Located 30 kilometers north of Jiange County, Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province. It lives in the fracture of Dajianshan, with cliffs on both sides, straight into the sky and mountains like swords. Cliff cliff, the two walls are opposite, shaped like a door, so it is called "sword door". Enjoy the reputation of "the sword gate is dangerous in the world", commonly known as "the first pass in the world" and "the gateway to Sichuan".
The towering sword gate has always been a battleground for military strategists because of its dangerous terrain. According to legend, during the Warring States Period, King Hui of Qin wanted to annex Shu, but there was no way to enter Shu. He lied about giving him five beautiful women and five metal cows. King Shu believed it, and sent five Ding Lishi around him to clear the way. He went to Qin to marry beautiful women and transport Taurus, and then opened this Shu Road, which was called "Jinniu Road" in history, also known as Jianmen Shu Road.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, led an army to attack Wei. When he saw the majestic peaks and steep mountains, he ordered the sergeant to cut rocks, set up flying beams and build plank roads. Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times, went to the northern expedition to Cao Wei, and stationed grain, troops and training. He also built a stone gate at the mouth of the canyon between the cliffs of Dajianshan, built a gate and sent troops to guard it. At that time, General Zhong Hui of Wei Jun Town West led 654.38+ 10,000 troops to take Hanzhong, and cooperated with Jianmenguan to seize Shu. Jiang, the general of Shu, led 30,000 soldiers and horses to retreat to the sword gate, resisting more than 654.38 million people of the Zhong Hui. It can really be said that "one person keeps it, and ten thousand people can't force it."
Jianmenguan is the core scenic spot of Jianmen Shudao National Key Scenic Area and the main part of Jianmenguan National Forest Park. "Jianmen is the best in the world, Jiuzhai is the best in the world, Emei is the best in the world, and Qingcheng is the best in the world". As the four major landscapes in Sichuan Province, Jianmenguan is second to none. There is a saying in history: "Breaking the sword door is like winning Sichuan".
It is an important pass on the ancient Jianmenguan Shu Road. Total area: 186.2 square kilometers. Planned area 142 km2. Jianmenguan is a gap in the middle of hundreds of miles of Jianshan Mountain. These 72 peaks are shaped like swords, just like a natural barrier. There is a trend of "one person defends it, and ten thousand people can't force it", which has an extremely important strategic geographical position.
There were 100 wars,100 emperors came here, and countless literati left nearly 4000 works. In those days, Jiang Wei, the general of Shu, refused Wei Jun's 100,000 troops to enter the customs. There are Zhuge Liang Jianguan ruins, ancient temples, precious steles, four scenes of Jianmen (drizzle in Jianmen, Songtao in Liangshan, sunset red precipice and Cui Yun stained with snow) and four wonders of Jianmen (stone statue of Jiang Wei, Millennium Bauhinia, evergreen pine and cypress, stalagmites in Jianshan).
Second, Guanzhong Pass-Wushengguan
Wushengguan is located at the junction of Henan and Hubei provinces in Jigongshan Scenic Area. Jigongshan, Henan Province is located 35km south of Jigongshan District, Xinyang City, Henan Province, at the junction of Henan and Hubei provinces, and Wusheng Pass, one of the nine famous passes in China. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was called Zhiyuan and Lishan. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it was changed to Wuyang Pass. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was renamed Wushengguan.
The Tang Dynasty called Lishan Pass, and later called Wuyang Pass. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was called Wushengguan. South lock Ezhou, north screen Zhongyuan, choke and control the north-south traffic throat. Wushengguan was called the great tunnel entrance in ancient times. Known as "the green part is rich in Chu and the three rivers are tight". For thousands of years, it has been a battleground for military strategists. There are Jiuliguan in the east and Pingjingguan in the west, which are collectively called Yiyang (now Xinyang) three customs. It has the reputation of "Guanzhong Pass".
