Text discussion
Gui yuan Tian ju (3)
Overall grasp
Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden has five songs, and this is the third one. The poet planted beans at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, "the grass is full of beans." Obviously, I am not good at farming, but I go out early and come back late, taking great pains. On the way home, the west building was wet with clothes, but he didn't care and said, "but I made a wish." On the surface, this poem is about the happiness of farm work, but combining this poem with other poems of the author, the author's "desire" actually has its special connotation-living according to his own wishes and not losing himself in the dirty real world. Even being a farmer is better than "bending down to pick up five buckets of rice" in officialdom.
The language of Tao's poems is very plain and natural, which was obviously not recognized by people in the Wei and Jin Dynasties when the poetic style permeated the literary world. Zhong Rong's poems only list Tao's poems as "domestic products". The simple style of Tao's poems actually opened the poetic style of Sui and Tang Dynasties. This poem is very simple, and the language of "planting beans in Shannan" and "sunset glow on my clothes" has not been modified at all. The plainness of spoken language is in harmony with the mellowness of poetry, and the unity of quality and reality forms the artistic characteristics of Tao poetry.
Go to the frontier to carry out tasks
First, the overall grasp
In the spring of the 25th year of Kaiyuan (737), Wang Wei was ordered by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty to visit Cui, the assistant envoy of Hexi who defeated Tubo in the northwest frontier, and was actually excluded from the imperial court. This poem is about this mission.
The poet wrote down the experience of this mission with concise pen and ink. "Bike wants to ask the side", write about going to the border to express condolences to the soldiers. How far is it? "Lead a long way to Juyan for vassal states" refers to Juyan in the northwest frontier. The mountain is high and the road is far, and the poet feels like a "sign" and a "wild goose". Not only talking about things, but also writing scenes, conveying subtle and unspeakable inner feelings in narrative scenes. After a long journey, the poet finally "rode to the small pass", but he did not meet the general. I didn't know until I asked, "All the guards are in Yanran": the general is at the front line in Yanran! The story seems to continue, but the poem comes to an abrupt end here, leaving room for aftertaste.
The poet described the strange and magnificent scenery beyond the Great Wall with vivid pen and ink. "The desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen", with vigorous brushwork, bold artistic conception and broad vision, is praised by Wang Guowei as a famous sentence of "the wonders of the ages". Imagine that the endless desert can only be shaped by a word "big"; On this pure and desolate background, a wisp of white smoke lit on the beacon tower goes straight into the sky, so striking that the word "solitary smoke" can shape its charm. "Solitary smoke" is followed by the word "straight", which makes the scenery look simple and rough. "The long river sets the yen", the vast desert, no mountains and no trees, only the Yellow River runs through it. As far as we can see, the desert is boundless and the Yellow River is endless, so the word "long" naturally appears in the author's mind. Above the "long river" is a round sunset. The word "round" here and the word "straight" in front of it are both vivid and expressive, and it is difficult to express their beauty.
Second, the problem research
Appreciation of the Lonely Smoke in the Desert and the Long River Falling in the Yen
These two poems fully embody the characteristics of painting and attach great importance to the picture sense of the scenery. First of all, it has a picturesque composition, from the sunset on the horizon to the beacon smoke in the air to the underground river, from the nearby beacon smoke to the distant sunset to the endless desert. Although there are not many scenes on the screen, the space is vast and the levels are rich. Secondly, it has picturesque lines. On the endless desert, the smoke is vertical, the river is horizontal and the sunset is round. It uses a few strokes and simple lines to outline the basic form of the scenery, which is very general, just like an abstract work. Third, these two sentences are also very colorful. The vast desert is full of yellow sand, and the orange sunset at dusk converges its brilliance, living quietly in the sky, reflecting the calm river with white light, and a wisp of white beacon smoke rises from the desert and goes straight into the sky. The magnificent frontier scenery is as it is now.
Xiangling in a dream of red mansions said: "The word' straight' seems unreasonable, and the word' round' seems too vulgar. When I closed the book and remembered, I seemed to have seen this scene. I have to find two more of these two, but I can't find two words. " Although she couldn't tell where these two words were, she intuitively felt that they described solitary smoke and sunset very vividly and irreplaceable. Su Shi commented on Wang's "poetry has charm, and there are paintings and poems in them, which is very appropriate."
Different understandings of "smoke": some people think it is beacon smoke, while others think it is kitchen smoke.
