The antithesis in rhetoric is called duality in ancient poetry. Rights are relative, fighting is ceremonial, and ancient guard of honor is opposite in pairs, so it is called "antithesis". Anyone who has studied Chinese in middle school knows duality. Duality refers to juxtaposing similar concepts or opposing concepts to form neat beauty. For example, "many people are far away", "many people" and "far away" form duality. Duality can be a sentence that is self-correct, or it can be two sentences that are opposite. For example, "long-term commitment, long-term success" is self-correct, and "long-term commitment, long-term success, be prepared for danger in times of peace" are two opposite sentences. Generally speaking, duality refers to two opposite sentences. The last sentence is called a sentence, and the next sentence is called a sentence. The general law of duality is that words with the same part of speech are relative, such as noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb. Or take "a long way to go, be prepared for danger in times of peace" as an example: Ren (Shoulder), Zhi, Ju and Si are all verbs, while Chong, Yuan, An and Wei are adjectives. The law of antithesis in poetry is as follows: (1) The sentences and levels of antithesis are relative; (2) Words in a sentence cannot be duplicated (at least in the same position). Therefore, the two sentences in the poem "Seven Laws: A Stone Living in a Quiet Place" mentioned above: "The shade is as warm as Hong Wei, and the drizzle is as fresh as tobacco." It is in line with the standard of antithesis of metrical poems. Couplets are the same standard. (1) The antithesis form is a necessary condition for writing metrical poems. The antithesis of metrical poems can be as little as one couplet (neck couplet), such as seeing off Li Zhuo's visit to Jiangdong [Tang Dynasty], Luo Qing in Wang Changling rising day and night, and the breeze leading a boat alone. A thousand miles away, a dream gives birth to a river building. Chu orange is dark, Wu Meng is misty and rainy. (Neck couplet antithesis) Southeast ancient and modern, looking at mountains and clouds and autumn. Use up to four. In this case, the first three commonly used duality. For example, Xu Hun's melancholy and his former happiness are separated, so his sadness is the same. A high-ranking official is known as a scattered snow building Weng. The city is closed for three autumn rains, and the sails fly all night. Drunk bass should be in Jingling East. (The first triple across the hall) Hangzhou [Tang] Bai Juyi looks at the sea building, shining at dusk, protecting the river bank and stepping on the green sand. That night, he was recruited into the temple and hid Sue. Tea silk praises persimmons, and bluestone sells wine and pear blossoms. Who opens the southwest road of Lake Temple? The grass-green skirt is inclined at the waist. (The first three are all couplets) And the last three are all couplets: the imperial army recovered both sides of the Yellow River [Tang], Du Fu, and the news is in this distant West Railway Station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop the tears from flowing on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. Sing my songs loudly and drink my wine. Youth is a good companion to go home. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . (After the triple, antithesis is rarely used. The two couplets in the middle, namely, parallel couplets and neck couplets, are the most common in metrical poems. For example, recalling Li Bai [Tang] in spring, Du Fu's poems are invincible and full of thoughts. Li Bai's poems are the fresh wind of Yu Xin's poems and the backbone of Jun Zai's works. Now, I am alone on the spring tree in Weibei, and you are on each side of the sun, sunset and sky in the southeast, and you can only miss. When is the toast, heavy and good? Parrot [Tang] Bai Juyi Longxi parrot went to Jiangdong, and after years of breeding, its mouth turned red. I often dare not cut my feathers first, and I will temporarily open the cage every time I feed. Although people are sympathetic and eloquent, birds have different meanings when they recall flying high. It should be hidden in the back room like Zhumen Kabuki. (antithesis and neck couplet) After knowing the antithesis of metrical poems, it's easy to understand the antithesis of parallelism. The arrangement of laws is also like metrical poems, and the first couplet and the last couplet need not be opposed; No matter how many couplets there are in the middle, we should use antithesis. A quatrain is a two-sentence antithesis of a metrical poem: if the first sentence and the second sentence are intercepted, there is no need for antithesis at all; If the last two links are intercepted, then the first link is against the second link rather than against it; If the first two links are intercepted, the first link does not need to be confronted, and the second link is confronted; If the two couplets in the middle are intercepted, then the whole capital will play.
