The ultimate intention of literati gardens is to pay attention to artistic conception. The so-called "getting carried away with one's form" refers to an aesthetic state in which one gets the true meaning from the physical environment and forgets the existence of the physical form. It refers to "intention" and "environment" relationship. How to create a state of intention and a state of contentment? Mr. Wang Guowei said in "Human Words": "All scenery words are words of love." "How much leisure and sorrow are there? A Sichuan tobacco, the city is filled with wind and catkins, and the plums are yellow and rainy." He Zhu, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, uses scenery to describe emotions. It seems to be a description of the scene, without a single word of lovesickness, but it makes people feel endless sadness. Where is the love? Love is in the scene. "My old friend bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower in the west. Fireworks descended from Yangzhou in March. The shadow of the solitary sail was gone in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River could be seen flowing in the sky." He also never mentioned the word "love", but every word of farewell was full of melancholy and emptiness. Emotions also intersect in the scenery. Scenery can create emotions, and the blending of scenes is the aesthetic feature of artistic conception. Scenes may not always exist in real material images. Zhang Chao said in "Youmengying": "Flowers can invite butterflies, stones can invite clouds, pines can invite wind, water storage can invite duckweeds, platforms can invite moon, bananas can invite rain, and willows can invite rain. You can invite cicadas.” [1] 25 Water, stones, plants, and buildings are real, while the moon, clouds, wind, rain, butterflies, and cicadas are virtual. Just like yin and yang, in the garden, the shaping of landscape also pays attention to the interplay of virtuality and reality, dialectical existence. The art of garden architecture is the art of architecture that manages these changes in reality and reality. But regardless of reality, only when they are closely combined can the garden's sentiment and artistic conception be profound. "Looking at the autumn clouds, the gods are flying; facing the spring breeze, my thoughts are vast." The art of garden architecture is not only reflected in the real landscape elements such as mountains, water management, plants, and buildings. Autumn clouds and spring breezes seem to be these virtual scenery. It is easier to touch people's emotions. This is the wealth given to people by nature and should be cherished.
1. Listening to the Rain through the Banana Window—The Architectural Art of Sound in the Garden
The soundscape in the garden can be roughly divided into two categories. One is the sounds of nature coming from nature. Sounds: wind, water, rain, thunder, insects, birds, ape crows; one category is human-made sounds from the world: piano, flute, howling songs, bells, oars, The sound of reading, people talking, and roosters crowing. Zuo Si of the Western Jin Dynasty said in "Zhao Yin Shi": "It is not necessarily silk and bamboo, but the mountains and rivers have clear sounds. Why wait for roaring songs? The shrubs sing sadly." It can be seen that the human-made sounds of silk and bamboo and roaring songs are far inferior to the sounds of mountains and rivers. Natural sounds such as the sounds of bushes are more impressive. Zhang Chao believes: "Listen to the sound of birds in spring, the sound of cicadas in summer, the sound of insects in autumn, the sound of snow in winter, the sound of chess during the day, the sound of flutes under the moon, the sound of pine trees in the mountains, and the sound of hoe nai by the water. No matter what kind of sound, there is a different situation.