Farewell through Jingmen
Overall grasp
This poem was written by the poet when he went out of Shu to Jingmen in the 13th year of Kaiyuan (AD 725). As the ship moves, the scenery on both sides of the strait changes like a picture scroll. The author naturally described the scenery when the ship passed Jingmen. Zhuan Xu described the changes of scenery from the perspective of swimming. The boat went from Shu to Jingmen, and the terrain on both sides of the river changed from mountain to plain. The mountains disappeared from the author's sight bit by bit, and the river rushed to the vast Yuan Ye along the mountain. Necklace couplets describe the beautiful scenery on the river through two beautiful pictures. The first picture is the reflection of the moon in the water, and the bright moon is reflected in the water, like a flying mirror, writing the scenery at night; The second picture is a cloud on the horizon. Yunfei is like a mirage, depicting the scenery at dusk. Such a beautiful scenery is really intoxicating! However, the phrase "I should pity my hometown water and paint your boat for 300 miles" suddenly changed from enjoying the beautiful scenery to sighing deeply about my hometown. It is best to have good water in my hometown. I can't bear to send a ship thousands of miles. Implicit expression of homesickness, the whole poem is tied together by an invisible line, and the sound is lingering. Wang Fuzhi's Selected Readings of Tang Poems said, "Just make two sentences seem to be out of the loop and think endlessly."
The whole poem conveys the bold and unrestrained momentum of ancient poetry in the meter. The first couplet narrates, the parallel couplet neck couplet writes the scenery, and the last couplet expresses the emotion. The time and space are vast, the scenery is smart and the charm is long.
Different understandings of "farewell";
These two words have always had different interpretations: one is that the river sent him away from Shu, and the other is that he sent him away to his friends. Shen Deqian (Volume 10 of Tang Poetry), a native of the Qing Dynasty, thinks that the word "there is no farewell in the poem, but the title is in it" can be deleted. Tang Ruxun suspected that the word "Farewell" was an essay in the interpretation of Tang poetry.
Youshan west village
In a bumper harvest year, the poet was invited to the farmhouse. Walking on the mountain road leading to Shanxi village, "there is no way to doubt the mountains and rivers, and there is another village." The doubt of the road only exists in reality, and the scenery seems to be absolutely unique. Finally came to Shanxi village, where mountains are surrounded by water, flowers bloom and flowers bloom. These two poems contain philosophy of life, and often contain hope in difficulties. In Shanxi village, near the social day, farmers wear simple clothes, play flute and drum, and are very lively in groups of three or five. The poet is looking forward to having time to travel by moonlight in the future, knocking at the door at any time with a cane, and his feelings of reluctance are beyond words. The poet was intoxicated by the scenery in Shan Ye and the human feelings in the rural area of Miri, Malaysia, and gave a heartfelt sigh for this outing.
The whole poem is closely related to the word "you" and narrated according to the passage of time, with distinct levels and vivid language. The antithesis in the middle is natural and neat, which shows the poet's extraordinary skill in tempering language.
Different understandings of "heavy mountains and heavy waters, no road to doubt, a bright future, another village"
The complexity of the terrain described by "the mountains and rivers are heavy and there is no road to doubt, and the willow blossoms are bright and there is another village" shows the endless changes of mountains and rivers. "Another village with a bright future" means that Shanxi village is located among flowers, and "another village with a bright future" is the surrounding environment of Shanxi village; It is said that "a bright future is a metaphor," a bright future is a metaphor for the twists and turns on the road, and the metaphor of "a bright future" has finally found Shanxi Village.
Practice note
First, recite and write these four poems from memory.
The purpose of setting the topic is to form a good habit of reciting excellent ancient poems. Especially famous sentences should be remembered. Dictate in class and check the reciting effect.
Second, understand these four poems carefully and answer the following questions.
1. What exactly is the meaning of "wish" in Return to the Garden?
2. What did you write about "the mountain is flat and primitive, and the river winds in the wilderness"?
3. What are the two most popular sentences in A Tour of Shanxi Village? How to understand these two poems?
The purpose of setting the topic is to examine students' understanding of the idea and content of the poem. The first topic 1 focuses on the understanding of Tao Yuanming's thought, and the second topic is open topic. The purpose of the topic is to let students expand their imagination and describe the scenery described in the poem in a personalized way. The answers don't have to be consistent.
