegant. After retreating to the official dinner, enjoying the delicious food, walking leisurely and leisurely. Wearing a lambskin jacket, the plain silk seams are skillfully sewn. Xiaoyao paces slowly, and has retired from the court after being full from the official meal. Wearing a lambskin robe, the silk stitching is of high quality. Walking leisurely and leisurely, retreating to the court to enjoy the delicious food.
Notes
Wu罽: refers to the fine sewing. Fifth, Tong "wu" means to diverge and intersect; 罽 (tuó camel) means silk knots and silk buttons, and Mao Chuan is interpreted as number (cùCU), which means fine and dense. Food (sì 4): The regular meal provided by the public family for the ministers and officials. Weishe (wēi yí): The pronunciation and meaning are the same as "wēi yí", meaning leisurely and contented. Leather: Qiuri. 玎(yù): seam. Seam: fur; a place to sew. Total (zǒng): knot. One theory is that Mao's poems are interpreted as "number", which is the same as "罽".
Appreciation
Praise
Han Confucian interpretations of "Lamb" mainly include Mao, Qi, Lu and Han. Among them, the interpretation of Mao's poems comes from "Mao's Poems" "Justice", while the poems of the three families of Qi, Lu and Han have almost all been lost. Based on Wang Xianqian's theory, we take the views of Qi, Lu and Han three schools of poetry identified in his book "Collection of Poems of Three Schools of Poetry". In the chapter "Lamb", the four words "lamb", "plain silk", "retired food" and "wei snake" are the key words of the poem, among which "lamb" is the representative of the main theme. Therefore, we understand the Han Confucian understanding of "Lamb". The explanation of "Lamb" should start with the last three words, and then analyze the theme represented by "Lamb".
"Plain silk". According to the information in "Collection of Poems of Three Jiayi", Qi believed that "Su Si" refers to "gentlemen's court clothes"; Han believed that Su was a metaphor for Jie Bai, and silk was a metaphor for Qu Rou; Gu Yong, an annotator of Lu poetry, noted that "Su" was "Xing Jie", Wang Yi annotated it as "Jiao Jie Zhi Xing"; Mao Shi annotated it as "Bai Ye". "The Collection of Poems of Three Schools of Poetry" summarizes: "Xue spoke of his nature, saying that his heart was pure and white, and King Gu spoke of his actions, and praised the purity of his actions. 'Silk is a metaphor for Qu Rou', Qu Rou uses his actions to speak, and establishes virtue. It is a virtue to be tough and tolerant in dealing with things, so being flexible is also a virtue." It can be seen that the Qi family analyzed "plain silk" from the perspective of social clothing to determine the status of a minister, while other schools grasped its own identity. Due to the characteristics of "white" and "soft", it is believed that "plain silk" is used to praise the nobleness and humility of ministers.
"Retreat". Mr. Wang Xianqian combed the poetry notes of the three families of Qi, Lu and Han, and believed that "those who 'retire food from the public' mean that they retire from the public court and eat food, which does not mean retreating to the private sector. The meaning of 'private doors are not opened' is the correct interpretation of the meaning of 'public'. Qing Dafu When one enters the court to manage affairs, public meals are served in the court, not to mention family meals, so private doors are not allowed to be opened. "Zheng Xuan's note was first listed in "Mao Shi Zhengyi", which states that "retiring food means reducing food." Kong Yingda's explanation of the meaning of "reducing meals" is then quoted: "Those who reduce meals, the doctor usually eats a lot of food every day, and the new moon is a little prisoner. Now it is frugal and reduced." Later quoted Wang Su and Sun Yu's "reducing meals" theory. "Reducing meals" is a reasonable and coordinated move. Therefore, in terms of identity attributes, both explanations define the object as a minister of the court, not an eunuch. From the perspective of characteristics and attributes, we know that this person respects the rules and abides by the law, abides by the laws of the court and traditional orders, and does not create new ideas or kill first and then report.