Wushengguan is located in a dangerous place, with mountains criss-crossing and peaks connected nearby. Guancheng is blocked by mountains, and the mountains are cut into passes. In ancient times, it was described as "cars can't cross the track, and horses can't ride at the same time." It has always been a place where the north and the south compete, and it is also the only way. In the 14th year of the Zhou Dynasty (506 BC), in the battle of Wu, Wu Jun attacked Chu in a roundabout way, crossed the big tunnel, went deep into the hinterland of Chu, confronted the Chu army in the Hanshui River, then saw through the plan of blocking the big tunnel and cutting off the back road, and finally the Chu army broke through.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, in the first year of Yongping in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 508), Hou Deng, commander of the Three Customs in the Northern Wei Dynasty, defected to the Liang Dynasty, blocking the passage of the northern Wei army attacking the Liang Dynasty southward. The following year, the Northern Wei Dynasty sent Wang Ying from Zhongshan to lead the main force for Wuyang Pass. After several days of fierce fighting, it repelled Guan Gong Liang Jun. In order to seize the control of the pass, Liang and Wei have been arguing over the three passes, and they have been defeated repeatedly for decades.
In the Southern Song Dynasty (1259), Kublai Khan led an army to cross the Huaihe River and was defeated. Based in Guan, but unable to attack. Later, because the garrison abandoned Guannan and fled, Fang Yueguan went south to Wuchang (now Ezhou, Hubei Province), forcing peace in the Southern Song Dynasty and forming the "Union of Ezhou". There is a Beijing-Guangzhou railway passing here today.
This pass separates Jigong Mountain and Tongbai Mountain, and it has also become one of the boundary signs between Hubei and Henan provinces. In Henan, Wushengguan Village in Xinyang is close to the archway, while Hubei belongs to Wushengguan Town in Guangshui City. Wushengguan Town, Guangshui City has Wushengguan ruins, Jiangjun Village guarding Wushengguan, the nearest Black Dragon Pool Waterfalls and other scenic spots, as well as the famous "filial piety monument" and other cultural attractions.
The war in Wushengguan dates back to the war between the Yellow Emperor and Chiyou at the earliest, and there have been more than 60 wars, large and small, recorded since the Spring and Autumn Period. Sun Wu, a famous strategist, led an army to attack Wushengguan in 506 BC, and then occupied Du Ying. "Chu lost three customs, and then lost his country."
Yue Fei once used this place as a base for recovering the Central Plains, and sent General Niu Hao to Wushengguan area. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and later the Lai Department of the Nian Army also fought to the death with the Qing army in Wushengguan, and finally suffered a heavy defeat. In order to show his achievements, the Qing emperor renamed the original Wuyang Pass Wushengguan.
Third, the only port today-Friendship Pass.
Friendship Pass is located at the southwest end of Pingxiang City, Guangxi. The end of National Highway 322 passes through Youyiguan Arch and connects with Vietnam Highway. It is an important land passage to Vietnam, a national first-class port, and it is 8 km away from Pingxiang City/Kloc-0. On the left of the building is the wall of Zuobi Mountain, and on the right is the wall of Fu You Mountain, which is like a giant python connecting the foothills of two mountains. It was established here as early as the Han Dynasty and has a history of more than 2,000 years. Formerly known as Yongjiguan, it was later renamed Jieshouguan and Da Nanguan, and Zhennanguan was established in the Ming Dynasty.
1953 1 month, with the approval of the State Council at that time, it was renamed Munanguan. 1965 1 month, with the approval of the State Council, it was renamed Friendship Link.
It was destroyed twice in imperialist aggression. 1957 is basically reconstructed as it is. The whole building consists of a pedestal and a cloister pavilion, with a height of 22 meters. The base has a building area of 365.7 square meters, a length of 23 meters, a bottom width of 15.9 meters and an average height of 10 meters. The highway passes through a tunnel-shaped single arch, and the three characters of "Friendship Pass" carved in white marble above the arch are the names of Guan inscribed by Marshal Chen Yi, then vice premier and foreign minister of the State Council.
Originally, there was only one layer of wooden cloister on the base of Guanlou, but it was changed into a steel-concrete structure when it was rebuilt, and two layers of cloisters were added, with an average of 80 square meters on each floor. The cloister is surrounded by large arched windows, the window lattice is decorated with various patterns, and the outer wall is covered with dark green stone rice, which looks solemn and simple.
The first floor of the cloister shows the history of Zhennanguan triumph, Zhennanguan uprising and the insertion of red flags in Zhennanguan in the form of pictures. The second floor is the meeting room of senior leaders of China and Vietnam. In 1950s and 1960s, Premier Zhou Enlai cordially met President Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the Vietnamese people, here twice. The third floor is the exhibition hall of nine famous customs in China.
Fourth, Jiayuguan is the first pass in the world.