(1) The sound of pine trees in the cold wind has been heard since ancient times
Pine trees are loved by people, especially literati and painters, because of their ancient and vigorous appearance and evergreen appearance all year round. Chinese poetry and landscape paintings both occupy an important position as an independent subject. Five generations later, in accordance with the virtues of a gentleman, the pine tree was given the character and character of being unafraid of the severe cold, persevering, standing tall in the clouds, and proud of the snow and frost. Together with bamboo and plum, it was collectively known as the "Three Friends of Suihan" and appeared widely. In the garden life. "The wind blows into the cold pine trees since ancient times." Whether the wind blows through the pine forests in the mountains, or blows through the pine needles in the courtyard, whether it is the roar of the waves or the soft singing of the wind, it conveys a rich and elegant charm, which has become the signature of pine trees. It is another aesthetic feature, so "listening to the wind in the pines" has become an elegant behavior for literati. "Southern History" records that "Tao Hongjing, the prime minister in the mountains, loved the wind of pine trees. He planted pine trees in the courtyard. Every time he heard the sound, he felt happy." The pine trees more or less have a sense of seclusion. "Listening to the Wind in the Pines" by Ma Lin of the Southern Song Dynasty depicts a state of complete selflessness while listening to the sounds of nature. If there is no calm and leisurely mentality, and no elegance and elegance, it will be difficult to capture the subtleness of the wind blowing the treetops. Therefore, what the pine breeze brings to people is the artistic conception of "people are leisurely, osmanthus flowers are falling, and the night is quiet in the spring sky". Even if there is a pine breeze in thousands of valleys, it still feels like everything is completely silent. This is the so-called method of creating artistic conception in garden landscaping: "seeking tranquility in silence is worse than seeking tranquility in movement" and seeking tranquility in movement [2]. The Wanhe Pine Breeze in the Summer Resort, the Pine Feng Shui Pavilion and Listening to the Pine Breeze in the Humble Administrator's Garden, and the Song Lai Pavilion in Yiyuan are all landscapes created with pine trees. Whether there are one or two pine trees in the ten thousand acres of pine forest, even if there is no wind, it is easy for people to enter into the meditation of the wilderness and the wind roaring mountains and forests. In an instant, it seems that they have turned into a worldly expert, and temporarily Forgot all the joys, sorrows and joys of the world. The sound of pine trees and wind has become a cultural inheritance and has settled deep into people's consciousness.
(2) The remaining lotuses are left to listen to the sound of rain
What is accumulated like this is the artistic conception of rain hitting the remaining lotuses. Even if there is no rain, standing in the lotus pond for a long time, today's desolation and desolation will inevitably bring back memories of heavy makeup in summer. Unknowingly, my thoughts have drifted far away, and there is a rustling sound in my heart, and in my ears, " The synesthesia of the sound of raindrops and broken lotuses. This is the sound of rain. People who love lotus always like to keep that pool of dead lotus, so that they can enjoy the cold rain of autumn night and indulge their deep or weak worries. The "Golden Pond Night Rain" in the Jinming Pond of Tokyo Royal Garden is a famous scene where people in the Northern Song Dynasty listened to the rain hitting the lotus leaves. Scenes such as the Listening Pavilion are also often set up in private gardens to add to the romance of sad autumn and make people sing. Recite the poem "The autumn clouds linger, the frost flies late, and the remaining lotuses are left to listen to the sound of rain." Whether it is the residual lotus that creates leisurely sorrow or the autumn rain that creates the residual lotus, the application of sound in the garden extends the beauty value of the lotus for one more season. The most charming things in the garden are the sycamore trees, plantains, and bamboo leaves.
Listening to the rain through the banana window is most suitable in a deep courtyard, where there is the aroma of incense and the fragrance of orchids, conveying a delicate charm and a touch of leisurely sadness. The sparse raindrops on the sycamore trees, the sound of leaves and leaves, always make people unconsciously think of "the peacock flying to the southeast", so it conveys the despair of parting and separation, which is the most likely to cause lovesickness. As for the bamboo leaves, the most tragic thing is "A Stormy Evening in the Autumn Window" written by Xiaoxiang Guan Lin's sister: I feel that the autumn window will never end, how can the wind and rain add to the desolation! This is a soundscape legend created by Master Cao. There is also a natural sound - the sound of water, which is the richest and most expressive sound in the garden. The roar of waterfalls, the rumbling of tides, the tinkling of streams, the gurgling of springs, the clanking of rock streams... may be like an occasional whisper, or like thousands of horses galloping, or like gold and stone cracking silk, or like The lingering whispers, gathering all the sounds of water in nature, can simply open a large-scale symphony event. This is undoubtedly another huge spiritual wealth bestowed by nature on gardens. And listening to the piano under the pine, the flute under the moon, the bells in the middle of the night, and the sound of chess during the day, [1] 79 what people enjoy comes from the wealth created by human beings themselves.