Reference answer:
1. The "wish" here can not only be understood according to the text notes, but also guide students to discuss extensively. The teacher might as well introduce the other four poems in "Returning to the Garden" to the students, especially "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely", which can better express the author's mood at that time. According to these contents, students can be guided to further understand this poem.
These two sentences describe the scenery seen when the ship passes through Jingmen. Describe the changes of scenery from the perspective of swimming. The ship went from Shudi to Jingmen, and the terrain on both sides of the strait changed from mountains to plains. The mountains disappeared from the author's sight bit by bit, and the river rushed to the vast Yuan Ye along the mountain.
There is no road in the mountains and rivers, and there is another village. Writing the scene of Shanxi villages and mountains surrounded by water and flowers shows that there is still hope in the predicament.
3. In the forty-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, Xiang Ling said, "The smoke in the desert is straight, and the long river sets the yen." ? The sun is naturally round: the word' straight' seems unreasonable and the word' round' is too vulgar. When I closed the book and remembered it, I seemed to have seen this scene. "You said Xiangling appreciate these two poems makes sense? Why?
The purpose of this question is to let students deeply understand the characteristics of "painting in poetry" in these two poems.
See "Text Discussion" for the reference answer.
Try to choose one of these poems and describe your reading feelings with words or paintings according to your own understanding.
This topic is an open topic, which is intended to let students fully mobilize their association and imagination, so as to improve their understanding and appreciation of ancient poetry.
Teaching suggestion
First of all, students should be instructed to read these five poems aloud and recite and write them from memory correctly.
Second, the teaching of ancient poetry should focus on guiding students to understand the beauty of artistic conception and language of poetry, and be influenced and infected by beauty. Explain the meaning of the poem properly, rather than making complicated analysis.
Third, suggestions on the teaching of ancient poetry.
Temperament cultivation and imagination cultivation are important contents of education ... what must be relied on for self-cultivation and self-cultivation, and the best is poetry. ..... Let them (students) get in touch with the thoughts and feelings of the ancients (although those thoughts and feelings belong to the ancients, they are always new and still make future generations feel cordial), and the results of self-cultivation should be more.
……
Some words that are not easy to understand, of course, should be explained by the teacher first; The rest is best for students to experience by themselves. The meaning and interest of poetry are often beyond words; Literal explanation alone is just like chewing olives at random, which has no taste; Only by experiencing fun through words can taste be meaningful. Experience is not a mystery: first of all, it lies in a thorough understanding of words; The second is to introduce the poet's experience according to his own experience. These two levels of kung fu, of course, primary school students may not be able to get home; But they have to try. After the experience, after the teacher gives them an evaluation, they will have their own happiness; If the experience is not correct, their impression will be much deeper than that of teachers who attend classes at will after correction. There is a commentary at the back of each song for the teacher's reference. Let the students experience it first, and then the teacher will discuss with them and give them guidance. The method of discussion and guidance is roughly similar to that of explanation. We don't want the teacher to tell all the students according to the explanation. Of course, students don't have to talk. Although what they say is different from what they explain, their meanings are the same, and the teacher can not talk about it, so there is no need to stick to the explanation. Poetry teaching focuses on cultivating temperament and expanding imagination; Get to the point, one or two sentences may be enough, not necessarily complicated and lengthy.
After each lecture, it is best to familiarize the students. This is related to my own experience and the guidance of my teacher. When two people are at home, they will taste poetry and will naturally be willing to read it without being forced. Those familiar poems, which are recited repeatedly in their spare time, are of infinite benefit to their hearts, just like they often sing.
(Preface to Ye Shengtao's Selected Poems of Primary School Students)
related data
I. Appreciation of Return to the Garden (Xu Keqiang)
Five poems by Gui Yuantian Ju
Tao Yuanming
one
Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years.
Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields.
The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital.
The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Dogs bark in deep alleys, and mulberry trees crow.
There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.
Secondly,
There are few chariots and horses in the secluded places when the countryside makes friends with the secular world. Cover the door during the day, thinking about wine.
When there are many people in the market, grass grows all over it. When we meet, we don't talk about worldly affairs, only that the garden is long in Sang Ma.
My field is growing higher and higher, and my cultivated land is expanding day by day. Often worried about sudden frost, crops wither like shrubs.
third
I planted beans at the foot of Nanshan, and the weeds in the field were covered with peas. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will.
Fourth.
Long-term tourism mountain ze, wild forest entertainment. Try to take your son and nephew and put them in the wild market.
