What is fighting color porcelain?

Doucai porcelain was created and fired in Ming Dynasty, which has been recognized by the world, but there is no name of Doucai in Ming Dynasty literature. Looking up the books about porcelain in the Ming Dynasty, they all call Doucai "multicolored" or "blue and white". For example, a book "Natural History" written by Gu Tai in the 40th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (156 1) said that "there is no top-grade kiln, and the style of colored grapes is better than Xuanbei ... colorful, mysterious and not as wonderful as fairy ... Xuanyi is piled up in colorful, which is not very good. But it is quite easy to talk about colorful colors in Cheng Yao. For example, Xuanyao products are the most expensive. Recently, the kiln was rebuilt and went out of Xuanyao. " There is still no title of "Doucai" in the court archives of Yongzheng and Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, but Chenghua Doucai uses the name of "Caiyao" when it is involved in the archives. For example, "May 13" in the archives of the Office of the Interior in the seventh year of Yongzheng, according to a post in Yuanmingyuan, April 16, eunuchs Liu and Jiao Chengyao had colorful magnetic altars without covers. Commander: I'm trying to make a wooden sample for you to see, and I'm very grateful for it ... Order: put a lid on this jar for Xirao Nian, and make several pieces according to this sample ... "(No.3323, working document clearing). Another example is "Archives, Clearing Files and Records of Qianlong Work", which reads: "(The second day of July in the thirteenth year of Qianlong), eunuchs Hu Shijie and Zhang Yu handed over a pot of Qinglong white land in Xuanyao ... a pot of colorful chrysanthemums, a pot of colorful lotus flowers and a pot of colorful flowers. Imperial edict: Tang Ying and Tang Ying should each have a cover ... "The name" Kaodai "was first seen in Notes on Nanyao, which was written anonymously in Yongzheng and Qianlong years. When it comes to "colors", the book says: "There are three colors of fighting: success, integrity, elegance and various colors. Draw a flower and bird bust with green material before the blank, and then put it into the color material to gather it all. This is called fighting color. Fillers, flower and bird figures with green hooks, etc. They are all used on the green tire, and then put into the color furnace to fill in five colors. This is called color filling. Its multicolored plain porcelain is filled with solid color materials. " During the period of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the explanations of Doucai in books about porcelain were often based on claims, which could not be consistent. In addition to the name Doucai, there are other names such as Doucai and Doucai. About a book written in1906 ~1911. Tao Ya wrote in Ji Yuan (Volume XIII): "How can you say that beans are colored, green and glazed like beans?" Green beans are deep and shallow, and the color is even uneven. The big ones are lighter than the hard green of Kangyao. Solid color is called bean green, mixed color is called bean color. Kang kiln imitates the Ming Dynasty, and painted beans with variegated patterns. Bean green is the only color that accounts for the majority, so it is called bean color. Bean color began in Kangxi, flourished in Yongzheng and declined in Qianlong. After Jiaqing and Taoism, there was almost no opinion ... so there was a saying that the color of beans was funny, saying that it was bad. Also known as color fights, it is said to be more colorful than fish scales. If the competition between fighters is fierce, so is it. "Xu Zhiheng, published in 19 12, is the author of Drinking Creek and Talking about Porcelain (Volume 24): What is the color of beans? Most of the drawings on the cover are bean blue, accounting for 56/10, so it is called bean color. Or competing for color, indicating that there is a struggle in flower picking. Or teasing, that is, the parallelism of colors has the same teasing. In fact, people in the city call each other by voice, which is definitely not a correct interpretation ... ""Until the 1970s, Japan's Sugimura Tong published the book Ceramic Family-Official Kiln in Qing Dynasty, and the explanation of Doucai still followed the statements in Tao Ya and Drinking Liuzhai on Porcelain. The book says: "Doucai started its own period. This is because some people also think that in Jiangxi dialect, the pronunciation of" Dou "and" Cuo "is the same, so Doucai means" Cuo ",which means" make do ". Jingdezhen in the Ming Dynasty has become the center of porcelain making in China, producing a wide variety of porcelain, which was unprecedented in the first generation, and various painted porcelains were born one after another. In order to facilitate the study, it is necessary to classify them to show their differences. /kloc-In the 0/8th century, the author of Notes on South Kiln classified the painted porcelain since Ming Dynasty into three types according to painting techniques, namely, fighting for color, filling color and multicoloring, which were valuable at that time and laid a foundation for the study of painted porcelain. But today, it seems that the division of Nanyao's notes lacks rigor. For example, the explanation of Doucai in Nanyao Notes is that "half of flowers and birds are painted with green materials before blank, and then mixed with colored materials to gather into a whole". However, after careful investigation, it can be found that there are two different ways to realize this process: one is to draw half or part of flowers and birds with green materials in front of the blank, and the other parts are also drawn with double hook outlines with green materials, and then fill the glaze with blue and white outlines. The other is to draw half or part of flowers and birds with green material in front of the blank, but the rest does not use the green material double hook contour line, but after the glaze is burned, the glaze is filled with hook line or boneless painting. This is the technique used by Jiajing and Wanli blue and white multicolor. Different painting techniques produce different artistic effects. For the first technique, underglaze blue and white plays a leading or skeleton role in the picture, and many underglaze colors are attached to the underglaze blue and white, thus making the whole picture beautiful and generous. For the second technique, underglaze blue and white is only a color of the picture (blue), and it also plays a positioning role in the underglaze color. Because the underglaze blue and white are in the same position as the underglaze red, yellow and green, it has little effect on the warm and gorgeous artistic effect of the picture. At present, the colored porcelain painted by the first technique is generally called "Doucai", and the colored porcelain painted by the second technique is called "blue and white multicolored". From the perspective of painting techniques and effects, the "color filling" mentioned in Nanyao Notes can be classified as "fighting color", while the concept of "multicolor" mentioned in Nanyao Notes should be further expanded, that is, it should include pure glaze multicolor and blue and white multicolor. Judging from the existing physical data, "double-hook coloring" is the most basic decorative technique on Doucai porcelain. According to the different painted objects, it is supplemented by techniques such as "stippling", "dyeing" and "overlapping color". In view of the above reasons, we can make a new definition and explanation of "fighting color": fighting color is a new decorative process of colored porcelain with special artistic effects, which combines underglaze blue and white with underglaze color. It first draws the outline of the pattern on the molding blank with blue and white materials, or on this basis, draws a part of the pattern with blue and white materials, covers the transparent glaze and fires it at high temperature, and then coats various pigments on the glaze as required to complete the whole pattern. Re-enter the color furnace and bake at low temperature, thus producing the artistic effect of competition between underglaze blue and white and underglaze color.