Juvenile life:
When I was a child, my family declined. When I was nine years old, I lost my father and lived alone with my mother and sister. Orphans and widows. His mother is the daughter of Meng Jia and Meng Jia is the son-in-law of Tao Kan. Meng Jia is a contemporary celebrity. "If you don't share the same sky, you won't brag for many years and you will never be happy." . Good wine, more without chaos; As for forgetting pride, no one. (Biography of Meng Qian, a general who went to the West in Jin Dynasty) Yuan Ming "is a man who works hard to live in the world, and many people imitate his ancestors." In the future, his personality and cultivation will be his grandfather's legacy to a great extent. Grandfather's family has a large collection of books, which provides him with the conditions to read ancient books and understand history. In the Jin Dynasty, the literati took Zhuang and Lao as their ancestors and copied the Six Classics. He not only studied Laozi and Zhuangzi like ordinary literati, but also studied the Six Classics of Confucianism and "different books" such as literature, history and mythology. Influenced by the ideological trend of the times and the family environment, he accepted two different ideas of Confucianism and Taoism, and cultivated two different interests: "aiming high" and "naturally loving mountains".
When Tao Yuanming was a teenager, he had the great ambition of "escaping all over the world with great ambition" ("Miscellaneous Poems"), and he was filial to Emperor Taiyuan for eighteen years (393). With the desire of "helping the people", he made a toast to Wang Ningzhi in Jiangzhou. At that time, the gate valve system was strict, and he was born in a civilian, so he was looked down upon. He felt that he "couldn't stand being an official and turned himself in in a few days" (Biography of Tao Qian in the Book of Jin). After he resigned and went home, the country called him the main book again, and he declined politely. In the fourth year of Long 'an (400 years), Andi went to Jingzhou and joined Huan Xuan as a vassal. At this time, Huan Xuan was controlling the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, eyeing the opportunity to usurp the Eastern Jin regime. Of course, he refused to go with Huan Xuan and be the confidant of the careerist. He wrote in his poem: "How to get as far as Xijing without this." ("Xin Chou left for a night outing in July and returned to Jiangling") has remorse for Huan Xuan. "How can you drown in long-term love?" ("Two Poems by Gengzi in Mid-May, From Jingshi to Zhilin") made a deep sigh for the official life of Qu people.
Main work
In the winter of five years in Longan, because his mother died, he resigned and went home. In the first month of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Huan Xuan sent troops against the imperial court, invaded Jiankang and seized the military and political power in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the second year of Yuanxing, Huan Xuan overtly usurped the throne in Jiankang, changed his title to Chu, and imprisoned Andi in Xunyang. In his hometown, he devoted himself to self-financing and sang behind closed doors: "Under the tomb door, he is isolated from the world." Look around, who knows, Fei Jing is normally closed. "Huan Xuan peanuts, disdain. In the third year of Yuanxing, the general, Xiapi Wudi and He Wuji set out from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) to crusade against Huan. Huan Xuan defeated the West and brought Andy, who was imprisoned in Xunyang, to Jiangling. He left home to join the army under Emperor Wu of Song (Tao Yuanming joined the army after Emperor Wu of Song captured Jiankang). When Emperor Wu of Song crusaded against Huan Xuan, he followed the story of Tian Chou's loyalty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, disguised himself as a private traveler, ventured to Jiankang, and held Huan Xuan hostage as the whole story of Andi's arrival in Jiangling, thus realizing his will to resist the usurper. He happily wrote a poem: "I am not afraid of being ignorant at forty." I am fat in my famous car, and I want to be famous. "Although thousands of miles away, how dare you!" ("Stop Clouds 4") After Emperor Wu of Song entered the health, his style was quite extraordinary. There has been a long-standing corruption phenomenon of "abolishing all officials" in the politics of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After emperor Wu of song "set an example" (set an example), he first threatened (banned in advance), "all officials at home and abroad are in awe and change their customs." His personality, talent and achievements are quite similar to those of Tao Kan, and he once had a good impression on him. However, shortly after the curtain went up, I saw that Emperor Wu of Song killed Huan Xuan's meritorious Diao Kui family and innocent Wang Yu's father and son in order to cut off dissidents, and with his love affair, he appointed Wang Shu, a confidant of Huan Xuan who everyone thought should be killed, as an important official, such as recorder and master of Yangzhou secretariat. These dark phenomena disappointed him. The poem "Qu Azuo, the first town army joined the army" wrote: "I am tired of mountains and rivers, but I miss them." "I will talk about it and move with it, and I will eventually return to class." Then resign and live in seclusion. In the first year of Yixi (405), he was transferred to General Jianwei and Jiangzhou secretariat Liu Shenjun. In March, he was ordered to go to Jiankang to resign for Liu. After Liu left his post, he also left. In the autumn of the same year, his uncle Tao Kui introduced him as Pengze County Magistrate. On the 8th1day, I met Du You of Xunyang County, and his subordinates said, "Make a leather rope to meet him." He sighed: "I can't bend over to the children in the village for five buckets of rice." He got permission to leave his job. Tao Yuanming's thirteen-year official career ended with his resignation from pengze county. These thirteen years are the thirteen years in which he worked hard, disappointed and finally despaired in order to realize his ideal and ambition of "helping the poor". Finally, the poem "Return to Xi Ci" shows the determination to break with the upper ruling class and not go along with the secular.