(3) Searching for Sound in High Mountains and Flowing Waters
Guqin’s long history has already endowed it with rich and profound cultural connotations. Its clear, harmonious, light and elegant musical character embodies the literati Ling Feng's proud and otherworldly mentality has always been regarded by literati as the only way to cultivate one's moral character. Because of its quiet and elegant charm, to achieve the artistic conception of the piano, it is necessary to have a quiet and elegant environment and a peaceful and leisurely heart. Undoubtedly, the mountain hermit is the most suitable. But this is not a state that everyone can achieve, so the next best thing is to perform piano activities widely in gardens. As early as the Tang Dynasty, when the great poet Bai Juyi was managing the Ludaofang Garden in Luoyang, he had already regarded piano playing as one of the important contents of the garden. In "Chi Shang Chapter Preface", he wrote: "Every spring when the wind blows in the pool, the moon in the pool is autumn, on the morning when the fragrant water lotus blooms, and on the evening when the dew is green and the cranes chirp, I brush the poplar stones, raise the old wine, support Cui Qin, and play the ginger " "Autumn Thoughts", slumped and comfortable, not knowing anything else. After drinking and playing the piano, he ordered the music boys to go to the Zhongdao Pavilion and play "Nishang·San Preface" together. The sound drifted with the wind, condensed or dispersed, and lingered for a long time in the waves of bamboo smoke and the moon. Before the song was over, he was already drunk and fell asleep on the stone." [3] 6 Wang Wei also "sat alone in the secluded bamboo, playing the piano and whistling loudly." This situation became more common in the Song Dynasty. Xu Wenchang's "Music Garden" had a Qin stand. "Listening to the Qin" by Zhao Ji, Huizong of the Song Dynasty, depicts the scene of bureaucrats and nobles gathering to listen to the Qin. The sound of the piano is quaint and distant, and it matches the environment: secluded mountains, streams, green pines, and strange rocks. These natural elements that contain infinite ancient meanings are combined together, and the people who play the piano and listen to the piano blend into it. It is poetic and picturesque in itself, full of poetry and painting, and the sound of the stream, the wind of the pines and the sound of the guqin wash away and fill the air. , this feeling and scene has already transcended the realm of poetry and painting. It is a perfect fusion of the beauty of heaven and earth and the beauty of human beings. The flute, which also has a long history, has a mellow and soft tone, long, quiet and lyrical melody, sad but not sad, resentful but not angry. It is most suitable for a person to solo under the hazy, clear and indifferent moonlight, just like a person playing Deep in nature, the heart is completely opened, and the depression, longing and other emotions in the heart are slowly expressed. There is a sentence in "Zhuangzi: Equality of Things": "A woman (you) hears the sound of human beings but not the sound of earth; a woman (you) hears the sound of earth but does not hear the sound of nature." Lai is also a flute. It can be seen that the beauty of the sound of the flute is comparable to Sound of nature.
(4) The bell sounds to the passenger ship at midnight
The bell is originally a kind of magical instrument that is struck in temples to tell the time and to gather people. It has strong penetrating power, and its sound can be heard for dozens of miles around. People in the surrounding area often sing and breathe after hearing the bell, so the sound of the bell has been deeply integrated into people's lives. The "Xiangguo Frost Bell" in Bianliang, Tokyo, is particularly melodious, crisp and unique on the moonlit night of mid-autumn. Zhang Ji's poem "Night Mooring on the Maple Bridge" not only made Hanshan Temple famous throughout the ages, but also closely linked the midnight bells with the Frost Sky Sorrow Brigade. The Nanping Evening Bell is one of the ten famous West Lake sceneries. It is also the earliest and most famous scene among the ten sceneries. Its scenery is also due to the temple. Zhang Dai, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem praising: "The night air blows to the south of the screen, the breeze is as thin as paper; the bells sound above, and the river is crossed in the sky at night." Its wonderful environment not only attracted a large number of pilgrims, but also attracted a large number of literati and poets to live in seclusion and practice practice. Therefore, Jingci Temple and its bells have also entered the poetry, calligraphy and paintings of literati and poets. In addition to the soundscape of the garden, there are also the willow waves and the orioles, listening to the warblers, the oar tower, the sound of oars, planting willows to invite cicadas, listening to the chirping of cicadas, and the grass pond, listening to the sound of frogs, the spring breeze is warming up. , what you hear are the sounds of insects, as well as the clear whistling near the stream, the sound of reading under the autumn window, the sound of Buddhist chants in the mountains, the crowing of pheasants and the barking of dogs in the village. Whether it is the sound of nature, the sound of the earth or the sound of humans, the soundscape of the garden can indeed make people enjoy it. In a moment of pure elegance, you can relax your mind and feel the true nature of returning to nature. The architectural art of garden sound is an architectural art that reaches directly to the soul, so it needs to be understood with the soul.