"Entrust the snake". Mao's annotation said: "You can follow the traces of snakes." He also said: "On the outside, you wear the coat of a lamb, but inside you have the virtues of a lamb, so you retreat from the court to eat, enter the public gate through the private gate, and practice virtue. They are all acting like snakes, and they have laws that can make people follow their footsteps and be effective. Zheng Xuan's note says: "Being obedient to the public means being upright and obedient to things." The appearance is frugal and smooth, and the mind is determined, so it can be self-sufficient." Han's note is: "Meandering, fair appearance." The two seem to be different, but they are actually complementary. Just as Chen Qiyuan said: "Mao's 'Wei Snake' is said to be 'acting with traces', and Han's Yiyi is taught to be 'just and fair'. The two meanings are complementary to each other. They are fair and selfless, so their actions are bright and consistent, and they can Following the example is what Mao Xu calls integrity. It can be seen that the words and deeds of the beautiful ministers are first and foremost fair and selfless, not those who wield power. Secondly, if the person's words and deeds are traceable, others can imitate them. This person is said to be influential and worthy of praise or even publicity by others.
"Lamb" is the title of this poem and also represents the theme of the poem. Therefore, the theme of the poem should be analyzed with "Lamb" as the core. "Mao Shi Zhengyi": ""Lamb" is the result of "Magpie's Nest". In the country of Zhaonan, the government of King Huawen was frugal and upright, and his virtue was like a lamb." Later note: ""Magpie's Nest" The king has accumulated many achievements and achieved the transformation of "Lamb", and the ministers and officials competing to transform him are all like "Lamb". Court service. Assist the government and support virtue, so as to unite all nations. "Han said: "Poets and virtuous officials are said to be virtuous, have a gentle nature, and have a certain degree of advancement and retreat.
"Based on this, it can be seen that the main purpose of the poem is to praise virtuous gentlemen. The difference is that some scholars think it is praising Dr. Zhaonan, while other scholars at the time thought it was Mei Zhaogong. Mao only said, "Your Majesty. "Doctor". In fact, Duke Zhao was also a minister in the Zhou Dynasty. Therefore, comprehensively, the main purpose of the poem "Lamb" can be defined as praising virtuous ministers.
Irony< /p>
The understanding of the performance characteristics of this poem should be anti-beautiful. That is to say, there is no ironic word in the whole poem, let alone words of condemnation. The poet just calmly and objectively makes decisions about the daily life of doctors. A small fragment from the novel, painted calmly and with thick lines, is the official's clothing - a lamb's fur trimmed with white silk thread. He is a doctor. The first two sentences are written visually, implying the identity of the person. The third sentence is what he sees and thinks. According to the convention, the doctor retired from the court to eat in the public meal, so the poet saw that he was well fed and drunk and came out of the official gate. "Zuo Zhuan·Xiang Gong's 28th Year" states: "The public meal consists of two chickens per day." "Du Yu's note: "It refers to the regular meals provided by the public family to ministers and officials. "Compared with the living standards of the people at that time, there is a difference between heaven and earth. In "Mencius: King Hui of Liang, Part 1", Mencius expounded on the ideal society in line with the king's principles. In the harvest years, only those in their seventies can eat meat. ", and the common meal for officials is "double chickens per day", which is very extravagant. Although the poet did not explicitly say what "food" is, the public meals in the Spring and Autumn Period of Xianggong period are almost the same. The poet lived at the same time, and when he saw it, His "retirement of food and selfishness" must have been touched, and he thought a lot. Perhaps the tragic scene of starvation and death on the road appeared in front of his eyes. Because of this, disgust arose unknowingly, and the poem "Submit one's luck to the other" emerged. The fourth sentence of "Beauty contains thorns" is the finishing touch, making people seem to be moving: Look at him, he is slow and swaying, how carefree and comfortable he is. In this specific situation, "retreating oneself from food" inevitably appears ridiculous and ugly. The poet's sarcasm and ridicule can be imagined: this pretentious guy is actually a parasite who eats for nothing! The poem repeats this in three chapters! The meaning is a looping chant, which deepens the sarcastic meaning. The three and four sentences in each chapter are reversed and reversed.