Jiayuguan is located at the western end of Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, 5 kilometers west of Jiayuguan City. It is the first pass at the western end of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty and the transportation hub of the ancient Silk Road. It is the starting point of the western end of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty, the most spectacular and well-preserved ancient military castle along the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty, and also an important military fortress along the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty and later generations. Known as "the great defense at home and abroad" and "the first pass in Hexi". 1965 build a city in the name of Guan.
Jiayuguan is located in the middle of the narrowest valley in Jiayuguan, on the highest Jiayu Mountain. The city walls on the two wings of Chengguan pass through the desert Gobi, 8 kilometers north and 7 kilometers south. It is the first wharf in the world. In the Ming Dynasty, the western end of the Great Wall in Wan Li was the first pass in Hexi since ancient times. Jiayuguan is famous for its steep terrain and magnificent scenery. Known as "the first male pass in the world", it echoes Shanhaiguan, the "first pass in the world" thousands of miles away and is famous all over the world.
Jiayuguan is connected with the east and west walls, with Guanghua Gate in the east and Rouyuan Gate in the west. They all built Wengcheng. There are fourteen watchtowers, watchtowers, turrets, attics and gatehouses on the inner wall of Jiayuguan, which is the most complete one among many customs of the Great Wall. There is also the Great Wall Museum, the first theme museum in China that comprehensively and systematically displays the Great Wall culture.
Jiayuguan has a history of 63 1 year, which was built 9 years earlier than Shanhaiguan. In the early Ming Dynasty, Song Xianggong and General Sheng Feng were on their way to victory. He chose to build a pass at the west foot of Jiayu Plateau, which is located in the middle of Hexi Corridor, bordering Jiuquan in the east, Yumen in the west, Montenegro in the back and Qilian in the south. Guancheng was founded in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1372), lasted for 168, and was completed in A.D. 1540.
As the historical material "Qin Bianlue" records: "There was water at the beginning, and then there was closure. With architecture, the Great Wall will be built later, and the Great Wall can be defended later. " Jiayuguan Guancheng has a reasonable layout and excellent architecture. There are three battlements in Guancheng, many lines of defense, one city in the city and one moat outside the city, forming the trend of guarding the city. It consists of: inner city, urn, Luocheng, moat, three-story and three-eaves, high-rise pavilion resting on the top of the mountain, moat, great wall peak platform and so on.
The inner city is the main body and center of Guancheng, with a circumference of 640m, an area of 25,000m2 and a height of10.7m.. The west side is rammed with loess, with 99,999 bricks. Outside the inner city, east and west, there is an urn back protection. The urn doors all face south, and the west of the west urn is built in Los Angeles. The middle of the city wall is closed to the west, and the word "Jiayuguan" is engraved on the lintel. The existing buildings in Guancheng mainly include guerrilla headquarters, Guan Jing, Guandi Temple, stage and Wenchang Pavilion.
Jiayuguan Guancheng is surrounded by mountains and waters, guarding the canyon area about15km wide from north to south, and the Qiu Lai Valley in the south of the canyon constitutes a natural barrier for customs clearance. Beacon docks crisscross Jiayuguan, and there are 66 docks in Guancheng, east, west, north, south and northeast. Jiayuguan is a natural terrain with both offensive and defensive capabilities. It forms a strict military defense system with the nearby Great Wall, city platform, moat, beacon tower and other facilities, and is also known as "the first male pass in the world".
Yanmenguan, the first traffic jam in May 9th.
Yanmen Mountain, located about 20 kilometers north of Daixian County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China, is an important pass on the Great Wall, which is called "Outer Three Passes" together with Ning Wuguan and Pianguan. Yanmenguan is about 40 miles northwest of Beijing, also known as "Xiguangguan".
"There are nine jams in the world, headed by Yanmen." Xiongguan is surrounded by mountains, surrounded by dangers, and stands tall on the top of the mountain. East and west wings, rolling mountains. Ridge Great Wall, winding in the potential, east to Pingxingguan, Zijingguan, Daomaguan, reaching the secluded rock and connecting the vast sea; Go west to Xuankou, Ning Wuguan and Piantouguan, and reach the Yellow River.
The East Gate and the West Gate of Guanyou are all made of huge bricks, crossing the goose and crossing the cloud, with majestic bearing, and the gates are engraved with two plaques of "Natural Barrier" and "Geographical Location" respectively. There are towering towers on the east and west gates, and there is a statue of Yang Jiajiang in the tower. Li He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote down the heroic momentum of Xiongguan in Wild Goose Gate: "Dark clouds crush the city and shine brightly. In autumn, the horn sounded all over the sky, and the rouge stopped the night purple. The red flag rolled half, and the reinforcements rushed to Xiao; The night frost is heavy and the drums are gloomy. Report your wish in Huang Jintai and take Yulong to your death. " Spread to this day.