2. The boundless wind and moon - the celestial architectural art in the garden
If you go to Mount Tai, you will see a cliff stone carving on the north side of Wanxian Tower with the inscription "Chong Er" 二 The same two characters can also be seen in the Huxin Pavilion of West Lake in Hangzhou. Such a weird title will definitely arouse great interest. If you can't figure out its meaning, you might as well look up at the scenery first. Maybe the infinite scenery in front of you will tell people the answer - yes, the answer is the "endless wind and moon" in front of you.
Virtual scenery is also called the scenery of the wind and moon by the ancients. In garden literature, "wind and moon" can be said to be an unavoidable theme. Whether it is sadness and sorrow, depression and lack of ambition, joy, anger, sorrow, sorrow and fear, almost All emotions can be conveyed through romance. According to different objects, the creation of virtual scenery can be roughly divided into two categories. One is to borrow astronomy, such as the sun, moon and stars, the alternation of morning and dusk, changes in the four seasons, etc.; the other is to borrow meteorology, which is to incorporate various meteorological landscapes into garden appreciation. Such as wind, rain, clouds, fog, snow, clouds, rainbow, smoke, shadow, fragrance, etc. Among the ten scenic spots in the West Lake, there are seven scenic spots with seasonal characteristics or in the name of wind and moon, including spring dawn on the Su Causeway, wind lotuses in Quyuan, autumn moon on Pinghu, residual snow on broken bridge, sunset on Leifeng, twin peaks in the clouds, and three pools reflecting the moon. The eight landscapes of Liang Bajing - the spring scenery of Fantai, the clouds on the iron tower, the night rain in Jinchi, the bright moon on Zhouqiao, the snow in Liangyuan, the sound of autumn in Bianshui, the smoked willows on Sui embankment, and the frost bell of Xiangguo - all have the seasonal characteristics of the virtual and the real.
(1) Twenty-Four Bridges on a Moonlit Night
Far away mountains, near water, Cordyceps sinensis, wild geese and herons, blue sky, moving clouds, bright moon, setting sun, dark fragrance of lotus osmanthus, in the snow Winter plum blossoms and shadows on windows can be incorporated into the garden to create a boundless landscape of wind and moon. Although it is said that "life is full of love and obsession, and this hatred has nothing to do with the wind and the moon", the initiator and sustenance of feelings is often precisely the wind and the moon. Among them, the one that makes people sigh most easily and triggers endless thoughts is undoubtedly the moon. The gathering of people and the separation of people resemble the waxing and waning moon in the sky. This common natural phenomenon was often used by the ancients to symbolize the joys and sorrows of the human world. The moon, which is deeply engraved with the mark of home, can easily trigger people's feelings of longing and sadness. The deeper the night, the brighter the moon, and the moment when everything is silent, the human mind is best able to integrate with the nature of the universe, and it is also the best way to appreciate sincere emotions and profound philosophy. Especially during the Mid-Autumn Festival, the sky is high and the climate is slightly cool. The suitable weather makes the Mid-Autumn moon extra round and bright, which also arouses people's emotions to be extra full. The Mid-Autumn Festival is regarded as a reunion festival, which flourished in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. According to "Tokyo Menghua Lu", "On the Mid-Autumn Night, noble families decorated their pavilions, and people competed in restaurants to play in the moonlight. Silk baskets and cauldrons boiled, and the residents in the inner courtyard were far away in the deep night. Hearing the sound of the sheng and yun is like going outside. Children in the village play all night, and the night market is full of light." [4] 174 Many gardens incorporate the wonderful element of the moon into the landscape. Su Shunqin mentioned in "Canglang Pavilion" that the most beautiful bamboo landscape is when "light and shadow converge between the houses, especially suitable for the wind and moon." Sima Guang's "Du Yuan Ji" also did not ignore that "when the bright moon comes, The beautiful scenery that does not cost money is the "Wind Moon Platform" in Huanxi River, the "Playing Moon Platform" in Hu's Garden in Shuibei, the "Moon-to-Fenglai Pavilion" in Suzhou Master of Nets Garden, and the "Hoe Pavilion" in Canglang Pavilion. "Yue Xuan" are all attractions with the theme of moon appreciation. [3] 21, 26, 42, 50 The best place in the world to enjoy the moon is Yangzhou. The Wuting Bridge at Slender West Lake in Yangzhou has fifteen arch holes. There is a record in "Yangzhou Painted Boat Record": "Whenever the breeze is full and the moon is full, each hole holds a month. The golden color is rippling, and the moons are shining. "Every time there is a bright moon in the sky, there is a full moon in the sky and fifteen full moons in the water. The scenery is wonderful, so it has the reputation of "three parts of the world are bright moonlit nights, and two parts are Yangzhou." Du Mu's poem " The green mountains are faint and the water is far away, and the grass and trees in the south of the Yangtze River are withered in autumn. On the moonlit night of the Twenty-Four Bridges, where can the beauty teach me to play the flute?" This is a remembrance of the bright moon in Yangzhou.