Wandering among the mountains, unwilling to live in the past. There are remnants in the well, and the mulberry and bamboo rot.
Excuse me, what is this person like? The wage earners told me that there was no death.
Abandon the city for a lifetime, really. Life seems illusory, and eventually it will be empty.
Fifth.
Alone in a sense of loss, I returned to my hometown with a staff member. The road was bumpy and in shock. The mountain stream is shallow and meets my feet.
Filter out the new wine at home and cook chicken for the neighbors. When entering the house during the day, the Beijing salary will replace the bright candle.
The height is high and the height is short, and the east is getting white.
In the second year of Jin Dynasty, that is, the year after Yuan Ming left Peng, the poet wrote five famous poems "Returning to the Garden". This is an ode of the poet to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. The profound ideological changes and exquisite artistic skills it reflects are not only valued by scholars who have been studying Tao Yuanming, but also fascinated the vast number of ceramic poetry lovers.
The five poems of Returning to the Garden are an inseparable organic whole. The reason for this is not only because these five poems describe the poet's rich and fulfilling seclusion life from the aspects of resigning, gathering with relatives and friends, enjoying farming, visiting old friends and drinking at night, but more importantly, as far as the feelings expressed are concerned, they run through this group of poems with a natural and enjoyable interest. Although there are emotional turmoil and turning points in the poem, the bright colors of joy and philosophy reflect the whole article.
Some commentators, Le Zanyuan, knew that there was "no adhesion" in his chest. In fact, there is still "adhesion". That is, Yuan Ming wrote "Come home to Xi Ci" when he resigned. Isn't there a saying that "Xi is depressed and sad alone"? In other words, there is always a trace of melancholy in his heart. The truly pure soul will not be born (although the poet has repeatedly declared that he is "getting better and better, loving autumn mountains"), but gradually becomes clear in the process of constantly filtering out ideological impurities.
Just as a person doesn't want to touch the hidden pain in his heart, the poet doesn't want to mention the filthy officialdom that has just been pulled out of it in Returning to the Garden. It's a pity to fall into the dust net by mistake. And "walking for 30 years" is not the accumulation of several official times, but a deep remorse for his swing and obsession in the first half of his life. However, today, after all, I got my wish, and my mood at the moment was suddenly relieved.
"There are more than ten acres of square houses and eight or nine straw houses." Among them, there is a deep feeling that my hometown is still the same and "I love my family". "Under the eaves of Liu Yin, Li Tao Luo tang qian." Under the eaves, willows are swaying and shadowy. The breeze calmed the poet's anxiety. At present, the beauty of peaches and plums is full of complexity, which arouses a lot of joy in the poet's heart. The poet is communicating his feelings with ignorant plants. Looking around, the smoke from the kitchen melted in the dusk. I listened attentively and vaguely heard dogs barking and chickens crowing. In front of me, many documents and files have disappeared, replaced by beloved "Qing Qin" and "different books". Ji Kang took "many things in the world, many accumulated cases" and "full guests, loud noises and many tricks" ("Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan") as the reasons for being an official. Here, the poet seems to have used the word "dust" intentionally or unintentionally. He told us that everything we used to fight against the "dust net" has passed and will never happen again. In this sense, there is indeed a sense of "virtual room"; However, there is truth in the truth, and he started a life that was completely arranged and dominated by himself.
"I've been in a cage for a long time, and I'm back to nature." "Nine" and "Thirty Years" set each other off, "Fan Cage" and "Dust Net" set each other off, "Sex" set each other off, and the word "return" points out the interest of "returning to the soul". Yes, officialdom eroded his half life and defiled his "chastity". Today, after a lot of hardships, the poet finally got a gratifying compensation.
"There are few people in the wild and few wheels in the poor lanes." I think these two sentences should be interpreted in reverse: "I came to the wild for rare people, and I lived in the back alley to avoid social intercourse." You know, this is not an objective narrative, but a subjective choice. The poet retired from the officialdom to the wild, from the wild to the poor alley, hiding scenery during the day, sitting in his room and thinking about wine. Layers of prevention, avoiding the world is not far away, shielding friends is not enough, and abandoning common concern is endless. Is the poet too lonely and unreasonable? No, the poet seems to deliberately eliminate this illusion and unfold his own life and spiritual world for us:
"When there are more people in the market, it is covered with grass." Although he has no "three paths", he has his own frequent contacts. "There are no miscellaneous words when we meet, Sang Ma." They have a favorite topic.