The majestic Hengshan Mountain stretches along the northern boundary of Daixian County. The Inner Great Wall winding on the top of the mountain is like a jade belt connecting beads, connecting Yanmen Mountain, Mantou Mountain and Caoduo Mountain into a whole. It borders Yanbei Plateau in the north and Ding Xin Basin in the south. The famous ancient castle of Yanmen was built on the steep ridge of Yanmen. Yanmen Mountain was called Gouzhu Mountain in ancient times. The mountains here are tall and straight, and the terrain is dangerous.
After the self-built Yanmenguan, there is even a trend of "one person defends it, and ten thousand people can't force it", "expanding the same clan to defend it, consolidating the key of Taiyuan inside, reaching three levels, and the throat is all Jin". According to legend, every spring, the south wild goose flies north, with reed leaves in its mouth, and flies to the wild goose gate to hover for a long time until the leaves fall. Therefore, there is a saying that "wild geese cross the mountain" (Shan Hai Jing).
Xiongguan Yanmen ranks first among the "Nine Wonders in the World" (Lu Chunqiu). Since King Wuling of Zhao in the Warring States Period, all previous dynasties have regarded this place as a strategic place. Zhao set up Yanmen County, and from then on Yanmen was organized as a county, a road and a county. The name of Yanmenguan began in the early Tang Dynasty. Due to the rise of the Turks in the north, there are many internal conflicts in China. Tang Shoujun was stationed in Yanmen Mountain and set up a city at the iron-wrapped gate at the commanding height to guard the soldiers.
"Tang Shu? Geography describes here that "the east and west mountains are steep, there is a road in the middle, winding and rugged, and the top of the mountain is closed, which is called Lixia Jingguan, also known as Yanmenguan. "After five dynasties and ten countries, the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties took more than four hundred years. Thousands of houses were built in the Yuan Dynasty, and Guancheng was destroyed. In the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), Hou Lu of Ji 'an in Ming Dynasty supervised migrant workers to build a new access road ten miles northeast of Jiuguan, and the terrain was even more dangerous.
Guancheng, two miles in circumference, two feet high wall, stone pedestal and brick body, serrated teeth and three holes. There is a balcony on the east gate, named Wild Goose Pagoda, and there is a stone tablet embedded at the door, which reads "natural barrier" (that is, "natural barrier"). Yang Liulang Temple was built on the west gate, with a stone tablet embedded in the main entrance and a "geographical location" written horizontally. Xiaobeimen has no top floor, but the masonry structure is exceptionally strong. The stone tablet on the threshold is engraved with the word "Yanmenguan".
Bricks are inlaid on both sides of the cave gate, and regular script is engraved: "The three levels must be unparalleled, and the meatballs respect the first level." The whole Guancheng building, surrounded by tigers and dragons, is magnificent. After Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guancheng was rebuilt frequently. However, with the gradual formation of China's multi-ethnic unified national territory, the role of the Inner Great Wall as an "inner border" has been lost, and its Yanmen Xiongguan has also been abandoned.
Sixth, the "throat" of the ancient capital-Zijingguan
Zijingguan, located on Zijing Mountain in Yixian County, Hebei Province, is one of the important passes of the Inner Great Wall. Located between Juyongguan and Daomaguan, it was collectively called "Neisanguan" in Ming Dynasty, which was an important entrance for Hebei Plain to enter Taihang Mountain area.
Known as "the first male pass in southern Jilin Province", Zijingguan is about 340 miles away from Beijing. It is located in the middle of Zijing Mountain in the northwest of Yixian County, Hebei Province. In ancient times, it was named after the mountain was covered with bauhinia trees. Zijingguan is surrounded by mountains and waters, with Wan Ren in the east, Rhinoceros Mountain in the west, Huangtuling in the south and Juma River in the north. It is the seventh "Eight Dragons of Taihang Mountain"-Puyinlong, which leads to Yixian and Beijing. Up to now, it is still the transportation hub of North China leading to Shanxi and Inner Mongolia, where Beijing-Yuan Railway and National Highway 108 all meet.