(2) Curtain flower shadows
Shadows can be divided into two categories in gardens. One is the projection of an object on the ground after receiving light, and the other is the reflection in the water. , are all virtual scenes. There is a poem "Flower Shadow" by Su Shi: "There are many layers on top of the Yaotai, and the children can't sweep them away several times. They have just been swept away by the sun, but they teach the bright moon to send them to the future." This is the artistic conception created by shadows. The shadows of flowers and trees fall on the ground and on the white wall. At this time, the wall is no longer a wall or paper, and the shadow is no longer a shadow or painting. The swaying flowers and trees and the mottled falling shadows form a freehand landscape painting with splashes of ink, but the difference is that this painting will quietly grow and change with the passage of time, just like a life, bringing people Endless imagination, expectations and surprises are another miraculous work given to the garden by nature. There was a poet named Zhang Xian in the Northern Song Dynasty who was very sensitive to shadows. He once wrote three shadow poems: "The clouds break through the moon and the flowers make shadows", "The curtain rolls the shadows of flowers", and "The light catkins fall without shadows", which expresses the artistic conception of "shadow". The beauty was so vivid that he was called "Zhang Sanying" by people at the time. In fact, it is not just Zhang Xian who incorporated "shadow" into poetry. Wang Anshi of the same period wrote the poem "The moon moves the shadows of flowers on the railings", and Chen Yuyi's "In the sparse shadows of apricot blossoms, playing the flute until dawn" vividly demonstrated it to people. A painting full of poetry, with the slowly stretched "stuffed birds flicking, and then breaking, a curtain of flower shadows", it is a kind of laziness and leisurely feeling in the courtyard. This self-pitying characteristic of literati makes "shadow" inevitably have the connotation of literati. The garden where the shadow of bamboo shakes the window and the shadow of flowers moves on the wall has more of the artistic conception of literati garden. As for the reflection in the water, Wang Duo wrote a poem: "Butterflies flow in the waves, and mandarin ducks bathe in the trees." The scenery on the shore is reflected in the water, intertwined with the scenery in the water to form a new world, and there is "heaven" There is the magic and interest of "there are moving clouds and people are in the moving clouds". Reflection not only expands the garden space, enriches the garden scenery and levels, but also makes the garden full of the joy of discovery and endless reverie. There are too many landscapes in the garden that are famous for their water shadows. There are two places in the Humble Administrator's Garden, one is the Reflection Tower and the other is the Shadow Pavilion.
Tower Shadow Pavilion is derived from the Tang poem "The path is connected to the source of the river and the shadow of the tower is cool". The pavilion is built in the center of the pool. The shadow of the pavilion reflected in the water resembles the shadow of the tower, hence the name. The Pagoda Shadow Garden on Shantang Street in Suzhou is even more ingenious in its landscape treatment. It borrows the reflection of the Tiger Hill Pagoda outside the garden through a pool. There is no tower in the garden, but it is named after it. This is truly ingenious.
