◆ Dong Zhongshu said: "The Tao is great, born from the sky, the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged." This view holds that everything in the world is static and denies the development and changes of things; Is a metaphysical point of view; It is idealism to deny that matter determines consciousness.
◆ "Everything moves, but only in concept" and "It's not the wind, it's not the movement, and the benevolent is the heart". Both of them think that everything in the world moves, but deny that matter is moving. This is a typical idealistic view of talking about movement without objective matter.
The mistake of "carving a boat for a sword" is to admit only matter and deny movement, which is a metaphysical point of view.
◆ "Hongyan went out of Saibei, but it was in no man's land. Raise your wings-Vandory, you can stop and walk by yourself. Dieting south rice in winter and returning to the north in spring. " This poem shows that the movement and change of living things have a certain basic order, and the movement and change of living things are regular.
◆ "The moon is full of rain and shine, and people have joys and sorrows. This matter is ancient and difficult. " It shows that both nature and human society are regular.
◆ "Humans can make nature serve themselves and dominate nature by changing it. But every step we take, we must remember that when human beings rule nature, they never stand outside it. Our complete ruling power over nature lies in our ability to understand and correctly apply the laws of nature. " The philosophical truth of this passage is that giving full play to subjective initiative should be unified with respecting objective laws.
◆ "I am skilled in understanding cows and I am handy to use; Pulling out the seedlings encourages the seedlings to die. " The enlightenment to us is that the law is objective and can neither be created nor destroyed. Concentrated expression is not to be disobeyed, which requires us to act according to objective laws. Respect for objective laws is the foundation of success.
◆ As the saying goes, "Cutting wood is tiring without distortion" tells us whether people act according to objective laws. It determines whether people can get positive results by exerting their subjective initiative.
British philosopher Bacon said, "If you want to dominate nature, you must obey it." The enlightenment of this sentence is that the exertion of subjective initiative is restricted by objective laws and conditions.
◆ Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is useless." Mao Zedong said, "Think more and gain wisdom". This shows that thinking plays a very important role in the process of understanding the essence and laws of things.
◆ "The change of heaven and earth, the violence of cold and summer, floods, droughts, moths and locusts are all regular" reflects that the movement of all things is regular.
◆ Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in a poem: "The long rope always lacks the sun, and the water goes to the clouds to hate. If you want to buy the sea, a cup of spring dew is as cold as ice. " The main philosophical truth contained in this poem is that the movement of things has its own laws, and it is independent of human will.
◆ Xunzi's viewpoint of "controlling destiny and using it" gives people philosophical thinking: to know nature, we should give full play to our subjective initiative; To make use of the laws of nature, we must first master the laws.
◆ Xunzi said: "Heaven is always there, not for the existence of Yao, not for the death of Jie"; "The bad weather in the sky is also cold, and the bad weather on the ground is also wide." The philosophical truth embodied is that the existence and function of law are independent of human will.
◆ Confucius said: "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first." The main idea is to act according to the law and create certain conditions first.
◆ Sun Tzu's Art of War said: "If you throw it into death, you will be born, and if you fall into death, you will be born.". Accordingly, Han Xin defeated Zhao in the last battle; Ma Su accordingly stationed troops at the foot of the mountain and lost the street pavilion. Both of them are based on the art of war, but they have two different results, which shows that concrete analysis of specific problems is the key to solving contradictions, and we must adhere to the unity of subjective and objective concrete history.
Sun Tzu's Art of War said: "Water flows because of the ground, and soldiers win because of the enemy. Therefore, the soldiers have no constant potential and the water is unpredictable. Being able to win because of the enemy is called God. " This passage explains from a philosophical point of view that contradictions in different stages of development have different characteristics, and it is unified to respect objective laws and give play to subjective initiative.
◆ Hegel said: "In pure light, just like in pure darkness, nothing can be seen." This shows that contradiction is the relationship of unity of opposites contained in things themselves.
Mencius said: "It is better to believe in books than to have no books", which enlightens us philosophically that under certain conditions, things will change in the opposite direction.
◆ Laozi said: "A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise." The philosophy involved is that both sides of contradiction depend on each other and transform each other under certain conditions.
◆ Laozi said: "If you want to be weak, you will be strong; If it is to be abolished, it must be consolidated; If you want to take it away, you have to repair it. " The philosophical thought embodied in this passage is that both sides of the contradiction can be transformed into their own opposites according to certain conditions.