Zijingguan, most of the existing buildings are Ming Dynasty buildings, and most of the city walls of the north and south portal and the "sharp rivers and mountains" and "Zisai Jincheng" have been repaired in recent years. The Guancheng wall was built on the mountain, nearly 4 miles long. The gatehouse at the north gate of Zijingguan has long since disappeared. Above the existing gate, there are two stone tablets inlaid with the words "Mountains and Rivers" on the top and "Zijingguan" on the bottom. The inscription is "Fu Guang Soap Book of Wanli Dinghai Liaocheng", which is rich in color and unpretentious.
On the side facing Juma River, the wall base of the city wall is nearly a mile long, and the bottom is huge stones, which are made of granite stones about 50 cm wide, 30 cm thick and 1 m long. It still looks magnificent. Presumably, this is the famous stone wall built by Hua Yunlong, a general of the Ming Dynasty, as recorded in the history books. It is said that among the passes of the Great Wall, it is very rare to build a Guancheng with big stones like this, which shows that the Ming Dynasty attached importance to the Amethyst Pass.
According to historical records, in the past two thousand years, there have been hundreds of wars involving the safety of the mainland and the ancient capital. 1209 (the second year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty), Genghis Khan led a Mongolian army to attack Jindu Yanjing (Beijing) and was prevented from entering Juyongguan. At 12 13, after Genghis Khan captured Juyongguan, he divided his troops and conquered the Amethyst Pass by bypassing the southwest of Gyeonggi, and then he captured Juyongguan and captured Yanjing.
In the Ming Dynasty, Badaling was the dividing point of the Great Wall. The Great Wall runs from the northwest of Badaling to Xuanhua and Datong. The Inner Great Wall extends from Badaling to the southwest, forming an arched defense system focusing on Juyongguan, Zijingguan and Daomaguan. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang sent general Hua Yunlong to build Zijingguan New City with granite boulders.
1449 (14th year of the Ming Dynasty), the leader of the Vara Department of Tatar also led hundreds of thousands of people to hold Ming Yingzong, who was captured in the "rebellion", falsely spread the imperial edict to trick him into opening the Amethyst Pass, and attacked and killed him outside Xizhimen and Deshengmen in Beijing, shaking the ruling and opposition parties. Most courtiers suggested abandoning the city and fleeing. Fortunately, Yu Qian, the minister of the Ministry of War, led the Beijing garrison to fight, and failed to attack the city first and withdraw from Zijingguan to the Great Wall, so that the Ming Dynasty and Beijing were preserved.
This is the famous Beijing Defence War in Ming Dynasty. During 1927, the National Revolutionary Army and the Red Army of warlord Wu fought fiercely in Zijingguan. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Eighth Route Army 1 15 Division regained Zijingguan in the battle of Xinkou. 1939165438+1October, in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region, the Japanese troops invaded by Laiyuan were lured into the 2nd brigade and lured to Huangtuling near Zijingguan, killing nearly a thousand people and killing the head of Lieutenant General's brigade, Abe Tingxiu.
194 1 year,130,000 Japanese invaders launched a sweeping campaign against the Jinchaji base area. The Eighth Route Army, a small force that contained the enemy and covered the masses, led the Japanese army to Langya Mountain south of Zijingguan, and five strong men jumped off the cliff.
Zijingguan is one of the important entrances to Taihang Mountain, and it was listed as one of the nine blockade lines in China in Lu Chunqiu during the Warring States Period. It was called Shangguguan in Qin and Han Dynasties, WuRuanguan in Eastern Han Dynasty, Baibiguan in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Jinbeiguan in Song Dynasty and renamed in Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Hundreds of years BC, Zijingguan has become a strategic artery for the migration of all ethnic groups in China, crossing Taihang Mountain through Xuanhua and Datong, and reaching the North China Plain and the southwest of Beijing.
Zijingguan was just a small earthwork town in Qin and Han dynasties, which was built in all previous dynasties. Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty approved the proposal of the famous Hua Yunlong to rebuild the old city and build a new Zijingguan city.
Zijingguan is in an irreplaceable strategic position in defending the ancient capital. The famous general Yu Qian once said: "The risk is serious ... Juyong and Bauhinia are both auxiliary throats. The commentator first tasted Juyong, then tasted Bauhinia, but I didn't know that Juyong scored three tenths and Bauhinia scored seven tenths. "
Gu, a famous thinker and historian in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, put it more vividly in the book "Diseases of Counties in the World": "Ju Yong is my back, Bauhinia is my throat, and urgency is my throat."