Retirement:
Tao Yuanming resigned and returned to his hometown, living a life of "land to the tiller, self-financing". Because there are five willows planted in front of his house, he is called Mr. Five willows. His wife, Zhai, shares his interests. She is happy and humble. "The husband plows in front and the wife hoes in the back." * * * Living with the working people is closely related to the working people. At the beginning of returning to the field, life was ok. "There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine straw houses, Liu Yin Houyan, Li Tao Luo tang qian." Yuan Ming loves chrysanthemums, and chrysanthemums are planted everywhere at home. "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan" ("Drinking") has been well-known so far. He is a heavy drinker and will get drunk when he drinks it. When friends visit, no matter how high or low, as long as there is wine at home, they will drink together. He got drunk first, and then said to the guests, "I'm drunk enough to sleep." He also wrote in the biography of Mr. May 6th: "When drinking, you will be drunk; I was drunk and retired, and I didn't hesitate to stay. " . Yixi lived in Beijing for four years (now at the foot of West Yujin Mountain in Xing Zi County) and caught fire. He moved to Chestnut Town, and life became more difficult. If there is a bumper harvest, you can also "enjoy drinking spring wine and picking vegetables from our garden" to prevent "hunger in summer and sleeping at night" in disaster years. As we approached Yixi, an old farmer knocked at the door early in the morning, brought wine to drink with him, and advised him to be an official: "It is not enough to live high under a broken roof. I have been a Shang Tong all my life (right and wrong are not divided), I hope you are muddy (referring to the same stream). " He replied, "I was deeply impressed by my father's words and I was very angry." If you are sincere, you can learn, but if you violate it, you will not be fascinated. And * * * enjoy this drink, I can't drive back. "("Drinking (Part V) "has been selected as one of the five poems in 30 volumes of the eighth grade Chinese book by People's Education Press). He declined the old farmer's suggestion in a tone of "harmony but difference". In his later years, his life became poorer and poorer. Some friends offered to send money to help him, and sometimes he couldn't help asking for a loan. His old friend was appointed as the magistrate of Shi 'an County in the first year of Jingping (423). After Xunyang, I went to his house to drink every day. When I left, I left 20 thousand yuan, sent them to the hotel and drank them one by one. However, he asked for a loan or accepted charity in principle. In the first year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi (424), Tandaoji, the secretariat of Jiangzhou, paid a personal visit. At this point, he was sick and hungry for several days, and he couldn't get out of bed. Tan Daoji advised him: "Sages are alive, but if there is no way in the world, they will be hidden. Where there is a road, there is a road. This child was born in the civilized world. Why do you suffer? " He said: "I dare not look at sages, but I don't have that big ambition." Tan Daoji gave the meat to Liang, but he waved away. He resigned from his post and returned to his hometown for 22 years. He has been living a poor and rural life, but when he is old, his interest in keeping poor and honest is getting stronger and stronger. In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), when he was conscious in mid-September, he wrote three elegies for himself. In the last two sentences of the third poem, he said, "What is the way to die? It shows that he is so natural about death.
In 427 AD, Tao Yuanming finished his 63-year life course (the date of birth of Tao Yuanming has yet to be verified, so the 63-year theory here has yet to be verified) and died. He was buried in the tomb of Tao Jiagong at the foot of Nanshan Mountain, at the foot of Mianyang Mountain at the junction of Jiujiang County and Xing Zi County in Jiangxi Province today. Today, Tao Yuanming's tomb is well preserved. The tombstone consists of three monuments, one big and two small. In the middle of the regular script, the tomb of Mr. Tao Gongjing, the champion of Zheng in A Jin, is engraved with an epitaph on the left and a poem "Qu Ci" on the right. It was made by the descendants of Tao in the first year of Qing Qianlong.
