in my lodge at wang chuan after a long rain
Wang Wei
the woods have stored the rain, and slow comes the smoke, steaming quinoa and cooking millet? .
over the quiet marsh-land flies a white egret, and mango-birds are singing in the full summer trees.
I have learned to watch in peace the mountain morning glories, to eat split dewy sunflower-seeds under a bough of pine.
to yield the post of honour to any boor at all, why should I frighten sea gulls, even with a thought??
Wangchuan Village, in the Zhongnanshan Mountain in Lantian, Shaanxi, is the secluded place of Wang Wei. "Biography of Wang Wei in the Old Tang Dynasty" records: "All Uighur brothers worship Buddhism, live in vegetables, and don't eat blood. In their later years, they grow fast and don't wear clothes." In this seven laws, the poet described his quiet and elegant Zen life with the quiet and beautiful pastoral scenery of Wangchuan, creating an artistic conception of harmony between things and me.
"the woods have stored the rain, and slow comes the smoke, do you pay for cooking with steamed quinoa? 。” The first couplet about the life of the Tian family is what the poet saw on the mountain: it was rainy season, the sky was overcast and wet, the air was moist, the smoke rose slowly over the quiet jungle, and the farmers at the foot of the mountain were cooking. A woman's family steamed quinoa to cook millet, prepared the food and took it to the east? -Tiantou in the east, where men went to work early in the morning. As far as the poet can see, he writes the fireworks in the empty forest first, and the word "late" not only vividly describes the smoke in the kitchen on rainy days, but also reveals the poet's idle and comfortable state of mind; Then, we write about early cooking, paying for farmland and even having a picnic in the field, showing a series of pictures of people's activities, which are orderly and full of life breath, making people want to see the happy mood of Fu Tian, a peasant woman.
The natural scenery written by Zhuan Lian is also the result of the poet's contemplation: "over the quiet marsh-land flies a white egret, and mango-birds are singing in the full summer trees." Look, on the vast and empty flat land full of stagnant water, egrets take off, and their attitude is so quiet and chic; Listen, far and near, in the beautiful forest, orioles sing with each other, and their voices are so sweet and happy. In the summer of Wangchuan, birds are flying, and the poet only chooses orioles and egrets with very different shapes and habits, and describes them in connection with their respective backgrounds: snow-white egrets and golden orioles have their own differences in colors visually; Egrets fly, orioles sing, one takes dynamics, the other takes sound; Desert, describing the wide distribution of paddy fields and the vast field of vision; It's cloudy, with dense summer trees and deep realm. The two scenes set off each other and cooperate with each other, making the rainy weather in Wangchuan Shan Ye picturesque. The so-called "painting in poetry" is a good example.
Li Zhao, a native of the Tang Dynasty, sneered at Wang Wei's "easy-to-get articles and beautiful sentences" (on the volume of Supplement to National History) because he saw the poem "egrets flying in paddy fields and orioles singing in summer" in Li Jia's fishing collection. Hu Yinglin, a Ming Dynasty scholar, urged him to say, "When the Tang Dynasty flourished, you can catch the Tang Dynasty, and you can get the people who stole it beforehand."? This is Zhengjia fishing poem. " (Volume 5 of Poems, Internal Compilation) According to this, it's hard to say who copied who's poems at the same time and later. However, from the artistic point of view, their poems are still competitive. Ye Mengde, a Song Dynasty poet, said, "The words" desert "and" yin yin "are being added to these two sentences, which is a touch of charm for the good, so as to see its own beauty. For example, Li Guangbi gave orders to the Guo Ziyi Army, which was several times wonderful. " (On Shi Lin Shi Hua) "Mo Mo" has a broad meaning, "Yin Yin" has a deep meaning, and "Mo Mo Paddy Field" and "Yin Yin Xia Mu" are compared with "Paddy Field" and "Xia Mu", and the picture is open and deep, full of sense of realm, which renders the vague and confused tone and atmosphere of rainy weather.