Zijingguan is known as a dangerous fortress guarding the ancient capital. Why do many historical materials show that ancient armies attacking from north to south will break through here many times and threaten Beijing? Looking up historical materials and observing on the spot, it is not difficult to find that Zijingguan is located in a small basin, so it is not easy to defend, unlike Juyongguan, which is stuck in a narrow military path in the mountains.
Although Juma River is wide but not deep, the defense line along Guancheng River is nearly one mile, and the slopes on both sides are only two or three hundred meters high from the ground, which is not steep and easy to climb. If the enemy invading the north attacks directly, it is similar to attacking the city on the flat ground, but it can also attack on the slopes on both sides, which makes the limited forces of the defenders quite passive.
The builders of the ancient city probably knew this unfavorable situation and deliberately built Zijingguan into a pattern of big cities with small towns and outer cities with inner cities. The whole city is divided into five cities of different sizes, back and forth, inside and out. After the enemy breaks through the heavy door, the defenders can retreat to the double door to continue their resistance. If the two doors fail, they can retreat to the triple door, delay the enemy's attack and wait for reinforcements. This has formed a major feature that distinguishes Zijingguan from other Guancheng.
Surprisingly, there used to be 9 gates, 4 gates and 19 watchtowers in Zijingguan in history. The inner and outer cities are connected, and the gates are interlocking. If a small group of enemy soldiers do not understand the structural layout of Amethyst Guancheng, even if they attack Guancheng, they will fall into a maze and will only be annihilated by the defenders in the end. We sigh longingly: If the Zijingguan can be completely restored, it will be a miracle of ancient buildings in the world.
Seven, the only female soldiers stationed-Niangziguan
Niangziguan is located in the west of Taihang Mountain, at the west exit of Jingxing County, Hebei Province, at the foot of Mianshan Mountain in the northeast of Pingding County, Shanxi Province, and is the throat of Shanxi Province. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Pingyang, the third daughter of Gao Zu Li Yuan, led troops to guard this place, hence the name "Niangziguan", formerly known as "Weizeguan".
Niangziguan is a famous pass of the Great Wall. Known as the ninth pass of the Great Wall of Wan Li, it is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. The existing Guancheng was built in the 20th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1542). The ancient castle is commanding by the mountains and rivers, and has two related doors. The east gate is a brick gate for generals, titled "Niangziguan in Zhili", and there is a platform guard on it, which seems to be used to review soldiers and observe the enemy. The dangerous building in the south gate is majestic, strong and made of bluestone. The "Sujiang Tower" stands tall on the city gate, which is said to be the place where Princess Pingyang gathered to defend the enemy.
The inscription on the door shows the importance of Niangziguan. The Great Wall in the southeast of Guancheng is winding along Mianshan, towering and straight. Surrounded by Taohe River in the west of the city, it doesn't melt all the year round. The steep mountains, valleys and the Great Wall form a natural barrier between Shanxi and Hebei. There are more than ten scenic spots, such as Chengtianzhai, Laojundong, Jealous Pottery, Beacon Tower, Finger Tower, Laundry Ball and Summer Resort. It is said that Princess Pingyang built it when she was stationed.
Niangziguan village is built on the mountain and lives along the river. Most of the houses are built of stone, and each house has a history of 100 years. The stream runs through the house along the wall like a water net. Just walk into a house, the ground is full of water, and the women in the village wash clothes and vegetables at the door. Some villagers built a small bridge in their yard to amuse themselves and let the stream turn along the yard.
Grape stands overhead, stone tables and benches by the bridge, accompanied by running water at night, enjoying flowers and the moon. Water endows the village with aura and forms a beautiful world view, that is, "people walk on the water and the water flows under the house". There are still 24 giant ancient stone mills left on the rushing mountain wall in the village, and the rumble of the big stone mills can be heard from a distance.
Even in today's electricity popularization, the stone mill is turning day and night. People from all over the country flocked to the village to grind rice and noodles. Every household in the village has a self-made hydraulic stone mill, so there is no need to go out to process food, and the hard work of pushing the mill is reduced. In order to facilitate the search, "No.1 Mill, No.2 Mill ..." is engraved on every door. If you find a person according to the number of the mill, you can sit in the right position.
