Often said that the performance method refers to:
Sketch, symbol, foil, rendering, contrast, cadence, dynamic and static combination, positive and negative combination, virtual and real combination.
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Chinese painting technique name. A method of drawing objects with colorless ink lines. There is also a slight light ink rendering. Mostly figures and flower paintings. It also refers to a method of expression in literary creation, that is, to portray a vivid and vivid image with concise pen and ink without comparison.
For example, in the northern dynasty folk song Chilechuan, "the sky is grey, the fields are boundless, the wind blows low and the cattle and sheep are low" is a simple description of the grassland scene, which appears concise and has the strength of character, writes the grandeur of the grassland and highlights the life of herders.
Another example is Liu Changqing's "Master Furong Mountain in the Snow" and "Send the Spirit to the Master", which are two famous works.
The owner of Furong Mountain is in every snow.
The setting sun is far away, the weather is cold and the house is poor.
Chai Men heard dogs barking and went home on a snowy night.
Give your soul to your master.
Blue chikurinji, near the distant bell in the middle of the night.
The sunset with a hat gradually returned to Qingshan.
At first glance, the former is a painting of "people in the snow return at night". The first two sentences are a group of quiet scenery. The sun sets, Cangshan is faint, thatched houses flash halfway up the mountain, and it is a bleak and desolate scenery. In the center of the picture, the poet is dragging his tired body slowly towards the thatched cottage, revealing the feeling of heartbroken people at the end of the world. The last two sentences are a set of moving pictures. It was dark and snowing, and the barking of dogs broke the silence of the mountain village. The poet was welcomed into Chai Men by his master. The word "Hui" is used well, which makes me feel at home. You are poor at the end of the day, followed by a snowstorm, which makes you suffer from the journey. In the snowstorm, you entered Chai Men, "comfortable in the wilderness", bringing a warm breath. Cangshan, snowstorm, Baijia, Chai Men, barking dogs, returning to people, with distinct levels, scattered far and near, and colorful, have formed a picture of "returning to people at night due to snowstorm". This painting scene is an image, and the poet's "xing" is an inexhaustible charm in the painting. For example, the title is "Master of Sufurong Mountain", but the master does not appear on the screen, but reveals the host's hospitality from the picture of "Returning to People Late in the Snow". It is through the sudden feeling of "returning home at night" that the poet wrote his master's beautiful heart. The journey is difficult, the official career is bumpy, the wind and snow are cold, and the world is cold. However, in the depressed mountain village, Bai Jia kept this beautiful friendship, which is also the poet's "prosperity". The whole article is full of implicit and inexhaustible charm.
The latter is about the melancholy situation of giving people away at sunset in the deep mountains, which is far away and intriguing. "Cangshan" is a color tone, green and dripping, reminiscent of bamboo like the sea. "Cangshan" is a sound, the bell rings and the mountains are quiet, which is self-evident to readers. It is in such a quiet environment, at dusk, that the poet sent Che Ling on a long trip. The silence and loneliness are worthy of readers' careful consideration. The flexible use of the word "belt" makes the whole picture full of motion. In the minds of poets and readers, Che Ling people seem to be walking in the endless sunset. The last sentence is that Che Ling is getting farther and farther away, and only Castle Peak keeps the poet quiet. The first two sentences are mainly static writing, and the last two sentences are static plus movement, in which the movement also has static pictures. Bamboo groves, temples, bells, sunset, monks and green hills form a wonderful picture. From this, we feel different charm from a distance. But what is the charm? It's hard for us to tell at once. From here, we can easily see the poet's good intentions. This requires readers to carefully taste the implied meaning in the poem. The poet's "Xing" refers to the poet's feeling of leisure and idle clouds through the construction of picturesque landscapes, which makes the reader's mind appear subtle and ethereal in the two poems "Seeing friends off at sunset".
Thought-provoking.
2 symbols
Symbol refers to the expression of some abstract concept, thought or emotion with the help of concrete images. Its characteristic is to make use of some similarities between symbols and symbolized objects, so that some contents of symbolized objects can be expressed implicitly and vividly. In literary works, symbolism is usually a way to imply the author's thoughts, attitudes and feelings with concrete things. Like metaphor or simile, he omitted the first part, leaving only the second part. It has its own entity, but it represents another thing.
For example, things like pine, bamboo, plum and chrysanthemum are endowed with specific symbolic meanings, and poets often use them to express some thoughts and feelings. For example, Lu You's "Yongmei, the soothsayer" uses plums as a metaphor to show his character of not associating with people who covet love and flatter, and his indomitable dignity.
Some poems have certain symbolic meanings, and some poems are often explained by specific things, that is, reasoning poems or chanting poems. For example, in Yu Shinan's Cicada, "Without Autumn Wind", the author emphasizes that a tall and clean person can be famous far and near without some outside support.
