Dude's children strive to create political advantages and compete with the enemy for people's hearts and talents through comparative analysis between the enemy and ourselves. The so-called "protecting the country with righteousness" by military strategists; Lu Xun, a soldier in Huainan, said that "ruling the country, governing the territory, doing benevolence and righteousness, budehui, standing at attention, blocking evil tunnels, attaching ministers to each other, making peace with the people, and letting the princes go their own way, while the four sides are pregnant with their virtues and building a political palace, but thousands of miles away, they bend their fingers and the world responds." In Huang Shigong's three views, the so-called "recruiting talents", "relying on sages" and "observing people's hearts and doing whatever they want" are all discourses on creating political advantages to defeat the enemy and are extremely important ideas in strategic decision-making. When Liu Bang arrived in Guanzhong, he ruled out the tyranny of Qin State. Liu Xiu went to Hebei to "recruit talents and serve the people" ("Deng Yuchuan") in order to defeat the enemy politically. This thought had a great influence on the process and outcome of the war, so that Liu Bang finally defeated the strong with the weak, while Liu Xiu succeeded in destroying the hero.
Do what you can, that is, through the comparative analysis of the enemy and ourselves, strive to create a military advantage and compete with the enemy for the initiative. Have various military advantages. The so-called "broad masses of people" and "powerful officers and soldiers" in Huai Nan Zi Bing Xun refer to the overall situation; The so-called "single-minded is strength", "weak strength" and "five fingers are more elastic, unlike rolling with one hand; It is the concentrated force on the battlefield that the progress of the whole people is not as good as that of the whole people; "Chao Cuo's so-called" scholars don't choose to practice, don't Xi Zhi, their daily life is not refined, their movements are not concentrated, they are greedy for benefits, and they are unable to take refuge. After the blow, they slack off and lose their fingers. This is not a mistake, nor is it a hundred. "It refers to quality; The so-called "plain wide field" and "ten infantry are not one" refer to arms; The so-called "promoting hundreds of thousands of people and punishing tens of thousands of Huns" ("Han Chao CuO Chuan") refers to this number; The so-called "much cry and little rain, come late, get back, things are impermanent, like a minor illness to make enemies" ("Han Shu Literature and Art") refers to rapid mobility, courage and courage. Every advantage will have a great impact on the war and the situation, so the military strategists in Qin and Han dynasties always pursue real advantages to control the enemy on the basis of comprehensive analysis. The reason why Wang Jian sent 600,000 troops to destroy Chu was because his opponent was very strong. Meng Tian was able to defeat the Huns in one fell swoop because he gave full play to the comprehensive advantages of riding, walking and riding. The reason why the Western Han Dynasty was subjected to the Huns for a long time was that tarkan was unprecedentedly powerful, and the Han army could not offset the superiority of its arms with its numerical superiority. It was not until we had the advantage of cavalry that we won the riding victory. The reason why Liu Xiu emphasized the winning by elite soldiers was that his opponent had no special advantage. Only Xiang Yu is different. He only knows how to give full play to his advantages of being brave and invincible and underestimating the enemy, regardless of the object. Although he made many brilliant achievements, he was born to die in the end.
Wisdom is to create various ingenious strategies to defeat the enemy through the comparative analysis between the enemy and yourself. This thought is the core essence of military theories of past dynasties such as Sun Zi, and also the core essence of military thoughts of Qin and Han Dynasties. "History of Han, Art and Literature" says: "Those who seek power protect the country with righteousness, fight with surprise soldiers, plan before fighting, take care of the situation, accept both yin and yang, and use skills." That is to say, the use of troops should be based on good political conditions, supported by the useful contents of military strategists, military yin and yang strategists and military technicians, and the leading factor in defeating the enemy is "the strangeness of using troops, the strategy of using troops first". "A Brief Training of Huai Nan Zi Bing" said: "Soldiers help winners because there are few winners ... Good generals win because they always have different wisdom and they don't know how ... They will be alone, and those who are alone will see what others can't see, and those who are alone will know what others don't know. Seeing people who don't see it is called Ming, and knowing people who don't know it is called God. " In other words, only the cleverest wisdom is the soul to win by war. "Huang Shigong's Three Views on China" said: "If you don't plan, you don't doubt it. If you don't break it, you will be treacherous. If you don't plan, you will succeed." In other words, all the achievements in defeating the attack are inseparable from ingenious methods. Zhao Chongguo said: "The emperor's soldiers win with all their strength, but the soldiers use expensive tactics", while "the tactics are the foundation, so many wins and few counts" (Zhao Chuan). In other words, all operations must be based on a foolproof plan. Obviously, these thoughts all originated from the pre-Qin Dynasty and Sun Tzu, but after combining with the war practice in Qin and Han Dynasties, they made many new and significant contributions creatively. The idea of outwitting the weak to overcome the strong is typical in the Chu-Han War. Sean is famous for "strategizing and winning thousands of miles" in history; Han Xin has repeatedly made outstanding achievements, secretly crossing Chen Cang, deploying back water to stop quicksand. With the cooperation of frontal battlefield, northern battlefield, southern battlefield, enemy rear battlefield and stealth spy battlefield, Liu Bang defeated the powerful Xiang Yu. And Liu Xiu in the battle of Kunyang, with less than twenty thousand people, broke the xinmang army four hundred thousand. It is unprecedented in history to defeat the enemy with wisdom and defeat the strong with weakness on such a large scale. For example, the idea of disintegration and divide and rule was used very well and successfully in three large-scale unified wars in Qin and Han dynasties, which was a great leap and development than the previous ideas of uniting the horizontal, making friends far away and attacking near. For example, the idea of barbarians controlling foreigners was only occasionally discussed in the pre-Qin period, and it was really put into practice in the Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It has become an important guiding ideology for uniting the majority and cracking down on the minority in the national war, and has played a great role. Another example is the idea of managing base areas. The Qin Dynasty was naturally passed down in the historical and traditional geographical environment. The Western Han Dynasty consciously fought for the overall strategic situation, and the Eastern Han Dynasty actively built it in Hebei in order to level the pack. Since then, it has become an important theoretical basis for defeating the strong with the weak.