Passing through the village is an ancient road in Ming and Qing dynasties, which was once called "Cliff Avenue" and "Xinglong Street". The age of this road cannot be verified, but its long history can be read from some residential buildings that still maintain ancient charm and the potholes on the bluestone road. Clever Niangziguan villagers rely on 24 large mills to process grain and open stores along the way to welcome guests.
Although the houses in Niangziguan Village are all made of stone, the financial resources of each family can still be divided from the width, size and height. Most of the villagers living here today are businessmen, and some are descendants of the soldiers who guard the customs, so they have left behind several characteristics such as "Hu, Yang and Ma". One of Hu's ancestral houses is far from being comparable to the neighboring houses.
Not only is it a spacious gatehouse, but there is also a pair of stone lions in front of it, and various auspicious patterns are carved on the stones of the retaining wall. This house is not as wide as the houses built by rich people in Shanxi, but there are all kinds of facades, wings and wings, especially the brick carvings are exquisite and delicate. On the threshold of buyers and sellers, words like "making money into treasure" and "rolling in financial resources" are naturally written. Although it is different, it also reveals a kind of simplicity, which may be the characteristic of Jinzhong businessmen.
Eight, juyongdiecui-juyongguan
Juyongguan is a famous ancient Guancheng along the Great Wall in northern Beijing, and it is a state-level cultural relics protection unit. The valley where Guancheng is located belongs to the mountainous area where Taihang Mountain is a military stronghold, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. Together with Zijingguan, Daomaguan and Guguan, it is called the four famous passes in western Beijing in Ming Dynasty, and the three passes together with Zijingguan and Daomaguan.
In Changping District, more than 50 kilometers away from Beijing. Juyongguan was named after the Qin Dynasty. According to legend, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall, he moved prisoners, foot soldiers and forced civilian workers here, meaning "moving to a mediocre place". It was called Juyongguan in the Han Dynasty and Xiguan in the Three Kingdoms period. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was changed to Naikuanguan. In the Tang Dynasty, there were names such as Juyongguan, Jimenguan and Junduguan.
Juyongguan has a dangerous terrain and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. It has two passes, the south is called "Nankou" and the north is called "Juyongguan". The existing Guancheng was built by Xu Da, a general sent by the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. It is the gateway to the northwest of Beijing. The mountains on both sides of Juyongguan are majestic, and there is a valley as long as 18 km in the middle, commonly known as "Guangou". Here, the clean stream lingers, the green peaks overlap, flowers and trees flourish, and birds sing. Beautiful scenery, known as "home is green", is listed as one of the "Eight Scenes of Yanjing".
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan wanted to control this mouth. During the Han Dynasty, Juyongguan City was quite large. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guancheng architecture was connected with the Great Wall. After that, the Tang Dynasty, Liao Dynasty, Jin Yuan and Juyongguan Canyon were all related to the construction of the city.
Historically, it was also called "Qi Qi Race" and "Du Junguan". Newt, that is, soil bee, also known as thin waist bee, closes the soil to build a house for it, such as the land of newt as a house, hence the name.
Genghis Khan entered this pass when he destroyed gold. The existing Guancheng was built in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368), and was planned and founded by General Xu Da and Deputy General Chang Yuchun. In the early years of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1450- 1454) and thereafter, it was repaired and repaired many times. The city wall extends from Cuipingling in the east to the top of Jinguishan in the west, with a circumference of more than 4,000 meters. North and South Moon City, watchtower, watchtower and other supporting facilities are complete. There are offices, temples, Confucianism and other related building facilities inside and outside Guancheng.
After the late Qing Dynasty, the buildings of Juyong Guancheng were gradually abandoned, but the majestic Guancheng and numerous historical sites opened a window for people to understand the ancient military culture of China.
Nine, the world's first pass-Shanhaiguan
Shanhaiguan, also known as "Guan Yu", is known as "the first pass in the world". It echoes Jiayuguan, the "first male pass in the world" thousands of miles away. World-famous, majestic. Known as "Ping Han, Liao left throat" ... 1700 The blade of Qinglong Crescent Moon Knife faces east, and now it is stored in Shanhaiguan rostrum, becoming a treasure of Zhenguan.
Shanhaiguan was called Guan Yu in ancient times, also known as Lu Lin. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 138 1), Xu Da, king of Zhongshan, was ordered to build the two passes of Yongping and Ling Jie, and set up Shanhaiguan here. It is named Shanhaiguan because it faces Yanshan Mountain in the north and Bohai Sea in the south. Shanhaiguan is the northeast starting point of the Great Wall of Ming Dynasty, with a territory of 26 kilometers, which is located at more than 10 kilometers east of Qinhuangdao City. According to historical records, Shanhaiguan has a history of more than 600 years since 138 1 was built, and it has been a military center in China since ancient times.