3 foil
An artist who uses similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight something with something as a foil.
Law. It is called positive contrast to set off a thing with its approximate conditions; To set off a thing with the opposite conditions of it is called contrast. For example:
Foreign night
Du Fu
The breeze rippled on the grassy coast, through the night, and blew to my still mast.
The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river.
If only my art could make me famous. Free my sick old age from the office! .
Flying around, what am I like? But sandpipers in the vast world! .
In the poem, the magnificent scene of "the stars slanting down from the clearing and the moon running from the river" sets off the cold and lonely artistic atmosphere created by "a breeze rippling on the grass bank, passing through the night and blowing to my motionless tall mast".
Another example is:
Two quatrains (part two)
Du Fu
The water waves in the river, the white feathers of waterfowl, the green and red flowers on the mountain are in contrast, and you want to burn.
This spring is coming to an end. When will I go home?
This poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The first two sentences of the poem describe the scenery, which is simply a fascinating landscape painting. Look: the blue waves of the river are rippling, revealing white water birds, skimming over the river, what a pleasant scenery! Everywhere in full of green, the blossoming flowers are extremely red, just like a burning fire, how brilliant. White bird feathers lined with Jiangbi, blue and white set each other off; With the mountain green lining red, green and red contend. A word "Guo" makes waterfowl whiter by the blue of the river; A word "desire" personifies flowers, making them full of vitality and swaying. It seems that the poet used a variety of techniques to describe this pleasing landscape painting. However, the poet's will is not here, but in the last two sentences: "I saw it again this spring." When is the year of return? " The scenery of This Spring is not beautiful, but Seeing Passing contains the passage of time and a long return period. Far spring scenery not only can't arouse the interest of playing, but also evokes the sadness of wandering. In this way, the main skill of the whole poem is to use music scenes to contrast sadness, write the beauty of spring scenery, and show the urgency of returning home and the depth of homesickness.
Coffee senna
Yu Li
How much hate, in my dream last night. Or swim to the old gardens. Cars are flowing in Ma Rulong, and flowers and moons are in the spring breeze.
This is a word written by Li Houzhu in the Southern Tang Dynasty after he pacified the Song Dynasty. The word did not describe the situation at that time positively, but wrote a dream, the lively scene of the garden in the dream and the beautiful scenery of "flowers and flowers are spring breeze". Why do you write it like this? Is to compare reality with dreams. The busier the dream, the sadder I wake up, the deeper my attachment to the past prosperity, the bleaker the situation today, and the more fully expressed the meaning of "hate".
4 contrast
It refers to the expression technique that makes the object to be expressed stand out through profile description. Profile description is indirect description, that is, to express the main object through the description of people or environment around. 200 1, Wei's poem "Farewell to Li Zhou in the Night Rain" was selected as the college entrance examination question. "Is it raining all the way to Chu? The bell in the evening came to us from Nanjing. The rain is heavy, the sky is not right, and the birds fly slowly. The Yangtze River flows into the distance of the Yangtze River, and the trees are full of rain. Similarly, because of our great love, there is a waterline on our face. " Except for the "light rain" mentioned in the first sentence of this poem, the rain is not written directly below, but through other things: the sails on the boat have become heavy, the birds have not flown so lightly, the sky is gray and can't be seen in the distance, but the trees by the river are very moist. Although couplets and necklaces do not directly write rain, the use of contrast techniques makes us feel that it is drizzle falling on sails, bird feathers, the sky and trees. Another example is the phrase "Ceng Jing in the east and autumn moon in Ceng Jing in the west" in Pipa Story, which depicts the charm of music with the environment and leaves readers with a broad aftertaste.
"Contrast" is different from "contrast". "Contrast" means writing what you want to express through other things. Therefore, using one thing to imply another thing is called contrast. This is different from "foil", because "foil" is to write both things.
Practice reading the following poem and answer the questions.
Bai Wang Mei noodles
This body is in a forest of ice and snow, different from peaches and plums.
Suddenly, the fragrance of the night was scattered like a dry spring in Wan Li.
Question: What writing techniques does the author mainly use to shape the image of plum blossom? What kind of thoughts and feelings are expressed?
Reference answer: mainly use contrast and contrast. Against the ice and snow, against the tenacity and cold resistance of plum blossoms; Contrast with peaches and plums to show the nobility and dedication of plums. Expressed the thoughts and feelings of adhering to ideals and morality and not colluding with the secular.
5 rendering
Rendering is a traditional technique of Chinese painting, which usually emphasizes making a certain aspect of the image more prominent in the place. Used in artistic creation to express positive and intentional description. Such as Zhao Shixiu's "guests":
Mei Huang Shi, every family was flooded by rain, and the pond was covered with green grass and frogs.