(3) The fragrant snow and clouds are a family asset
Clouds have a free and elegant character, "walking to the poor water, sitting and watching the clouds rise" like the idle clouds and wild cranes Life is not only the pursuit of hermits and Taoists, but also the ideal of most people. Therefore, clouds are also one of the elements widely borrowed into gardens. In Genyue alone, the scenic spots named after "cloud" include Kuayun Pavilion, Luyun Pavilion, Chaoyun Pavilion, Yunlang Pavilion, Yunxiuxuan, Weiyuntai, Huiyun Hall, Liuyun Stone, Watching the Clouds and Sitting on the Dragon , Paiyun Chongdou, Ruiyun Chaofeng, etc., there are no less than ten places. Song Huizong really built Genyue as a fairyland on earth. Fragrance is also an excellent medium to inspire poetry. Gardens filled with the fragrance of flowers are full of Zen, which can make people calm down from impetuousness, feel relaxed and have far-reaching thoughts. Therefore, "fragrance" is also a favorite of literati gardens. Orchid grass in spring, wind lotus in summer, osmanthus in autumn, and plum blossoms in winter, each season has its own charm all year round. There are also many scenic spots named after fragrances in the gardens, such as the "Jingxiang Pavilion" in Mifuyan Mountain Garden, the "Fragrance of Tianque" in Lin'an Houyuan, the "Fragrance Far and Deep" in Deoksugung Palace, and the "Snow Fragrance" in Jifang Garden. ", "Zhaoxiang", "Hongxiang", "Wanjiexiang" and other pavilions in Han Yuzhou Nanyuan. Today, the famous scenic spots in Suzhou classical gardens named after incense include the "Smell the Miao Fragrance Room" and the "Qingxiang Pavilion" in the Canglang Pavilion, the "Smell the Osmanthus Fragrance Pavilion" in the Lingering Garden, the "Lotus Root Pavilion" in Yiyuan, the Humble Government There are "Yuanxiang Hall" and "Xuexiangyunwei Pavilion" in the garden. [5] 305, 314, 587-607 are based on astronomical and meteorological wind and moon virtual scenes, which add an infinitely broad imaginary world to the garden architectural art. Together with the real scenes of mountains, rocks, water bodies, plants, buildings, etc., they constitute a complete garden architectural art. . The couplet of Lengxiang Pavilion in Huqiu, Suzhou, "The bells ring in the fragrance of plum blossoms, and the shadow of the tower is reflected in the light of the pool water", as well as Lin Bu's famous line about plum blossoms, "The sparse shadows are horizontal and slanting, the water is clear and shallow, and the faint fragrance floats in the moonlight dusk", which vividly reflects the garden. The characteristic of architectural art is the coexistence of virtuality and reality. The virtual fragrance, sound, light, shadow, and moon, and the real water, trees, and buildings are all indispensable to create this feeling and this environment. Regarding the clear breeze and bright moon, Su Shi wrote in "Ode to the Former Red Cliff": "Between heaven and earth, everything has its own owner; if it is not my property, I will not take any of it. But the cool breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains are all the same." When you get it, it becomes sound, when you look at it, it becomes color. You can take it without restraint and use it inexhaustibly. It is the endless treasure of the Creator, and what I and my son can eat." It just so happens that Li Bai also said, "The breeze and the bright moon don't need one." Bai Juyi said even more: "The small courtyard in Xinchang is like a house, and I live in a quiet place surrounded by bamboos. I don't have a house in the two capitals, and the beauty of Linquan is a family asset [5]" Not only does it not cost a penny. , and even uses Feng Yue as his own wealth - of course, spiritual wealth.
3. Tea Zen blindly - the integration of humanistic activities and natural scenery in gardens and architectural art
China is the hometown of tea, and the custom of drinking tea has been around since ancient times, especially in the Song Dynasty. There are "Seven Treasures of Literati: Music, Chess, Calligraphy, Painting, Poetry, Wine and Tea" and "Seven Things to Do to Open the Door: Firewood, Rice, Oil, Salt, Sauce, Vinegar, Tea". Tea is not only popular among the literati and bureaucrats, but also integrated into the daily life of ordinary people. Therefore, in "Qingming Festival" It is not surprising that there are many teahouses in "Along the River".
