First, the overall perception
1 Review the questions. (Get effective information from the questions and read the full text with the questions)
(2) Read the whole article, and make an overall understanding and macro grasp in the process of reading materials. Clarify the writing background of an article or topic, clarify the writing framework and ideas of the article, grasp the genre characteristics and language style of the article, and perceive the theme and emotional tone of the article. )
③ Screening information. (according to the question, delimit the information area related to the answer; Grasp the interpretation angle or the breakthrough point to solve the problem. )
Second, pay attention to details.
Pay attention to the topic. The topic is the eyes of the article, and guess the author's writing intention from the topic.
② Clarify the logical relationship between paragraphs. (Grasping the core sentences-opening sentences, key sentences and inductive sentences are often the basis for refining a paragraph. )
③ Pay attention to the understanding and analysis of sentences. (For example, in the narrative, there are argumentative essays and lyrical sentences; Central sentences and turning sentences in argumentative essays and lyric prose; Recurrent sentences and summary sentences in the article; At the beginning and end of the article, these sentences often directly or indirectly permeate the author's point of view. )
(4) pay attention to the words that appear many times in the article and words with similar meanings. These words are often the external expression of the main points and central meaning, which can not be ignored. )
Third, the answering skills
Pay attention to the score after the topic. (infer the key points of the answer according to the score, avoid missing answers, and mark the serial number. )
2 Answer in context.
Try to answer with words in the original text or slightly modified words. In fact, at least two of the four questions in a set of reading questions can be answered directly or indirectly in the original language, so we often say: the answer is in the original text, see if you can find it. )
④ Multi-angle analysis, item by item analysis.
⑤ Use terminology and polish the language. (such as dynamic and static contrast, seeing the big from the small, combining reality with reality, wanting to promote first, expressing ambition, connecting the preceding with the following, etc.). )
Fourth, common problems in modern reading
(A) Issues related to language rhetoric
1. Description category
Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why? Or: Can a sentence in the article be described as another sentence? Why?
Answer: No, because this word is vivid, concrete, vivid and accurate, it is written as+object+effect, and it will become+bad effect if it is changed.
2. Structure class
For example, can the order of two or three words be exchanged? Why?
Answer: No, because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence). (2) This word corresponds to the above one by one. (3) These words are progressive, interlocking and explicit. ...
3. Rhetoric category
What rhetorical method is used in this sentence? What are the benefits?
Answer mode: rhetorical devices+the function of rhetoric itself+combined with sentence context analysis.
(2) About the layout of the essay.
What is the function of this paragraph in the text?
Answer: the beginning of the text: point out the topic at the beginning, take care of the topic, guide the full text, render the atmosphere, set the stage, set the suspense, and make auxiliary preparations for the following. Text: connecting the preceding with the following, summing up and echoing. At the end of the article: point out the center, sublimate feelings, deepen the theme, take care of the beginning, have a rigorous structure, make the finishing point, and have endless meanings.
(3) Questions about expression skills
What are the benefits or effects of writing this article?
Answer mode: method+content+effect
(4) About the appreciation of words.
1. Digital appreciation
Please briefly analyze the characters.
Answer method: answer according to the total score/total score. Qualitative analysis of the whole character in one sentence, and then specific analysis from several aspects.
2. Personal use appreciation
What are the advantages of using the first/second/third person?
Answer mode: first person: the narrative is kind and natural, and it can freely express thoughts and feelings, giving readers a real and vivid feeling. The second person said: enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate emotional communication. The third person: can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and reflect reality more flexibly and freely.
Chapter two: Chinese subject knowledge in 2020 teacher qualification examination.
In the questions of classical Chinese reading examination, apart from content words, function words, translation, text understanding and so on, sentence breaking is common. For the classical Chinese in the class, the respondents may choose the correct answer with the feeling of "deja vu"; For extracurricular classical Chinese, especially when encountering complicated sentence patterns, respondents are often at a loss. The examination of sentence-breaking questions in classical Chinese tends to be comprehensive knowledge of classical Chinese. The answer should face up to the punctuation in classical Chinese, accurately grasp the original meaning, pause in reading, sentence structure, tone and so on. , and should have all kinds of literacy and basic skills.
Because the depth of sentence-breaking examination lies in the respondent's application of classical Chinese knowledge. Then, the basic word segmentation methods also tend to be comprehensive. Under normal circumstances, the methods of sentence breaking in classical Chinese are: ① reading the original text to understand the general idea; (2) Find the correct position according to the dialogue; ③ Look for names, pronouns and verbs (nouns, pronouns and verbs) to determine sentence reading; 4 laps of reading function words and sentences; ⑤ Determine sentence reading through rhetoric and sentence structure. Sometimes you can easily choose the right answer by mastering the above methods (using exclusion method). However, in order to improve the accuracy of classical Chinese reading, it is necessary to introduce the specific contents of these methods in detail.