If the carefree working life of farmers written by the first couplet has aroused the poet's strong interest and admiration, then the poet will be even more intoxicated by the free flight of orioles and egrets. Moreover, in these two couplets, the activities of characters and natural scenery are not simple imitations of objective things, but have been induced and filtered by the poet's mind, which has a distinct subjective color and embodies the poet's personality. For Wang Wei, who is "as the years go by, give me but peace, freedom from ten thousand matters", being in this idyllic Wangchuan Villa is really a happy place, which can't help but make him feel endless fun. The following two couplets express the poet's joy of living in seclusion in the mountains.
"I have learned to watch in peace the mountain morning glories, to eat split dewy sunflower-seeds under a bough of pine." The poet lived alone in an empty mountain, secluded under a pine forest, and realized that life was short by participating in hibiscus, and picked dew sunflower for vegetarian food in Qing Dynasty. This sentiment, in the eyes of the general world, is too lonely? However, poets who have long been tired of the hustle and bustle of the world have enjoyed great interest in it. Compared with the vanity fair that has been disturbing and cheating, what a world!
"to yield the post of honour to any boor at all, why should I frighten sea gulls, even with a thought??" Wild always calls himself a poet. The poet declared happily: I have long since gone to the machine, and I have never thought of vulgarity, and I have been free from fate, and I have no problem with others. Who else will suspect me for no reason? Ordinary people can almost avoid worldly troubles and indulge in the joy of mountains and forests. "Zhuangzi Miscellaneous Fables" contains: Yang Zhu went to learn Taoism from Laozi, and the innkeeper welcomed him on the way, and all the guests gave him their seats; After returning from school, the tourists no longer give up their seats, but "compete for seats" with him, which shows that Yang Zhu has gained the way of nature and is no longer separated from people. Liezi Huangdi contains: Some people at sea are close to gulls and don't suspect each other. One day, his father asked him to bring the seagulls home, and when he went to the seaside again, the seagulls flew far away, and his close relationship with them was destroyed by his ulterior motives. These two allusions, which are full of the colors of Laozi and Zhuangzi, combine one with the other, and express the poet's state of mind, which is the result of "Qing Zhai" and "Xi Jing" written by Shanglian.
This seven-melody poem is a masterpiece of Wang Wei's pastoral poetry, with vivid images and far-reaching interests, which shows the poet's leisure to live in seclusion in the mountains and get rid of worldly customs. Once upon a time, some people pushed it as the pressure volume of the seven laws of the whole Tang Dynasty, saying that it was the extreme of "empty the past and accurate the present", which was of course due to the partiality of feudal literati. However, some people think that "elegant and quiet, no better than You Cheng's" Accumulated Rain ",and appreciate the profound artistic conception and super-style of this poem, and the artistic opinions are still good. (See Zhao Diancheng's annotation "Wang Youcheng Collection" Volume 1)
Pastoral music (Part VI)
Wang Wei
Peach is rich in rain, and willow green is even more smoky.
The flowers have fallen, but the guests in Yingti Mountain are still asleep.
"Pastoral Music" is a group poem composed of seven six-character quatrains. The writer retired to the pleasure of being close to nature in Wangchuan Villa, so the title is "Six Words in Wangchuan". Here is one of them. The poem "Sleeping", "Singing", "Falling Flowers" and "Sleeping Rain" in spring is easy to remind people of Meng Haoran's five-line "Spring Dawn". There are so many similarities in the life content written in the two poems, but the artistic conception is very different. Compared with each other, it is easiest to see two remarkable features of Wang Wei's poem.