(1) Tea and the three religions meet in the spirit
The various forms and grandeur of Chinese tea culture are the result of the mutual penetration and comprehensive interaction of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and tea. The relationship between tea and Buddhism has a deep origin. Tea not only has the effect of refreshing people, relieving sleepiness and aiding digestion, but it can also make people calm down and avoid cravings, which is beneficial to spiritual practice. Therefore, the trend of drinking tea first became popular in Buddhism, and then spread to the people by monks and pilgrims. The temple is also a tea tree cultivation resort. As the saying goes, "good tea has been produced in high mountains since ancient times", and "there are many famous mountain monks in the world", so temples and tea have formed an indissoluble bond. Many famous teas come from temples, such as Putuo Buddha Tea, Jian Tea, Zhushan Tea wait. The relationship between tea and Zen is far more than just a material relationship. The core of the relationship between tea and Zen lies in the connection and similarity of their spiritual connotations, which is the so-called "tea and Zen taste." Regarding the spirit of tea, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty said in the preface of "Daguan Tea Theory": "If tea is a thing, it is good at the elegance of Ou and Min, the spiritual endowment of Zhongshan and River, it can remove stagnation, bring clarity and harmony, then it is not mediocre. People and children can get it and know that it is pure, calm and quiet, but it is not something that can be obtained in a hurry. "Pure, harmonious, light, clean, high and quiet" is regarded as the spiritual state of tea tasting. and the moral integrity that a gentleman should aspire to. Tea drinkers hope to integrate themselves with the mountains, rivers, nature, and the universe through drinking tea, and seek a beautiful state and spiritual sublimation in drinking tea, which itself contains the beauty of Zen. It is precisely because of the spiritual connection between tea and Zen that Monk Jiaoran was able to blend the two together: "One drink will wash away the drowsiness, and clear thoughts will fill the world; drink again to clear my mind, and suddenly it will be like rain showers and light dust; You will gain enlightenment after just three drinks, so there is no need to work hard to get rid of worries." Fan Zhongyan also wrote in a poem that "the taste of tea is light and intoxicating, and the fragrance of tea is thin orchid." It seems that drinking tea does have the effect of enlightenment and enlightenment. Drinking tea can also lead to the Tao. The Tao in tea is called the tea ceremony. The connection between Zen and tea elevates tea drinking from the level of daily life to the height of spirituality.
[7] 801-817 Confucianism pays attention to "using tea to benefit courtesy", "using tea to express respect", and "using tea to refine one's ambition", which can all be classified as "using tea to practice the Tao". The highest state of the tea ceremony is "harmony", and ultimately It can be attributed to the Confucian idea of ??"neutralization" or "harmony" based on etiquette. "Guests come to drink tea on a cold night, and the soup in the bamboo stove is boiling and the fire is just beginning to turn red. The moon in front of the window is the same as usual, but it is different when there are plum blossoms." This is a famous line in tea poetry in history. It not only describes the beauty of the artistic conception of drinking tea, but also the greater The value lies in writing the etiquette and cultural heritage of the Chinese nation for thousands of years of "replacing wine with tea" and "respecting guests with tea". The quiet and peaceful nature of tea culture is very consistent with the Taoist idea of ??tranquility and spontaneity. Seclusion is also the driving force for the development of tea culture. Lu Tong's "Tea Drinking Song": "One bowl moistens the throat, two bowls break the loneliness. Three bowls search the withered intestines, but only five thousand volumes of text. Four bowls make people sweat lightly, and all the injustice in life is dispersed into the pores. Five bowls The muscles and bones are clear, and six bowls can bring immortality. I can't eat seven bowls, but I can feel the breeze blowing in my arms. Where is Penglai Mountain? Yuchuanzi takes advantage of this breeze to fully demonstrate the beauty of drinking tea. , the artistic conception of seven bowls of tea is profound. Drinking five, six or seven bowls of tea is already extraordinary. If you want to become an immortal, drinking tea is equivalent to cultivating Taoism.