"Return to the Garden" (Part II) Original: There are few people in the wild and few wheels in the poor lanes.
This day is still Chai Men closed, and the pure mind blocks the vulgar thoughts.
When complex market music, grass * * *.
When we meet, we don't talk about worldly affairs, only that the garden is long in Sang Ma.
My field is growing higher and higher, and my cultivated land is expanding day by day.
Often worried about sudden frost, crops wither like shrubs.
Vernacular translation:
I live in the countryside and seldom live in it. Alleys smell like cars and horses.
Chai Men is often closed during the day, and I am alone in an empty room without any other thoughts.
In remote villages, people are simple and sincere, and they push through the grass from time to time and come and go.
When we meet, we don't talk about worldly things, only about the growth of Sang Ma.
The Sang Ma I planted grew taller and taller, and the land I cultivated expanded day by day.
I often worry that the severe frost and heavy snow will suddenly come early, which will make Janssen's mother look like that.
Poetry appreciation:
The theme of this poem is the daily life and self-adaptive mood after returning to the field, with clear poetic context and orderly structure. The first four sentences are the first layer of this poem, and "respect" is written from the front. In these four sentences, the poet repeatedly used "wilderness", "poor alley", "scenic spot" and "vacant room" to emphasize the poverty in the countryside, implying his noble heart of being poor and keeping his ambition, and telling that after he retired to the countryside, he rarely interacted with the world, but gave up secular thoughts.
"There are few people in the wild and few wheels in the poor lanes." After staying in a cage for a long time, the poet finally returned to the countryside. He got rid of the official life of "not sleeping in his arms and being lonely at midnight", so there were few secular communication and entertainment, and there were few occasions for official guests to visit. He finally got his own peace again. Between the lines of the poem, there is a feeling of complacency, that is, the deep affection after getting rid of the cleverness of officialdom and the vulgar entertainment.
"Cover Fei Jing during the day and think about it in the empty room." In the beautiful time of "Day", you can freely cover up Chai Men and shut yourself in a quiet room, so that those annoying secular distractions that once haunted you can be completely cut off. That Chai Men, that quiet room, abandoned all the noise and vulgar thoughts in the world at a distance.
The following four sentences are in the middle of this poem, deliberately describing the dynamics of rural life, and then saying that all the people they associate with are farmers, and all the people they talk with are Sang Ma. Echoing the static state of the upper floor, it is full of a simple and moving atmosphere.
"The market is reviving, and the grass grows and flies." The word "wearing grass" is simple and vulgar, but it is very vivid when used here, which not only writes its pastoral simplicity, but also forms a contrast with the upper "wheel martingale". The poet loves to make friends with farmers, but he is alienated from making friends with officials. The self-portrait is already in it.
"There are no miscellaneous words when we meet, Sang Ma." Poets don't always sit alone in a "virtual room". He often talks about Summer with his neighbors. However, in the poet's view, communication with simple farmers is definitely different from official entertainment, and it is not the "personnel" he hates; Talking about the growth of Sangma together is definitely different from caring about the ups and downs of officialdom, and it is not a "miscellaneous word" that he hates. Therefore, the relationship between the poet and his neighbors is so friendly and frank, whether it is "interacting with the grass" or "talking with Sang Ma". Compared with the officialdom full of blackmail and hypocrisy, the relationship between people here is clear.
The last four sentences are the last layer of this poem, which shows that the author is both happy and worried about crops and cultivated land at this time.
"Sang Ma is long, I have a vast territory." The crops are growing day by day, and more and more wasteland has been reclaimed, which is gratifying. In these two sentences, the poet gave up his status as a "scholar" and completely turned into a working people.
"I am often afraid of frost, and so is the grass." This sentence is followed by the following sentence. Farmers are afraid that their hard work will be destroyed. They are very afraid. However, the joy and fear here are not "dust thoughts"; On the contrary, this kind of pure joy and fear reflects the poet's mind becoming Ming Che and feelings becoming simple after the washing of rural labor.
The contents of the front, middle and back layers are closely connected and promoted layer by layer, so that the whole quiet and dynamic pastoral life can be vividly displayed, and the whole mood of a poet can be vividly displayed. The image of the author after retirement is vivid and vivid on paper.
Plain language, carefree style, describes the daily fragments of rural life, writes the tranquility of the countryside, and writes the peace of mind. In this "quiet" realm, there is a simple and honest feeling. What the poet describes here is such an ideal world of peace and harmony.