(2) The types of duality and the classification of parts of speech are the basis of duality. Ancient poets used antithesis to divide parts of speech similar to today's. According to the antithesis of metrical poems, parts of speech can be roughly divided into the following categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, color words, locative words, conjunctions, adverbs, function words, pronouns, 1 Nouns and nouns are a big category, which can be subdivided into the following small categories: ① astronomy-sky, sky, sun, moon, wind, cloud, rain, snow, yin, yang, qi, smoke, stars, etc. (2) seasons-spring, summer, autumn, winter, year, month, day, night and morning; ③ Geography-mountains, rivers, rivers, Chuanhaicheng, Fengtian, Shiqiao, Niling, etc. (4) palaces, rooms, doors, alleys, street walls, temples in mining fields, shops, halls, etc. (5) Artifacts-boats, clocks, drums, pillows, swords, stoves, cups, rulers, sails, perfume bottles, lamps, etc. ⑥ Clothing-clothes, lapels, sleeves, towels, crowns, pins, fans, boots, robes, etc. Diet-wine, tea, cakes, medicine, Dan rice, tea, rice, vegetables, soup, honey, etc. Stationery-pen, ink, paper, inkstone, printed book, sword, piano, chess, flute, scroll and so on; Literature-poetry, books, chapters, essays, letters, songs, paintings, etc. Attending plants-trees, flowers, vines, branches, roots, stems, leaves, willows and calyx pedicels; ⑾ Animals-horses, cows, chickens, dogs, geese, birds, apes, flies, phoenixes, crows, etc. ⑿ Body-the voice of body, brain, muscles, skin, bones, eyes, ears, nose, cheeks and soul; [13] personnel-name, grace, resentment, sadness, joy, makeup, drunkenness, dreams, love and hate, and so on. [14] interpersonal relationships-father, mother, brother, wife, husband, daughter, aunt, farmer, ghost, fairy, etc. ; Note: The number of the input method is circled to 10, starting from 1 1, but it is replaced by a number in brackets. There is no obvious boundary in the classification of the above nouns. For example, frost belongs to astronomy and ice belongs to geography, but sometimes people belonging to different branches are often called "heaven", "earth", "snow", "ice", "wind" and "waves". Although they belong to two branches, the antithesis is the most neat. Proper names can only be relative proper names, preferably names and places. 2. Verbs and 3. Adjectives, these two parts of speech are exactly the same in ancient and modern times, so I won't give examples. It is worth mentioning that intransitive verbs (that is, verbs without objects, such as "struggle" is a verb, but it can't be followed by an object. It is said that it is "struggle for me", so "struggle" is called intransitive verbs) often contrary to adjectives. 4. Numerals such as: one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, one hundred, one thousand, ten thousand, two, two, solitary, independent, several (repeated reading), several, half, again, group, all, and many five. Directional words ② Adjective conjunctions: majestic, etc. ③ Verb conjunctions: words with the same number, color words, locative words and conjunctions all belong to their own category, and these four categories of words are rarely compared with other words. 7. Adverbs are words used before verbs to express the situation, will and so on of this action. Such as: suddenly, gradually, only, suddenly, already, will (be), want (want), plan (plan), that is, all (* * * the same), all (together), whether, empty, apprentice (in vain), waste (in vain), frequency, repetition, every, every. 8. Function words: and, and, * * *, the same, and, and, and then, because, for (pronounced as sound), it, almost, also, Iraq, Yan, zai, yeah, ran, Er, etc. 9. Pronouns: divided into personal pronouns I, you, etc. , demonstrative pronoun I, so, interrogative pronouns He, Hu, etc. Duality can be divided into three categories: the first category is the work pair, that is, the same door is opposite, such as astronomy to astronomy, human feelings to human feelings, color to color and so on; The second category is neighboring pairs, such as adjusting seasons by astronomy and clothes by utensils. The third category is tolerance, that is, noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective and so on. As a matter of fact, metrical poems are bound by the lines of flat and flat poems. If we also strive for work everywhere in the antithesis, there will be no room for our thoughts to maneuver. Besides, if you work too hard, you will often get synonymous antonyms, such as "room" versus "room", "separation" versus "points", "laziness" versus "carelessness" and "similarity" versus "* * *". These two sentences have almost only one meaning, simple and complicated, which is taboo for poets. For us now, as long as we can be tolerant, it is already very good, and we don't have to deliberately look for a job. In short, all metrical forms are to better serve the ideological content, and they are icing on the cake, rather than cutting the foot to fit the shoes and damaging the ideological content. It is putting the cart before the horse if we pursue the standardization and neatness of metrical rules unprincipled.