◆ Laozi said: "It is difficult to complement each other with or without mutual strengths. Compared with the length, the height is oblique and the sound is in harmony." This passage shows that the two sides of the contradiction are interdependent and mutually existing conditions.
◆ Confucius said: "Those who love others love others, and those who are wicked are wicked." The philosophical thought embodied in this thought is: the causal relationship between things is objective; The two sides of the contradiction are inseparable; Under certain conditions, both sides of the contradiction turn in opposite directions.
◆ "Is it difficult in the world? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. Is it difficult for people to learn? Learned, difficult people will be easy; If you don't learn, it's easy and difficult. " The philosophy embodied in this sentence is that under certain conditions, both sides of the contradiction will transform in opposite directions.
◆ Laozi said: "Everyone knows that beauty is beauty and evil is also; Everyone knows that good is good and bad is bad. " This mainly shows that beauty and ugliness, good and evil are the relationship of unity of opposites.
◆ "Harmony without forgetting danger, survival without forgetting death, and governance without forgetting chaos"; "He who has no long-term worries must have near worries"; "Born in sorrow, died in happiness." The philosophy revealed by these famous sayings is that under certain conditions, the two sides of the contradiction will turn in opposite directions.
◆ "If only it were a paradise. Helpless storms add trouble, just because there is a shield, it is mediocrity. " The mistake of this poem is that it does not shield fantasy and denies the universality and objectivity of contradiction.
The mistake of avoiding illness and medical treatment lies in denying the universality and objectivity of contradictions, and warning us to admit the universality and objectivity of contradictions, which is the premise of correctly treating contradictions.
◆ "The biggest problem is that you think you have no problem" tells us that recognizing the universality and objectivity of contradictions is the premise of correctly treating contradictions. We should dare to admit and expose contradictions, but don't be afraid of contradictions, avoid contradictions and cover them up.
◆ Mao Zedong said: "There will be two points in the future, two points now, and everyone has two points. It's two o'clock anyway, not one o'clock. To say that there is only one thing is to know one thing and not know the other. " This sentence tells us to be good at comprehensive analysis of contradictions, adhere to the dichotomy and prevent one-sidedness.
◆ "The sky is gray, the wilderness is vast, and the wind and grass are low to see cattle and sheep"; "At sunrise, the river flowers win the fire, and in spring, the river is blue"; "The sunset is the same color as the lonely Qi Fei, and the autumn water is the same color as the sky" tells us that things are so different because they have their own special contradictions, which define the special essence of one thing that distinguishes it from other things.
◆ War will block water, and fire will block water. The philosophical idea of "opening a lock with a key" is that the contradictions contained in things have their own characteristics and need our specific analysis.
Bacon said: "Reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, mathematics makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, ethics makes people cultivated, and logic makes people eloquent." This shows that the particularity of contradiction stipulates the special essence of things.
The mistake of being arrogant, indiscriminate and indiscriminate lies in obliterating the characteristics of things and failing to see that the contradictions contained in things have their own characteristics.
Lu Meipo, a poet of the Song Dynasty, wrote in Xue Mei: "Xue Mei refused to surrender for the sake of spring, so the poet stopped writing and commented on the chapter. The snow in Mei Xu Xun is three points white, but the snow has lost a plum. " The philosophical principle and methodology embodied in this poem are: the contradiction of things has its own characteristics, and the contradiction has its own particularity.
Lenin said, "In any case, any individual is average." The philosophy embodied in this sentence is that the particularity of contradiction includes universality.
French writer Flaubert said: "There are no two identical grains of sand, no two identical flies, no two identical pairs of palms, and no two identical noses." The philosophical principle and methodology embodied in this sentence are: the contradictions of things have their own characteristics, which need our specific analysis.
The philosophical principles and methodology embodied in "adapting measures to local conditions", "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", "suit the remedy to the case" and "one mother gives birth to nine children, and ten kinds of mothers are connected" are: the contradictions of things have their own characteristics, and we need to analyze specific problems.
◆ "Bows should be hard and arrows should be long; The philosophical principle contained in Du Fu's poem is that the principal contradiction is dominant and plays a decisive role in the development of things, which requires us to be good at grasping the key points and concentrate on solving the principal contradiction. ;