China’s history is ancient and long, with countless dynasties. The feudal dynasty that lasted for thousands of years came to an end and finally stopped at the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty with the Manchus as its core. Over the past three hundred years, the social civilization of the Qing Dynasty has experienced the most turbulent period of change in Chinese history. It inherited the autocratic monarchy for thousands of years and collapsed under the torrent of democratic revolution and peace. It has experienced the bloody conquests of regime change, sword-wielding palace struggles, the emperor's brilliant courtship, unprecedented territory expansion, a ruthless world, an era of prosperity and peace, the suppression of ideology and culture, the ugly faces of corrupt officials, and the turmoil of the Western powers. Invasion and bullying, alliances under the city that lost power and humiliated the country, peasant uprisings one after another, enlightened gentry's self-rescue and self-reliance, foreign civilization. In the early Qing Dynasty, a Western scholar said: Genghis Khan and Nurhachi are the outstanding Chinese ancient artifacts that the West pays most attention to. Nurhaci created an era in the history of Chinese civilization. The Qing Empire established by him became the most prosperous empire in the world during the heyday of Kangxi and Qianlong. As the founder of the Qing Empire, Nurhachi not only planted the seeds of the prosperous age of Kangxi and Qianlong, but also inherited the gene of mourning the world. 1. The rise of the Jurchens. At the same time as the decline of the Ming Dynasty, the Jianzhou Jurchens gradually developed and grew. The leader of Jianzhen Jurchen is Aixinjueluo Nurhachi. Nurhachi was born into a Jurchen noble family in Jianzhou. His grandfather Jue Chang'an and his father Shi both served as officials in Jianzhou and were honored by the Ming Dynasty. Nurhachi learned to ride and shoot since he was a child, and developed good martial arts skills. My mother died of illness when she was ten years old. Due to his stepmother's abuse, Nurhaci left home at a very young age and ventured into the vast forest. Hunting, digging ginseng, picking pine nuts and mushrooms every day, and then taking the mountain products to Fushun for trading to make a living. Nurhachi loved reading since he was a child, especially Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin. When he grew up, he accepted the influence of Chinese culture and broadened his horizons. Because he didn't want to die in the mountains, he wanted to fight his way out. He resolutely threw himself into the Ming Dynasty's military camp. He fought bravely and never backed down. The hard work life and intense military life cultivated Nurhachi into an outstanding talent with resourcefulness and superb martial arts. In the first month of the eleventh year of Wanli, Duke Atai of Guquai, the right guard of Guzhou, rebelled against the Ming Dynasty because the court killed his father for no reason. In February, the Ming army attacked Artai under the leadership of Nikan Wailan, Duke of Toulon, the left back of Jianzhou Suksu. Nurhachi's grandfather and father also joined the army. Just when Gukui City was captured, Nikon Vaylan instigated the Ming soldiers to kill the father and son. When Nuwaba found out, he was furious and asked the government: Both his ancestors and his father were innocent, why should they be killed? The other party lied: Manslaughter. He was compensated and ordered Nurhachi to attack his father's position and serve as Zuowei's commander-in-chief. Nuhachi left the Ming army angrily and vowed to avenge this bloody feud. In the same year, Nurhachi, an ambitious man, used thirteen pieces of armor left by his grandfather to attack his enemy Nikangvalan, which marked the beginning of his country's founding. He jumped on his horse, drew his sword, and shouted loudly: God is my witness, if I can survive, I will never survive. Don't go to Toulon! He led a small group of cavalry and successfully captured the city of Toulon. KamwaiLan fled for his life. Nurhachi used hunting enemies as an excuse to conquer all the Jurchen tribes in Jianzhou in just five years. After the unification of Nuhachi tribes, the territory expanded and the population increased. So he established a complete management system, including the famous Eight Banners system, and ordered people to create Manchu script based on Mongolian characters. On the basis of the gradual improvement of political, economic, military and legal regime construction, he believed that the emperor had achieved his goal, so in the first month of the forty-fourth year of Wanli, he announced that Khan had ascended the throne, established Dajin, changed his destiny, and stood in the Ming Dynasty aside. Ten years after the establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty, Liaodong changed under the Ming Dynasty. The newcomer is greedy for money and afraid of death, and wants to retreat to the pass. Nuba believed that occupying the area outside the Pass was a God-given opportunity. In the first month of the eleventh year of Tianming's reign, he led an army of 60,000 to attack Ningyuan. Encountering strong resistance from the famous general Yuan Chonghuan, he was injured by shelling and later had to retreat. Nurhaci suffered heavy losses in this defeat. After he returned to Shengjing, he was depressed and had cancer in his back. So he died in Ajibao on the outskirts of Shenyang in August 1998. At the age of 68. After Nurhachi's death, his son Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne and he became Tiancong. In May of the seventh year of the Apocalypse, Huang Taiji led his troops to attack the Ningjin line restored by the Ming army, and Yuan Chonghuan personally supervised the battle. 8 After the Jin army besieged Jinzhou and Ningyuan, they suffered heavy casualties and were forced to retreat. This was known as the Ningjin Victory in history. In the second year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji avoided Ningyuan, bypassed Mongolia, and approached the city of Beijing. Yuan Chonghuan hurriedly asked Shanhaiguan for help. After that, Huang Taiji took many detours, invaded and occupied Hebei and Shanxi provinces, and plundered people's property. While maintaining military pressure on the Ming Dynasty, Huang Taiji also carried out a series of reforms in his own politics, economy and military. Politically, it weakened the power of the king and strengthened the power of the khan. At the same time, it imitated the Ming system and successively established a set of state institutions such as the Third Inner Court, the Sixth Ministry, the Metropolitan Inspectorate, the Third Court, and the Eight Yamen to replace the original Eight Banners system to exercise state power. that power. Economically, the principles of planned land allocation, separation of banner people, protection and incentives for agricultural production are implemented. In terms of military affairs, the military establishment was expanded and the Eight Banners of the Han Army and the Eight Mongolian Banners were established, which greatly increased the military strength. This series of measures taken by Huang Taiji made the Hou Jin regime quickly centralize and feudalize. In order to cut off the wings of the Ming Dynasty, relieve its worries, and conquer the world, Huang Taiji went to war against North Korea twice in the seventh year of Tianqi and the ninth year of Chongzhen, forcing North Korea to cut off its ties with the Ming Dynasty and submit to Hou Jin.