the first feature is that it is vivid and colorful, and there are pictures in poetry. This does not mean that there is no painting in Meng's poems, but that Meng's poems focus on freehand brushwork. Although it also mentions the wind and rain of flowers and birds, it is not described in detail, and its environment is indirectly realized by readers from poetry. Wang Wei's poem can be completely different. It not only has a large composition, but also has specific and vivid coloring and detailed description, so that readers can draw first and then understand. Write about peach blossom, willow and warbler, and capture the characteristic scenery in spring. Here, peach, willow and warbler all refer to it, which is more specific than Meng Shi's general reference to flowers and birds, and it is easier to evoke intuitive impressions. It is also obvious that writing "rain at night" through "staying in the rain" and "facing the smoke" has the same artistic effect. On the basis of hooking up the scenery, it has color, and the use of the words "red" and "green" makes the scenery bright and pleasing. Readers will be presented with a picture of a bright future. "Peach flies away, burning its splendor", plus "willow is yiyi", the scenery is pleasant. After coloring, there is a layer of rendering: the petals of deep red and light red are slightly raindrops overnight, and the color is softer and more lovely. After the rain, the air is clear and fresh, and the fragrance of Ran Ran flowers is dispersed, which makes people enchanted; The green wicker cage is more charming in a hookah. After layers of rendering and careful description, the poetic landscape has become a meticulous and colorful picture; In contrast, Meng's poems are like uncolored freehand brushwork. One is colorful, and the other is colorless. Meng's poems began with "I awake light-hearted this morning of spring", seeing people before entering China. Wang Shi, on the other hand, didn't meet anyone until he entered the country. Because there is a "constant rain", there is a "falling flower". When the flowers fall, they should be cleaned, but "the children have not been cleaned." If you don't sweep, you don't sweep because people haven't got up in the morning. This scene of no one asking about the falling flowers on the ground has a quiet interest. This is exactly what Wang Wei prefers. The word "not swept" was obtained intentionally or unintentionally, with no effort and no trace. In the end, I wrote "Yingying", but Yingying didn't dream, and the mountain guest fell asleep. This is a fascinating picture of I awake light-hearted this morning of spring. However, there are subtle differences with Meng's poems. Meng's poems started with "I awake light-hearted this morning of spring", but people have already woken up, so they have the pleasure of "everywhere round me the singing of birds" and the suspense of "and I wonder how many blossoms were broken", and their artistic conception can be summarized by the word "noisy in spring". This poem was written at the end of the spring sleep, and people slept soundly and safely, knowing nothing about the outside world. Although the flowers are falling and the birds are singing, it only sets off the tranquility of the residence and mood of the "mountain guest", so its artistic conception is mainly based on the word "quiet". Wang Weizhi's "music" is also here. It is not wrong for people to say that his poems are Zen. The idea of advocating silence has a negative side. However, Wang Wei's poetry is commendable because it is different from silence. He can write the life in silence through the interaction of motion and static, giving people a fresh, clear and beautiful feeling. Tang poetry has the characteristics of vague artistic conception, but there are still two kinds of concrete expressions. One kind is biased towards meaning, which makes people feel indirectly, such as Meng's poem "Spring Dawn". The other is biased towards the environment, which makes people realize the author's meaning from the environment, so the poem is. And from the environment, there are pictures in the poem. Is that most remarkable advantage of this poem.
the second characteristic is that the antithesis works hard and the rhyme is sonorous. Meng's poem "Spring Dawn" is an archaic five-character quatrain, which is very free in meter and melody. Because Meng's poems are scattered, the meaning and pulse are consistent, and they are wonderful. This poem is another work, because it belongs to a six-character quatrain, and its meter is extremely strict. From the perspective of parallel couples, not only the real words such as "Peach Red" and "Willow Green", "Suyu" and "Chaoyan" are steady in the confrontation, but even empty word's confrontation is very careful. For example, "fu" and "Geng" are opposite, which have a progressive poetic function in sentences; The pair of "Wei" and "Jude" has a poetic turning point in the sentence. Both the verbs "contain" and "take" have active meanings, which makes the objective scenery subjective and vivid. And against seiko, looking at a scene, but echoing each other, muddy into one. "Peach", "willow green", "staying in the rain" and "facing the smoke" are related to each other, while the sentence of "falling flowers" comes from "peach" and the sentence of "singing birds" comes from "willow", and "the children at home have not swept" and "the mountain guests are still sleeping" also echo each other. What is shown here is the artistic ingenuity of manual tailoring management and the perfection of the painter's composition. The antithesis and the beauty of melody make the poem catchy. China's ancient poems were mainly composed of five or seven words, and the six-character quatrains were not developed in the past dynasties, especially the excellent works, and several of Wang Wei's poems were rare.