(1) Read the original text to get the main idea.
This is the first step in doing sentence-breaking questions. When you see the topic, the first thing to do is to read through the sentence and put it in the original text to understand the position of the sentence in the whole classical Chinese. This is the fastest way to grasp the meaning of the sentence when you understand the whole article. If the style, content and ideological tendency of the article are clear, we can grasp a basic direction of sentence breaking. In addition, not every word in a sentence is an uncommon word. We can make translation with a few words as a breakthrough under the overall background of classical Chinese, so as to further understand the meaning of paragraphs and sentences.
(2) Find the correct position according to the dialogue.
One is to find corresponding words, such as common words, such as yue, yun, speech and prediction. After these words, they are usually broken. It is worth noting that the speaker may also quote other people's words in his speech, which requires the respondent to check whether there is a need to break sentences in the "content" after determining the sentence reading method of "speaking".
The other is dialogue between the two sides, such as "(someone) Yue (someone) Yue" and "Yue (content) Yue (content)". This requires the respondent to understand the form of the dialogue and break the topic according to the content, especially in the format of the following dialogue, the interlocutor and the word "Yue" may be omitted. Faced with such a situation, we need to master the following methods to assist.
③ Look for names, pronouns and verbs (nouns, pronouns and verbs) and make sure to read sentences.
Nouns and pronouns generally act as subjects and objects in sentence components. There are often some place names, names (full names in front, abbreviated names in the back), official positions, names of things, names of dynasties, etc. The appearance of this situation can make the respondent determine whether his component is the subject (broken in front of it) or the object (broken behind it). Respondents can also judge whether there are redundant components between disconnected parts according to nouns and pronouns, which is beneficial to judgment.
Verbs are generally used as predicates and generally do not break before and after. But if there is no object, it needs to be broken after it.
(4) Circle the function words and judge the reading sentences.
Function words played a great role in ancient Chinese characters. Although function words can't form sentences independently, they need to be matched with real words to form a correct grammatical structure. However, the auxiliary function of function words adds a lot of color to the article. Function words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations, adverbs and onomatopoeia. Our common sentence patterns, such as "passive sentence", are established by function words. Common function words are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai, Ruo, Er, Zhe, Wei, Ran, Yes, Ben, Si, Bi, He, An, Who, Hu, Bi, Although, However, Natural. The appearance of these words can help the respondent to establish the breakpoint of the sentence as soon as possible. For example, the common function words at the end of a sentence are: ye, er, yi, Yan, Hu, zai, ye, etc. As modal particles at the end of the sentence, these function words play a role in expressing the author's feelings. Of course, there are also some function words that appear at the beginning of sentences, such as Gai, Fu, Ran Zi and Ye Zhe. The appearance of these function words is a typical sign of sentence breaking. It is worth noting that some function words are used together. For example, Mencius said, "There are many skills that can be taught, and those who disdain to teach are just teaching." Among them, "Gang" is the use of multiple function words. However, in this case, we can refer to the composition structure of the sentence and the distribution of common function words to read the sentence. To sum up, the appearance of function words is a highlight of sentence breaking, which requires the respondents to deeply understand the specific usage and meaning of function words, and the understanding of the meaning of function words also involves the examination of the meaning of function words. Therefore, to master this piece, respondents need to use specific function words to deepen their understanding.
⑤ Determine sentence reading through rhetoric and sentence structure.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, respondents will notice some special sentence structures, such as the distribution of four or six sentences. Or you will find the usage of duality and parallelism. These contents help the respondent to make a preliminary judgment on the next sentence break. For example, the appearance of four or six sentences and the position of broken sentences in the whole article can help respondents perceive the division of broken sentences. If you add a preliminary understanding of the content, the respondent can judge the specific position of the sentence break through the language sense of reading and the understanding of the content.
The appearance of duality and parallelism will make the sentence structure neat, thus helping the respondent to establish the breakpoint position. For example, the sentence pattern of "more help for those who gain enlightenment/less help for those who lose enlightenment" is a typical one-to-one correspondence. Similarly, this sentence pattern also applies to parallelism.
Of course, there are many ways to break sentences, such as considering the structural forms of radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, postcomplement phrases, coordinate phrases, etc., and also strengthening and improving reading ability through language sense, that is, "practice makes perfect" reading. The above methods require the respondents to practice and think, and the mastery of real words and function words is the focus of classical Chinese knowledge. Therefore, sentence breaking reflects not only the mastery of methods, but also the familiarity and application of notional words, function words and grammatical structures. I hope these methods can help questioners break sentences.
Chapter 3: Knowledge of Chinese subject in 2020 teacher qualification examination.