Life in the country is simple and even poor, quiet and even lonely. However, it is this environment that enables people to acquire the same language and cultivate a simple and sincere feeling. "I am glad to hear more people. I have been happy for several mornings." (Migration) The poet lives a poor life at all costs, and his children are "young and hungry" (Sparse and Yan Zi and others). It is this kind of truth between heaven and earth that he pursues diligently.
A new life begins with the shame of being trapped in the sea by plowing and washing snow. Perhaps it is because of the shackles of the official body and the decline of physical fitness. Perhaps because of the long-term separation from the countryside, agronomy is somewhat sparse. "Grass is full of bean seedlings" and it is not well cultivated. What is revealed here is a sense of shame and self-encouragement. "In the morning, I will dispose of the garbage and take the lotus home." Only from the perspective of time, we can see the poet's perseverance and diligence. He removed the "filth" and other thoughts in his heart. I feel relieved after removing the weeds. I think I am still the one who loves Akiyama, or the one who is willing to be a farmer and can be a farmer. Lotus hoe returned home at night, proud, looked up, the moon was in the sky, and the poet was like a victorious soldier. There is hard work, but it is this hard work that gives him great spiritual satisfaction.
The fourth poem and the fifth poem are actually two parts of a poem. The poet visited his old friend with great ambition and even a little ostentatious. The sons and nephews are neck and neck, laughing constantly, finding their way with hazelnuts and making great strides. He wants to chat with his old friend and have a few drinks ... However, what he sees in front of him is the broken scene of "the well stove has a legacy, and the mulberry bamboo has rot", but he hears the bad news that his old friend "died without healing". A poet who has always been shrewd can't help falling into the deep sorrow that "life is like an illusion, but it is always empty".
Therefore, when the fifth poem came back, he wrote, "I feel sorry for myself, but I have sons and nephews with me, but the poet doesn't want to say much, just like a lonely goose wandering around" alone "; The rugged calendar hazel, a bush on the path tugged at his clothes. What does the poet "regret"? What is melancholy is the inevitable illusion of life, and what is resentful is your own ignorance. If you leave the officialdom early and spend more time with your old friends, won't it actually delay the arrival of this tragedy to the maximum extent?
So, how did the poet get rid of this disappointment?
-"The mountain stream is shallow, and when we meet, we feel my feet."
Perhaps because of the grief of visiting relatives and friends, perhaps because of the hardships and tiredness of the journey, the poet sat by the stream for a while. This stream is crystal clear and unobstructed; Soaking in the water, suddenly, a cool feeling flowed all over his body, which also made him wake up from his complicated thoughts. He seems to have returned to reality from a sad dream. Have I come back after all? Is there anyone who can catch up without admonishing the past? Life is short, don't I have precious time left? The past is over, but I still have many friends.
From the perspective of "I am drinking my newly cooked wine, and only one chicken has attracted the latest game", the poet has obviously erased the unpleasant cloud hanging over his heart. Wine is beautiful with Chen, and the word "newly boiled wine" shows that there is no money left at home, which also points out the poet's urgent mood of "binge drinking" at the moment. This reminds me of the poet's interesting answer in the article "The Biography of General Meng Fu in Shanxi":
"(Huan) Wen asks Jun ():' What's so good about wine that you love it?' You smiled and replied,' Be a gentleman, but you can't have fun in wine. "
If we ask Yuan Ming at this moment, "What's so good about wine that you can't put it down?" Presumably, he will also answer us "but not with wine." Yes, this "taste in wine" is too rich and mysterious: it eliminates the fatigue of the poet for a day; It relieves the grief of visiting friends; It makes poets feel the real interest of life; Make the poet optimistic again and become philosophical; It also deepened the understanding and feelings of the poet's neighboring songs. Both the host and the guest are happy and raise their voices frequently; At dusk, the poet lit firewood at will and learned a candlelight night tour. The atmosphere of fireworks in the room will not only make people feel shabby, but also add a warm and cordial atmosphere. What life is like worrying, what old and withered sigh, everything quietly melts into an understanding of the true meaning of life in an instant.
"Happiness is short and bitter, and it has returned to Tianxu." A new day has begun, and the new life just started is not as bright as the rising sun? These two sentences are the crowning touch of the whole poem, the main melody of the movement and the strongest sound of life.
