"Huainanzi·Qi Suxun" states: "Gongsun Long's analysis of arguments and counterarguments is different, similar and different, separated from the strong and white, different from the others." "Jifu" also said that its main argument is: "A white horse is not a horse." He believes that "white" is the color and "horse" is the shape. "White" and "horse" are just two concepts, each of which is independent and separate. After such abstraction, there is no concrete concept. "Horse" (see "Gongzi White Horse Theory"). Another argument is the "hard white stone three", which believes that "hard" is nature, "white" is color, and "stone" is shape. They are three separate concepts. Color, nature, and quality are not related to each other and cannot be perceived at the same time. , when you see "white", you lose "hard" and "stone", when you touch "hard", you lose "white" and "stone"... Once people's feelings are separated, the phenomenon becomes unknowable, and perceptual knowledge also disappears. Not reliable. In the end, it denied the existence of "solid white stone" and only recognized that things are a combination of concepts. It only recognized the existence of spiritual concepts and did not recognize the existence of concrete, realistic and material things.
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