If there is a theme in Tang and Song poetry, there should be a theme of "loneliness", which has lasted for thousands of years. No matter great men, ordinary people, ancient people or modern people, people who are wise in everything will get poetic feelings and profound insights in loneliness. Broad-minded as Su Dongpo, tragic as Yue Fei, heroic as Xin Jiaxuan, and their poems are also sad and lonely. It is a kind of graceful poem in itself, and it is also full of lonely and difficult feelings.
A confidant, a friend of a person, the ancients once said: "A woman is tolerant of others, and a scholar dies for a confidant." This shows the importance of the word confidant to the ancients. However, if it is so easy to find a bosom friend, how can the ancients lament that a bosom friend is hard to find? Li Bai, a romantic poet, said in Drinking the Moon Alone: "Until I raise my cup, please ask the Moon to bring me my shadow and let the three of us be together." In the cold moonlight, I drink alone, and there is no confidant here to accompany me to drink. I can only accompany myself and drink with myself through the shadow of the moon, which clearly expresses my desire to find a bosom friend. Li Yan's "He Xinlang" says: "The most pity is given, the flute is exhausted, and you are lonely." A person leaning on the railing alone, no one sympathizes, shows a desire to miss a bosom friend. In Wang's "High Balcony", there is a cloud: "Carve a fence alone and feel sorry for wasting your time." In the long river of fleeting time, where can I find a bosom friend to spend time with me and dissipate this lonely life? The word "independence" appears in these two poems, which shows the lonely feelings of the poet's inner world through the lonely display in the external image.
Li Yu's "Hui Huan" said, "It's nothing to go to the West Building alone." Who can understand Li Yu's inner feelings after his national subjugation can only be expressed in words, thus expressing the loneliness of a dead king.
Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice" said: "Looking and searching, looking and searching, cold and clear, sad and miserable. It's the hardest to stop breathing when it's warm and cold. Three glasses of light wine, how can you object to his coming late and rushing! Guo Yan is very sad, but this is an old acquaintance. Yellow flowers are piled all over the floor. Who can pick it now? Looking out the window, how can you be alone? Indus is drizzling, and at dusk, it is falling. This time, what a sad sentence. " The whole poem expresses the lonely feeling that it is difficult to find a life confidant, a life partner, a confidant and being alone after her husband's death. Xunyang Jiangtou plays a pipa, which connects the feelings of pipa girls and poets in the same boat. In Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, he wrote: "We are both unhappy-at the end of the day, we met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? , "this feeling of loneliness is hard to find, even if you find a confidant in a short time, you can't relieve it a little.
When you are far away from home and embrace the pipa, no one knows your inner world, and Princess Ming married the Huns with this lonely feeling. In Li He's Water Dragon Hidden, he wrote: "It sounds like heaven, and the beauty cries at home under the moon." No one knows her hometown under the moon. I think of Wang Anshi's "Fei Ming Qu", which says: "There is no place to express your feelings, but to be intimate with the pipa." Loneliness. Liu Yong's "Jade Case Yuan Xi" says: "People want to find him" and people want to find a confidant. The difficulty of finding a confidant is also "that person is in the dim light." "Be careful against the wind. Looking forward to spring sorrow, the sky is dark. In the afterglow of grass and smoke. Who knows why I lean on the tracks silently? I'm getting drunk. When drinking is a song, strong music is still tasteless. I don't regret widening my belt. This is embarrassing for Iraq. "No matter whether you can find a bosom friend or not, you should work hard, otherwise, you will be very lonely.
"All saints and sages have been lonely since ancient times", "Heroes have been lonely since ancient times", and the loneliness of unfulfilled ambition and lack of reuse and understanding is also full of poetry. Chen Ziang's mind is empty and patriotic, but he can't show his passion. He had no choice but to sing "Before me, where was the lost time?"? Behind me, where are the future generations? I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall down, so we can understand this feeling of loneliness. In Yue Fei's Red River, he wrote, "When we read it carefully, we can read infinite loneliness. Facing the enemy's aggression, the author was full of blood to kill the enemy. But the monarch is fatuous, partial and peaceful, and a peacemaker gives up his dignity and territory, which makes the author have to rely on the railing alone and feel helpless. Even if he is bloody and courageous enough to kill the enemy, he has not been reused. Instead, he was exiled. He replied, "The road is as wide as the blue sky. I can't use it alone." In the end, Yue Fei was planted to death, leaving only "a lonely past, a thousand years of fame, a thousand years of fame." This sentence is an evaluation and portrayal of Yue Fei.