At the same time, operationally a few years later, Huang Taiji successively conquered Monnan and Mobei Mongolia and became the Great Khan of Manchuria. In addition, Huang Taiji continued to regain his homeland and unified the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang and the vast area east of Lake Baikal. At this point, the Hou Jin regime reached its peak. In May of the ninth year of Chongzhen, Huang Taiji proclaimed himself emperor, changed his name to Chongde, and the country was named Qing Dynasty. After the emperor proclaimed himself emperor, he turned his main force to the Ming Dynasty and launched a more aggressive offensive. In September of the ninth year of Chongzhen, he ordered Azig to go from Dushikou to Juyongguan, bypass Beijing, and go south to Baoding. He attacked thirteen cities and plundered 180,000 people and livestock. In the eleventh year of Chongzhen, Dorgon, Yue Tuo and others were ordered to climb over the Great Wall, detour around Beijing, and reach Tongzhou. They divided their troops into eight groups, harassed Hebei and entered Shandong, captured 58 cities, and captured more than 460,000 people. From the thirteenth year of Chongzhen, the Qing army and the Ming army fought on the Ningjin line for nearly two years. By March of the fifteenth year of Chongzhen, Hong Chengchou, the governor of Liaodong, was defeated, captured and surrendered. Jinzhou defender Zu Dashouwen Songshan was defeated and also surrendered in Kaicheng. At this point, except for the ancient city of Ningyuan where Wu Sangui was stationed, the fortress was completely lost. 2. The Qing army entered the pass. After sixty years of hard work by Nurhachi and Huang Taiji, the Qing Dynasty laid a solid foundation and the Republic of China became prosperous and powerful. In the south, the Ming Dynasty was in decline under the attack of peasant uprisings. The time has come to clear the customs and unify the Central Plains. On March 18, the 17th year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, the Dashun Army, a peasant uprising army led by Li Zicheng, invaded Beijing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Zhu Youjian of Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan Park. According to legend, the Ming Dynasty that ruled China for 2 years
At first Wu Sangui was ready to join the Dashun Dynasty, but later he heard that the peasant army had detained his father Wu Xiang, and the peasant army prime minister Liu Zongmin robbed him. The concubine Chen Yuanyuan was furious and decided to become an enemy of the Dashun army. Soon, the famous poet Wu wrote a poem called Yuanyuanqu, which contained two sentences: All the six armies were weeping, and the crown was angry, which was about this incident. Wu Sangui, who was proficient in military affairs, knew that he could not fight on both sides at the same time, so he surrendered to yesterday's enemy, the Manchu nobles, and asked Qing soldiers to enter the pass and attack Li Zicheng with them. Moreover, Huang Taiji of the Qing Dynasty suddenly fell ill and died in August 1643. After a struggle between the Manchu nobles, Huang Taiji's third son, Fulin, who was only 6 years old, ascended the throne, with the country's title of Shunzhi, and Dorgon, the fourteenth son of Huang Taiji's younger brother Nurhachi, became the minister. When Wu Sangui asked for surrender in April 1644, Dorgon felt that this was a golden opportunity to seize the Central Plains, and immediately agreed to Wu Sangui's request. After Li Zicheng learned the news about Wu Sangui, he personally led the Dashun Army to Shanhaiguan and was demoted. Shun's army and Wu Sangui's American troops fought fiercely in the rocky area near Shanhaiguan. Just as the fierce battle between the two sides was in full swing, 140,000 elite Qing troops led by Dorgon himself appeared. Under the attack from both sides, Dashun's army quickly collapsed. Dorgon ordered Wu Sangui to be the vanguard to pursue the Dashun army after Li Zicheng. Li Zicheng led the remaining troops out of Beijing and fought in Shaanxi. The biggest winners in the decisive battle between Wu Sangui and Shanhaiguan were the princes and ministers of the Qing Dynasty. Their ancestors traveled across the Northeast, but never set foot at the gate of Shanhaiguan. They were overjoyed now that they had opened the dangerous door without losing a single soldier. Nurhaci and Huang Taiji's long-cherished wish to replace the Ming Dynasty finally came true in their hands. In early May 1644, Dorgon led the Manchu cavalry into Beijing. In October of the same year, Emperor Shunzhi moved the capital from Shengjing to Beijing and held a new enthronement ceremony to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth. Become emperor for the second time. From then on, the Qing Dynasty, which ruled the whole of China, really began its process, and it was also the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history. 