It's past midnight, and the invited guests haven't come yet. I tapped the chess pieces bored and shook the wick of an oil lamp.
In the poem, "it rains at home" and "frogs everywhere" render an atmosphere, which sets off the depth and silence of the night.
Another example is Du Fu's quatrains:
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
The author emphasizes the newly sprouted willow branches, paired orioles, free egrets and blue sky. Four bright colors are fresh and bright, forming a gorgeous picture. Color rendering can not only convey happy feelings, but also reflect homesickness, such as Du Fu's other poem "Jueju", "Birds in the river are too white, mountains are too blue and white. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " It is the strong colors and strong pen and ink that render the pleasant scenery. The mountains are green, the flowers are red, the birds are white and the waves are green. The scene is fresh and pleasing to the eye, but it paves the way for the writing to arouse the wandering sadness. Bai Juyi's "Memories of Jiangnan", "Sunrise flowers are more fiery than red, and spring water is as green as blue", recalls the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan by reflecting the flowers in the sun, and increases the brightness of colors; Goose is written by Luo, Goose, Goose, Goose. White hair floating green water, red palm clear waves. "Goose white floating green water, Anthurium stirring, green water full of waves. The contrast between red, white and green is warm, vivid and harmonious. Under the blue sky and white clouds, beside the crystal clear water pond, "white hair" is more beautiful than "green water", and "red brown" and "clear waves" are better. What a beautiful picture! It's really amazing, just like this.
6 contrast
Put two opposing things or two different aspects of the same thing together and compare them with each other. Use contrast, or make the contradiction of opposing things stand out clearly, reveal the essence, and give people profound enlightenment; Or make the two opposing aspects of things set off against each other and complement each other, giving people a deep impression. For example, Gao Shi's Ge Yanxing: "Half of our soldiers died at the front, but the other half is still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the military camp." Comparing the death of soldiers on the battlefield with the indulgence of the general, the image is vivid and profound.
Another example is Li Bai's "Visiting Yue Gu": "The Yue King Gou Jian broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers returned home. Maids are like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. " The poet showed us two pictures: one is that the King of Yue defeated the State of Wu and returned home in triumph. The soldiers all took off their shirts and put on "Jin Yi" to show off their exploits to the people of China. Ladies-in-waiting are dressed like flowers and enjoy themselves in the palace; The other is "only partridges fly today"-there are only a few partridges flying around the old site of the city now, and the victory and excitement of the past have long since vanished. The poem contrasts the prosperity of the past with the desolation of today, expressing the feeling of ups and downs. The use of contrast highlights the theme and makes people think deeply.
7 inhibition
Speak the negative and positive aspects at the same time, only highlight one of them, and achieve the purpose of suppressing one, promoting the other or suppressing the other. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising.
[If you want to promote, suppress first]: If you want to promote, it is also called suppressing first and then promoting, that is, the literary potential is suppressed first and then promoting, or the literary meaning is degraded first and then promoting, just like climbing a mountain, climbing from bottom to top.
[If you want to suppress and promote first]: If you want to suppress and promote first, it is also called first suppression, that is, the literary potential is first promoted and then suppressed, or the literary meaning is first promoted and then suppressed, flying down from a height like a waterfall. Example: "Young married women in boudoir don't know how to worry, but high-rise buildings make up in spring. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " (Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart) This poem adopts the method of praising first and then restraining. First, it writes that the young woman "doesn't know how to worry" and then says that she "regrets". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, it profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
[Like derogatory praise]: It is not positive to praise the object worthy of praise, but to praise it in a derogatory way and praise it in a derogatory tone, which seems derogatory but actually praises it.
[Seemingly praise is actually belittling]: The object of this belittling is not directly belittling, but belittling in praise, ironically speaking, belittling in the tone of praise. It seems that praise is actually belittled. For example: "A Dream of Red Mansions" Xijiangyue looks for sorrow and hatred for no reason, and sometimes seems crazy. Even if you are born with good skin, your stomach is rough. Poor and ignorant, stupid and afraid of reading articles. It is a slander to the world to behave in a remote and perverse way! Being rich does not know happiness, but being poor is miserable. There is no hope of living up to the good times at home and abroad. The world is incompetent first, unparalleled in ancient and modern times. Message to Wan Kun and Gao Liang: Don't affect this shape! "These two words reveal Jia Baoyu's character in a way that seems to belittle reality and praise." The description of Chen She in "On Cathay Pacific" is also derogatory to several countries when Chen She marched with fewer soldiers, but it is actually praising its surprisingly consistent use of troops.
8 static and dynamic combination
The combination of dynamic and static refers to the dynamic and static description of things and scenery, which set off each other and constitute a kind of interest.
For example, Wang Wei's "Autumn Night in the Mountains": after the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time.