"The railings have been photographed all over, and no one will come to the stairs. (Xin Qiji's "Water") The feeling of loneliness, the monarch can't understand the patriotic feelings of these patriotic generals and exile them. He only knows how to make peace, the country is broken, but he doesn't know how to recover it, but he knows the loneliness of setting off fireworks and not being reused, which makes readers feel sad. " I am worried about the road at night and listening to partridges in the mountains "can be described as a sentence written to the extreme." Lu You's "The country has not reported the age of a strong man, and the sword in the box cries at night. "Even if he is old and his sword is sharp, he still hopes to make achievements by killing the enemy. However, Lu you has never been reused by the monarch in his life, and there is emptiness in loneliness, so he is sad
Their loneliness is nothing more than reminiscence, hard to earn, hard to write, and hard to make great achievements. They express self-mockery in their poems, and at the same time feel lonely and fleeting. Life is like a blink of an eye, and the stars are already on the temples. Yue Fei, Xin Qiji, Lu You and so on, they are lonely. Since ancient poetry is also lonely, it should be recited by a lonely person when he is lonely, which will be passed down through the ages and carefully read by later generations when he is lonely. Only loneliness is suitable for loneliness.
When these lonely poets don't tell their inner loneliness, they will use words to dispel it. However, this way can only aggravate the loneliness of poetry. Therefore, in lonely feelings, there is a kind of loneliness, which we will talk about below. Since ancient times, landscapes have entrusted the lonely feelings of literati.
Among the poets in the school of landscape, I have to say that I admire Wang Wei personally, not only because of that feeling, but also because of that loneliness. Su Dongpo once commented on Wang Wei in Dongpo Lin Zhi: "There are paintings in poetry and poems in paintings." This may be an evaluation of this artist with high attainments in poetry and painting.
When reading Wang Wei's poems, most readers left a sense of detachment and leisure, such as "moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream" and other poems. But if readers read it carefully, it is not difficult to find a deep sense of loneliness in the poem "The Throne". First of all, there are a lot of words related to loneliness in Wang Wei's poems, such as Lonely Smoke Passing from afar (Homesick Alone in a Foreign Land). From the mirror, I can see its depressed face (recalling Hu Jushi's Winter Night Home), and then to the loneliness, sunset and autumn colors in the ruined city (returning to the Song Dynasty).
Wang Weiyou wrote in the poem "Bamboo House": "I am alone in the dense bamboo, playing the piano and humming. The voice is so low that no one can hear it except my partner Mingyue. " His feelings of sadness and loneliness are vividly written on paper. This poem reminds me of Ruan Ji's "Poetry on My Love (I)": "I can't sleep at night, sit up and play the piano. Bo Wei learns from the bright moon, and the breeze blows his chest. Lonely in the wild, birds are singing in Beilin. I will see what I will see, and I will be sad. " Comparing the two poems, the words "bright moon" and "sitting alone" are exactly the same. Of course, on the one hand, "Zhuliguan" presents readers with a natural taste beyond things, but on the other hand, it reveals a deep sense of loneliness and loneliness. The poet tries to cover up the fact of his inner loneliness with detached and leisurely words.
In fact, Wang Wei is a lonely and introverted scholar. The infinite loneliness in his poems, the deep loneliness, the loneliness in his personality and the loneliness in the bones of China literati are also clearly reflected in him. Judging from his life course, Wang Wei believed in Buddhism all his life, lost his wife and had no children in middle age. His career is bumpy but flat, but no one can understand it. The poet is tired of worldly troubles, so he transcends nature and can only enjoy loneliness in nature. Chernyshevski once said, "People who are tortured by life and tired of interacting with others will love nature doubly." Then, Wang Wei's lonely feelings also stem from his persistence in the loneliness obtained in nature.
Looking at Wang Wei's poems listed above, those simple images actually constitute the artistic conception that China's ancient poems and ancient China literati are keen to pursue. The word artistic conception first appeared in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and then as an aesthetic category first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. As the saying goes, "there is love in climbing mountains, and there is love in watching the sea." This means that when emotion comes from things, the emotion in the hearts of literati is transformed into artistic conception in poetry. The use of images intuitively conveys a quiet and sad environmental atmosphere, and also creates inner loneliness. Who can escape this dreamlike loneliness and desolation? "The moon is full of rain or shine, and the flowers are full of bloom", which is a kind of impermanence of human beings. When the ancients experienced the phrase "everyone is lonely" with keen insight and lonely feelings, and expressed this loneliness incisively and vividly with poetry, we have to admire the classics of poetry.
Thousands of years have passed, and the graves of the dead have long since disappeared. As time goes by, we can't see the appearance of the ancients. Those beautiful poems that we can't put down, can't help but sing, let us read aloud and let us read silently are the heroic loneliness or primitive loneliness expressed by sentimental poets thousands of years ago.
Poetry is the treasure of China traditional literature. Too many ideological connotations and humanistic values are worth exploring and learning by future generations. Loneliness in poetry is very important in poetry, and any poet has had loneliness to some extent.