Looking through five songs, the officialdom is filthy and finally compensated; Living in poverty, but having the affection of relatives and friends; Farming is hard and the mind is satisfied; Life is short, but you have a thorough understanding of the true meaning of life. What's wrong with it? In this way, the poet lived in seclusion all his life. No, the joy of his whole life was included in his poems of Wang Yang. This is a high generalization and a profound revelation. It is in this sense that, contrary to the filthy reality, Returning to the Garden has reached a perfect and harmonious artistic conception and opened up a "broad and graceful" spiritual world.
The poet's life is not smooth sailing, and his heart is not a quiet world where all contradictions have been eliminated. The poet's value lies in that in the ideal pastoral world opposite to the clan society, he finally found the dignity of his own personality, the sincere feelings of his friends, the interpersonal relationship without status, the disparity between the rich and the poor, and the ideal of life without intrigue and strife. This is the concentrated expression of Shi Tao's ideological connotation and the source of Shi Tao's simplicity, simplicity, freshness and natural style.
He explained the truth. What he understands is what he put into practice. He is honest and frank, not isolated from the world; He is easy-going and unsophisticated. He never shows off and doesn't have to hide it. Quitting the field does not admire lofty, and this "sex" is also difficult; I am willing to work hard to make my heart "willing"; Avoid making friends just to abandon the "dust of dreams"; Sad life, because he misses this short and full life. "I amused myself with an article, which shows my ambition." I wrote my heart, and that's enough.
Second, the analysis of "making it reach the fortress" (Shi Zhecun)
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty, barbarians have invaded continuously, and the Tang government has to strengthen its border defense to cope with the war. Sometimes, they drive north with victory, intending to expand their territory. During the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, many poets participated in the shogunate of senior generals guarding the frontier and served as their officials. These poets wrote down what they saw and heard in frontier fortress, so frontier fortress scenery and military life became the new theme of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This kind of poetry is called "frontier poems" in the history of literature. There are not many such poems in Wang Wei's poetry collection, but contemporary poets Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling are all famous for writing frontier poems.
Wang Wei's poems are famous among many anthologies of Tang poetry. The poem describes the scenery that a man with imperial mission saw when he arrived at the frontier fortress. Some people think that this "messenger" is Wang Wei himself. Because Wang Wei once sent envoys to the fortress in the 25th year of Kaiyuan (AD 737) and served as a judge in the Cui shogunate in Liangzhou. If so, the title should be "sent to the fortress". Now there is no word "Feng", so the word "Shi" refers to the general messenger. Looking at the content of this poem again, it is completely objective and does not express the author's own tone. It can also be seen that this poem cannot be understood as Wang Wei's self-report. Finally, a couplet said that the messenger arrived at Xiaoguan and was patrolled by cavalry. Ask, just know Du Hu's army is still in Yanran Mountain, which is far away from here. Xiaoguan, located in Guyuan County, Ningxia, was a military stronghold to defend Tubo in the Tang Dynasty. Mount Yanran, that is, Hangzhou Ai Shan, is within the territory of today's Mongols. Dou Xian, the general of the Han Dynasty, conquered Khan and was stationed in Yanran Mountain, where he carved the inscription of Jigong. Duhu was the official name of the Han Dynasty, and Duhu in the Western Regions was the highest official guarding the northern and southern foothills of Tianshan Mountain.
The theme of this poem by Wang Wei is to describe the vast territory of the western regions at that time. After Juyan, it was out of the frontier fortress of Han Dynasty, and now it is still the territory of Tang Dynasty. Further on, when we reached Xiaoguan, we realized that Duhu (then our time) was still far away. In this way, the frontier fortress in the Tang Dynasty expanded thousands of miles westward than that in the Han Dynasty. However, Wang Wei's concept of geography seems to be wrong. There is Xiao Guan in the east and Juyan in the west. If you have passed Juyan, you should have passed Xiao Guan. In addition, Wang Wei also wrote a poem entitled "Working on the Embankment", which said: "When it comes to supervision, work on the fortress." The first sentence of this poem says: "Hunt the arrogant and live outside the swallow." It is known that he has been to Juyan, but I don't know why he said Juyan was here before he left Xiao Guan. As for Yanran, it is not the place where our Western Region era opened. Wang's address is probably just a compliment to our times at that time, and compared it to Dou Xian. This last couplet not only uses Ran Yanshan, which makes people puzzled, but also these two poems were not written by Wang Wei at all. He copied them from heather. Yu Shinan's poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave" says: "Every ambassador is in Loulan." In Loulan, it is in line with geographical conditions. Wang Wei could have borrowed Yu Shinan's sentence in this poem, but in order to rhyme, he had to change "Loulan" to "Yanran", but this change was broken.