3. The first hero Dorgon Dorgon was the fourteenth son of Nurhaci, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty. He was born on October 25, the 40th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty. His biological mother was the wife of Ural, the half-brother of the 12th Emperor Azig and the 15th Emperor Duoduo. He was one of the eight iron hat kings of the Qing Dynasty. He was the first hero of the Qing Dynasty to unify the world. Dorgon was very smart when he was young. On the first day of September in the eleventh year of Jinming's reign, Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne. Dorgon was only fifteen years old at the time and was named Baylor. In March of the second year of Jin Tiancong's reign, in the 13th year of Jian'an, Dorgon, who was only ten years old, accompanied Huang Taiji on an expedition to Chahar Dorot and made military exploits. Huang Taiji named him Morgan Daiqing. Morgan is Manchu, meaning smart, and Dai Qing is Mongolian, meaning good at fighting. Since then, he has gained a reputation as a wise man and good at fighting. Later, he fought against the Ming army many times and gradually became one of the main generals of the Later Jin army. In July of the fifth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji established six departments, and Dorgon took charge of the government. He was only twenty years old at that time. Dorgon has led troops in battles for many years and is brave and good at fighting. In the fifth year of Tiancong, when Dorgon and Huang Taiji besieged the Ming army in Dalinghe, he took the lead and attacked and won the battle of Dalinghe. Then he disguised himself as Zu Dashou's defeated army, attacked Jinzhou at night, and killed the Ming army defending the city. In June 1633, when Huang Taiji summoned the princes to discuss which of the Ming Dynasty, North Korea, and Chahar should be conquered first, Dorgon proposed to reorganize his troops, surround Beijing, and then seize power across the country. The Ming Dynasty came first. Huang Taiji adopted his suggestion, and from then on all military operations of the Qing army revolved around this idea. In May of the eighth year of Tiancong, Dorgon followed Huang Taiji to conquer Baoanhe. In August, Dorgon and others returned in triumph and presented the Yuan Dynasty's jade seal from Li Danhan to Huang Taiji. Huang Taiji believed that this was a God-given opportunity and a lasting success. So, he changed Yuan Tiancong to Chongde and changed the name of the country to Qing Dynasty. In April of the first year of Chongde, Dorgon was promoted to Prince Heshuorui at the age of twenty-five. Chongde for three years. In August, Dorgon was appointed as a general and led troops to attack the border of the Ming Dynasty, plundering the capital, Shanxi, Shandong, Tianjin and other places. He conquered more than 40 cities and captured six cities, capturing a population of 250,000. In April of the following year, Return in triumph.
In the fifth year of Chongde, Yizhou's farmland was occupied and Jinzhou was besieged. Dorgon proposed to move the camp to pasture. Huang Taiji demoted him to the county king in the name of violating military orders. In the seventh year of Chongde, the Qing army captured Songshan, Hong Chengchou surrendered, and then conquered Jinzhou, Zu Dashou surrendered, and then conquered Tashan and Xingshan. In July of that year, Huang Taiji restored the title of Prince Dorgon. When the Qing Dynasty carried out major military operations, Dorgon was often the commander. In August of the eighth year of Chongde, Huang Taiji died suddenly in Shenyang. Many people in the clan tended to support Dorgon's bid for the throne. In order to seek unity within the Qing court, Dorgon took the overall situation into consideration and adopted a compromise plan. His third son, Aisinjiolo Fulin, who was only 6 years old, inherited the throne. His title is Shunzhi, which means governing the country stably, unifying China, and helping himself. After Dorgon was sworn to assist the government, he gradually took the power of national affairs into his own hands and became the regent. However, the young Emperor Shunzhi failed and I couldn't control him at all. Therefore, the Qing army's entry into Guanzhong to unify the Central Plains was actually completed under the leadership of Dorgon. In addition, Dorgon also attached great importance to the unification of border areas. He ordered the implementation of feasible policies in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Mongolia, laying a good foundation for the future prosperity. He also did a lot of work in the construction of central and local political power. Both the establishment of institutions and the allocation of officials generally followed the Ming system. At the same time, he also paid great attention to the reuse of talents and boldly appointed generals and officials. Therefore, in many newly captured provinces and regions, he quickly established governing institutions under the direct jurisdiction of the central government. In November of the fifth year of Shunzhi, Dorgon was appointed as the regent's father. Dorgon always devoted all his energy to the great cause of the Qing Dynasty and firmly grasped the important military task. He was the actual founder of the Qing Dynasty.