(2) Tea and literati meet in gardens
Chinese tea culture embraces the essence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to the greatest extent, and thus also contains the essence of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the realm of tea culture. Religious realm, moral realm, architectural art realm and life realm, so its artistic conception is also the richest. The tea culture developed by the three schools of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, without the participation of literati, naturally cannot be regarded as a real culture. As an elegant architectural art activity, tea drinking is bound to have some particularities under the influence of the slightly sour literati culture. For example, the tea culture of the Song Dynasty paid attention to "three points" and "three no points". Tea can only be ordered when the tea is good, the water is good, the utensils are good, the people are good, and the environment is good. Tea, and even the appreciation of the beautiful environment have become a very important part of tea culture. So, what kind of environment is the most suitable for tea? Qian Qi in the mid-Tang Dynasty once recorded a tea banquet with Zhao Ju, "Under the bamboo, I forgot to say anything about purple tea, which completely defeated the drunken guest in the clouds. It is hard to extinguish the joy after washing my heart, and the sound of cicadas is slanting in the tree." The poem describes it. A picture of sipping tea in nature. Du Fu was sitting on the platform of a friend's house drinking tea on a spring evening. The poem came quietly, and he casually inscribed it on a sycamore leaf. The emerald bird sang from time to time on the clothes girder. , the dragonfly takes a nap on the fishing line in the lake, the years are quiet, I hope this moment can be condensed into eternity. This is a warm picture of sipping tea. Wei Ye, a reclusive scholar, wrote "The master has a light salary and lives next to a forest spring. Fishes wash inkstones and swallow ink, and cranes cook tea to avoid smoke." It describes the scene of drinking tea in a garden. This is a picture of Gao Shen sipping tea. "Illustration of Brewing Tea in Yuchuan" by Ding Yunpeng of the Ming Dynasty was based on the poetry of Lu Tong's "Biography to Thank Meng for Admonishing and Sending New Tea". It is a new tea for tasting in the spring garden. Wen Zhengming's "Huishan Tea Party" depicts the scene of visiting Huishan in Wuxi with friends, drinking tea, reciting poems and singing. The elegant environment, elegant activities, and elegant poets make the picture convey a strong poetic poetry and natural interest. 6 It is not difficult to find from numerous poems, calligraphy and paintings that tea art activities are always carried out in an environment that is indifferent, quiet, elegant and natural, ethereal and timeless. This is exactly the characteristic of literati gardens in the Song Dynasty. The realm of literati gardens is undoubtedly consistent with the spirit of "purity, harmony, tranquility and elegance" of tea and the attributes of nature. Therefore, tea fighting, tea sharing and tea tasting have become a very important part of the garden dwelling activities of literati and officials, and the artistic conception of tea has also become the artistic conception of the garden. But in Chinese gardens, it is difficult to find tea gardens, teahouses and other buildings dedicated to tea ceremony activities or garden spaces dedicated to drinking tea like those in Japanese gardens. This is probably also a manifestation of the blind spirit of tea Zen. Zen Buddhism pays attention to "being in the situation without being attached to the situation", "seeing the mind and seeing the nature", and paying attention to "sudden enlightenment" without sticking to the form. Bai Juyi's "Flowers in the Monastery": "If you want to realize form and emptiness, it is a Buddhist thing, so you plant flowers and trees in the monk's house. If you look carefully, you will find the Huayan verse, "The wind of convenience will bloom the flower of wisdom", which is the understanding of this way of practice. The tea ceremony also upholds this spirit - there is no need for a special tea room or tea garden, but you can still get the state of tea in a hut, a thatched pavilion, a pine tree, a flower bank or a stream. Even if you are in a busy city, as long as you are calm, the tea will still be fragrant. . The so-called artistic conception depends on the "situation" and more importantly on the "intention". When you practice to a certain height, you can get "eluded". In the construction and architectural art of contemporary gardens, people seem to have over exaggerated the ecological and functional functions of green spaces. They claim to have improved the environment and provided some usable space. They show off new materials and new technologies, but there is a lack of literati. with a taste of culture. In an era of rapid economic development, people who are in a hurry need more such space, so that people can slow down or stop and take care of their souls and inner matters. The creation of these spaces is called artistic conception, and people can learn from the ancients.
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