Shanhaiguan city, about 4 kilometers in circumference, is a small town. The whole city is connected with the Great Wall, and the city is the gateway. City height 14m, thickness 7m. Today, although this majestic pass has become a historical relic, it inspires people's strong will and patriotic feelings with its majestic style and epic history. The poet Chen Zhisui traveled to Shanhaiguan and expressed the following feelings in the poem Shanhaiguan: "There are still magnificent cities without controlling mountains and seas. Imagine Chen Bing after a few cold moments. "
Shanhaiguan city, about 4 kilometers in circumference, is a small town. The whole city is connected with the Great Wall, and the city is the gateway. City height 14m, thickness 7m. There are four main gates in the city, as well as various ancient defensive buildings. It is a relatively complete defense system and is known as "the first level in the world". With the majestic "the first pass in the world" as the main body, supplemented by Jingbian Tower. Lv Lin architecture, such as Muyinglou, Weiyuantang, Wengcheng, Dongluocheng and Great Wall Museum, shows visitors the architectural style of ancient city defense in China.
Shanhaiguan is an ancient cultural city. The walls of the Ming Dynasty were basically intact, and most of the main streets and alleys were well preserved. In particular, a number of quadrangles have been preserved, making the ancient city more elegant and simple. The first gate in the world, the East Gate of Guancheng, stands on the Great Wall and overlooks the four fields.
On the second floor of the tower, you can overlook Shanhaiguan City and the panoramic view of Yuan Ye outside Shanhaiguan. Looking north, you can see the majestic posture of the Great Wall of Jiao Shan from a distance; The sea in the south is also faintly visible. On the north and south sides of the world's first gate building, there are buildings such as Jingbian Building, Muying Building and Lulin Building. Walking on the Great Wall of Wan Li, you will feel the greatness of our ancestors and the extraordinary wisdom of China people.
The "No.1 Pass in the World" plaque, which is more than 5 meters long and 1.5 meters high, was written by Xiao Xianshu, a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty. It is a masterpiece in ancient and modern times. According to legend, the last word "one" was not written together, but the writer threw the pen full of ink into the air.
Tongguan
Tongguan is located in the north of Tongguan County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, with the Yellow River in the north and the mountainside in the south. It has a long history and is famous far and near. As for the throats of North China, Central Plains and Northwest China, Shui Jing Zhu records: "The river flows south in the pass and stirs the mountain, so it is called Tongguan." Tonglang is fierce, hence the name Tongguan Pass, also known as Chongguan Pass. Ancient Tongguan ranks second among the top ten famous customs in China. It is the east gate of Guanzhong, the only way out of Chang 'an in the west and into Luoyang in the east. Has always been a battleground for military strategists. The reputation of "Guinea's first risk, three Qin Zhen keys, four towns and throats, and hundreds of roads are connected" describes Tongguan.
Tongguan is one of the most famous passes in ancient China. The Record of Shanhaiguan records: "Tongguan and Shanhaiguan are the only dangerous places in Guinea." Guan is located in the eastern part of Guanzhong Plain, which is an important place at the junction of Qin, Jin and Henan provinces. The situation in Tongguan is very dangerous, with Qinling Mountains in the south. There are forbidden valleys in the southeast, and 12 Liancheng in the south of the valley; Weihe River in the north and Luoerchuan will embrace the Yellow River, and it is near Hua Yue in the west. Surrounded by mountains on all sides, the mountains are stacked, the valleys are steep, the mountains are high and the roads are narrow, and Zhongtong has a narrow narrow path that can only accommodate one car and one horse.
In the past, people often compared the sinister situation here to "narrow road danger and ape struggle" and "the road between people ends in Tongguan" After Du Fu's tour, he also wrote a poem, "A husband should pay attention to the important place, be narrow and allow a bicycle to ride, work hard and be brave." Eight scenic spots in Tongguan are eight scenic spots that Tongguan can enjoy. These eight scenic spots are Xiongguan Huju, Jingou Longqiu, Qin Lingyun Screen, Zhongtiao Snow Case, Fengling Xiaodu, Yellow River Spring Water, night view of ancestral temple and Taoist bells.
The above is a famous hope to adopt.