Competition is to create technical advantages through comparative analysis between the enemy and ourselves, thus helping to win the battle. This idea was developed by military technical experts, and its contents include personal martial arts, military technology, weapons and equipment, etc. The so-called skill, the "number" quoted in Huai Nan Zi means skill. Among the four kinds of military books contained in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals, there are 15, 168, and five volumes that can be clearly judged to belong to the Qin and Han Dynasties (Five volumes of "The Law of Surrounding General with Strong Crossbows"), among which 10, 159 and five volumes belong to military skills. This shows that Qin and Han militarists were pragmatic and attached great importance to specific military skills. For example, Li Guang, a famous "flying general", shocked the Huns with his riding and shooting skills, and went down in history as a strategist, and wrote three articles "General Li Shooting Method". His grandson, Li Ling, dared to go deep into the hinterland of Xiongnu, thousands of feet, and almost succeeded in fighting with 80,000 Xiongnu main cavalry, mainly because everyone in this army was good at shooting. There is also Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu, who once made a special chariot that can drive away a few cows, "put it on the ground and put it on the fortress to repel the Xiongnu" ("The Story of the Southern Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty"), which played a great role in border defense. "History of Han Art and Literature" says: "Skillful people should learn from their hands and feet, use toilet utensils and accumulate utensils to win the offensive and defensive." This explanation is undoubtedly correct and important.
There are also some shortcomings in the winning view of military thoughts in Qin and Han dynasties, that is, the skill of Yin and Yang of military strategists contained in Han Shu's Records of Literature and Art. "Yinyang people, when people push punishment and morality, fight with each other and help because of five wins and false ghosts and gods." The fundamental mistake of this thought is to try to pray for the victory of the war through various circuitous ways, such as waiting for the stars, watching the gas, divination, mutual assistance of the five elements, mutual assistance of ghosts and gods, which is the feudal dross of anti-science. This misconception exists not only in Bing Yinyang's works, but also in Historical Records, Tianguanshu, Tianwenzhi of Han Dynasty and Tianwenzhi of later Han Dynasty. In these history books, the occurrence, result, cause and effect of all previous wars are systematically linked with the changes of the astrology, which are all said by Xi Yan Shu. Even Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a wrong decision in the war, and Emperor Xuan Di issued incorrect operational instructions. Fan Zeng, who was looking for soil for Xiang Yu, advised Xiang Yu to attack Liu Bang accordingly, while Wang Mang prayed for God's blessing until the eve of defeat and destruction. We must get rid of these feudal dross seriously.
In a word, the military thoughts of Qin and Han dynasties provided an important military theory for the era of the great unification of Qin and Han dynasties, successfully guided the military activities of this era, made brilliant military achievements, and made important contributions to the development and progress of history, thus having a prominent historical position and far-reaching influence on later generations. It ended the contention of a hundred schools of thought on the concept of war in the pre-Qin period, and realized the combination of the military and Confucianism for the first time in history, using the Confucian "judo" to defend the country and the "cunning way" of the military strategist to defeat the enemy. The two complement each other and complement each other, which is followed by most feudal rulers in later generations. It established the concept of centralized and unified army building, highly concentrated military forces, eliminated the curse of feudal lords in the pre-Qin period, and effectively safeguarded national unity, so it was highly valued by later feudal rulers, especially in the Song and Ming Dynasties, which made this concept more perfect. It puts forward the concept of long-term national defense stability, which guarantees the stability and unity of the Central Plains with the combination of military and civilian, the combination of military and civilian, strong cadres and weak branches, and emphasizes guarding the border, relocating the land and opening up wasteland to ensure the security, unity and development of the frontier. Almost all these ideas were inherited and developed by later feudal rulers. Guided by the pre-Qin military theory and closely combined with the new historical practice, it creatively summed up many new experiences and ideas, such as defeating the strong with the weak, taking one as ten, controlling the foreigners with the barbarians, controlling the riding by riding, managing the base areas and so on. , further developed, perfected, enriched and supplemented the traditional military theory, leaving a valuable spiritual legacy for later generations, especially the book "Three Views on Huang Shigong", which has been published since the Song Dynasty. Generally speaking, the Qin and Han Dynasties are an era connecting the past and the future in China's history, and its military thoughts have the same status and value in the history of China's military thoughts.