Zhuan Xu's description of the bright moon in the sky is static, with pine trees covered, clear mountain springs and flowing stones dynamic. Because of the abundant water after the rain, the mountain spring increased its flowing potential, flowed over the stones and made a sound to set off the tranquility in the mountain. When describing the scenery, the poet pays great attention to the contrast between dynamic and static scenery, which can be combined with static, static and static. The combination of dynamic and static is often related to foil. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" and "Looking at Waterfall Hanging in a Thousand Rivers" wrote the first image of looking at the waterfall from a distance, like a huge white practice hanging in the mountains, and the word "hanging" turned into silence. Another example is Wang Wei's "Bird Watching Creek", "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and spring is empty. When the moon is full of birds, when the spring stream is singing, "Flowers fall on the moon and birds sing" highlights the quietness of the spring stream, and Wang Ji's "If you are in the Xi" "The cicada forest is quieter and the Yingong Mountain is more secluded. "It is also quiet because of sound, and quiet because of movement." Mountain dancing silver snake, original wax figure "is dynamic and quiet.
9 positive combination
Description, including front description and side description. In Li Bai's Dream of Climbing Mount Tianmu, "Go straight to the sky, and its peak will enter the sky, and the potential will be pulled out.
The sentence "Five Mountains Covering Chicheng" is mainly described in a positive way, showing its lofty and magnificent trend; "The roof is 18000 feet high, right here, and it begins to turn to the southeast" is a profile description of the magnificent Tianmu Mountain.
"There are thousands of spring branches on a tree, which are softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " (Bai Juyi's Yang Liuzhi Ci)
"The desert dusty sky is faint, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " (Wang Changling's "Joining the Army")
The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow in spring by means of positive description. The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the side of the war situation. On the one hand, poetry is windy, which is convenient for rolling up the red flag and marching in a hurry. On the other hand, it is highly alert and unobtrusive, which highlights the tension of war.
10 combination of excess and deficiency
In poetry appreciation, emptiness and reality are relative, as the book says, there is reality and there is no emptiness; Evidence is truth, and false support is empty; Objective is true, subjective is virtual; Concrete is real, hermit is empty; Actions are true, but words are empty; The present is true and the future is empty; The known is true, the unknown is false, and so on.
For example, Liu Yong's "Yulin Order": The cicada mourns, the pavilion is late, and the shower begins to rest. All the accounts are in no mood, and the blue boat is ruined where I miss them. Holding hands and looking at each other, tears swirled in my eyes until there were no words at last, and a thousand words stuck in my throat and I couldn't say it. Missing thousands of miles of smoke and waves, the evening is heavy. Since ancient times, feelings of sadness and parting are even more worthy of being left out in the cold. Where did you wake up tonight? Yang Liuan and Xiaofeng are dying. This is a long time, people who love each other are not together, and I even expect to be satisfied with the good weather and scenery in name only. Customs are strange, who to talk to.
The poem "Where the wine wakes up tonight, there is a lingering moon on the willow bank" envisages a farewell scene: a boat leaves the shore, and the poet wakes up from a drunken dream, only to see the rustling breeze blowing, and the lingering moon hangs on the willow tip, which multiplies the sadness of parting in imagination. In poetry, "reality" refers to the real image, fact and truth existing in the objective world, and "emptiness" refers to the imaginary scene. The two are interrelated, infiltrated and transformed, which can reach the realm of virtual reality, enrich the images in the poem, open up the artistic conception in the poem and provide readers with a broad aesthetic space.
For example, Li Bai's Tianmu Mountain climbed high in his dream. Now the sun and the moon shine on the gold and silver platform, dressed in colorful clothes, riding the wind, taking the tiger as the piano and the phoenix as the dance, row after row, like the field of hemp, full of fairy shadows, which is an imaginary fairyland. Ouyang Xiu's "Walking on the Sand": "Wait for the plum blossoms in the pavilion, the willows in the creek bridge are thin, and the grass is warm and swaying. Sadness is getting farther and farther away, and the distance is like spring water. Inch by inch, my heart is tender, my eyes are full of tears, and the height of the building is not close to the dangerous fence. At the end of Pinger, there is Chunshan, and pedestrians are outside Chunshan. " Fair realism, through the scene of early spring, compares the departure of "pedestrians" The reality is empty, and the "pedestrian" imagines his wife leaning against the railing and looking into the distance, missing the sad scene of the "pedestrian", thus expressing his feelings of parting incisively and vividly. Li Yu's Yu Meiren, "Carved fences and jade bricks should still exist, but Zhu Yan changed them", "Carved fences and jade bricks" and "Old country" are the scenery in my memory. In Jiang Kui's Yangzhou Slow, the virtual scene is "Spring Breeze Ten Miles" and the real scene is "Mai Man Qing", which is even more declining than before. Imagination is the key to virtual writing, and virtuality serves reality.