(Selected from Hundred Tang Poems, East China Normal University Press, 1996 edition)
Three. Appreciation of Seeing Friends Off at Jingmen Ferry (Wu Qiming)
Seeing friends off at Jingmen Ferry was written by Li Bai when he left Sichuan, which recorded his impressions and feelings when he left his hometown for the first time. The first couplet directly deducts the poem title, explaining the purpose of this trip. Zhuan Xu followed that sentence closely and wrote the magnificent scenery of crossing Jingmen into Chu: "The mountains are flat and primitive, and the river winds through the wilderness." Li Bai has just passed the Three Gorges, and there are mountains everywhere on both sides. When he crossed the Jingmen Mountain, the Yangtze River was suddenly enlightened and vast, with flat and spacious Yuan Ye on both sides. This made the poets who lived in Sichuan feel happy for a long time, and immediately wrote this feeling into their poems. The second word in the two sentences is well refined, and the mountain is gradually drifting away and disappearing. The eyes are endless. With the word "Sui", the position of mountains and rivers is gradually changed and moved, which is vividly displayed, giving people a sense of space and mobility. This impression is formed by the constant movement of the lyric hero's point of view (Li Bai's ship is moving forward). The Yangtze River rolls away with the word "Jin", as if the river flows into the blue sky, into the vast desert Yuan Ye and into the sea. ("Selected Works of Wu Du Fu" Liu Yuanlin Note: "Wild refers to overseas." ) The couplet is written with a long-term vision. In just ten words, it draws a magnificent picture of the Yangtze River, which really has the beauty of "Wan Li should talk about it", while the necklace depicts a close-up view of the Yangtze River from a different perspective: the phrase "The moon is as high as a mirror" is what you can see when you lower your head on a moonlit night. The bright moon is in the sky, but it is reflected in the slowly flowing Yangtze River (because the river is very wide), like a mirror falling from the sky. Li Bai once said in "The Ancient Waves Running to the Moon": "I suspect that Yaotai Beijing flies at the end of Qingyun Mountain." The image of this poem is just the opposite, that is, the moon in the sky flies into the water. The phrase "the sea cloud shines like a palace" is what you can see when you look at it during the day. Clouds in the sky, layer upon layer, constitute a mirage; There are many clouds, so the sky is high, which sets off the low peace and vast riverbank of vilen. The combination of chin and neck, the distant view and the close-up view describe in detail the scenery of the Yangtze River with open water surface and flat banks, and blend in the natural beauty with the poet's fresh and pleasant feelings and experiences when he first saw the plain. Finish the sentence and pat the topic. The water has brought you the feeling of home, dragging your boat for 300 miles. The Yangtze River water flows from the east of Sichuan, so the poet calls it "hometown water". When the poet first left his hometown, he was really attached to it, but he didn't tell the truth. He wrote from there, saying that his hometown was full of affection, not far from Wan Li, and he was reluctant to send me away from my hometown to Chu, which made me more and more affectionate. This poem named "Farewell" means to send me away from the Yangtze River. Commenting on this poem, Shen Deqian said: "There is no farewell in the poem, and the words in the title can be deleted." ("Tang Poetry") can't be too rigid. Or Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" put it well: "Two sentences are like being outside the ring, and you can't stop thinking. That's all." The meaning is like the outside, the sound is like lingering, and the interest is full. Iv. Appreciation of Shanxi Village Tour
This poem was written on the road in the third year of Xiaozong (1 167). Prior to this, Lu You served as the chief judge of Longxing House. Because he tried his best to help Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition, he was disintegrated by the capitulators and returned to his hometown on charges of "apologizing, clamoring for right and wrong, and urging Zhang Jun to fight". Of course, the poet is indignant. Compared with the treacherous officialdom, the simple life in my hometown will naturally bring infinite comfort. In addition, although the poet seems to be leisurely, he failed to forget the state affairs. People who grasp the country are short-sighted and have no long-term plans. However, the poet did not lose heart and was sure that one day he would not be extremely successful. This state of mind coincides with the place where you want to go, so the two sides negotiated and produced a connection between "the weight of the mountain" and "the bright future".