Victor? Victor hugo (L802 ~ 1885) is one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature and the leader of the French romantic movement. His life almost spanned the whole19th century, and his literary career lasted for 60 years, with enduring creation. His romantic novels are wonderful and moving, vigorous and powerful, and have permanent charm for readers. The main representative works are Les Miserables and Notre Dame de Paris.
Hugo died in 1885. The French people held a state funeral for this great poet. His body was buried in the pantheon built for the burial of great men. The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 190 1 year, but Hugo died in 1885, so despite his high literary achievements, he still missed the Nobel Prize.
Rabindranath Tagore (186 1 May 7th-194 1 August 7th) is an Indian poet, philosopher and Indian nationalist. 19/kloc-won Nobel Prize in Literature in 0/3, and was the first Asian to win Nobel Prize in Literature. In addition to poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, travel notes, plays and more than 2,000 songs. His poems are mainly written in Bengali, where his poems are very popular. His prose mainly focuses on society, politics and education, while his poems mainly describe nature and life besides religious content. In Tagore's poems, life itself and its diversity are the reasons for joy. At the same time, his love (including patriotism) is also one of the contents of his poems. Tagore's poems are used in the national anthems of India and Bangladesh. Owen and Ye Zhi were deeply moved by his poems. With Ye Zhi's encouragement, Tagore personally translated his Jitan Cangli (meaning "Hungry Stone") into English, and he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 19 13.
Tagore was born in Calcutta, a family rich in philosophy, literature and art. 13 years old, can write long poems and compose poems. 1878 went to study in Britain, 1880 returned to China, specializing in literary activities. 1884 to 19 1 1, secretary of the Vatican Institute, founded an international university in the 1920s. 194 1 year, he wrote his famous last words, Crisis of Civilization, accusing the British colonial rule and believing that the motherland would be liberated independently. Tagore is a writer with great world influence. He wrote more than 50 poems, and was called "Poet Saint". He wrote 12 novellas, 100 short stories, more than 20 plays and a large number of literary, philosophical and political works, and created 1500 paintings and countless songs. Literature, history, philosophy, art, politics, economy and other categories are almost all-encompassing. His works reflect the Indian people's strong desire to change their destiny under the oppression of imperialism and feudal caste system, and describe their indomitable struggle. They are full of distinctive patriotism and democratic spirit, rich in national style and characteristics, and have high artistic value, which is deeply loved by the people. His important poems include story poems (1900), Gitanjali (19 10), crescent moon (19 13) and birds (19655). Important novels include the short stories Paying off the Debt (189 1), Abandonment (1893), Suba (1893) and Life or Death? (1892), mahamoya (1892), the sun and dark clouds (1894), the novella Four Men (19 16) and the novel Sinking. Important essays of People's Red include DeathTrading (188 1), China Talk (1924) and Russian Letters (193 1). His works were introduced to China as early as 19 15, and now there are 10 volumes of Tagore's works published in Chinese. Tagore is not only an accomplished writer and poet but also an accomplished composer and painter. He wrote more than 2000 exciting and beautiful songs in his life. Among them, he wrote many passionate patriotic songs during the climax of India's national liberation movement, which became a powerful weapon to inspire the Indian people to resist colonial rule. The song "The Will of the People" was designated as the national anthem of India in 1950. Tagore studied painting at the age of 70, and his 1500 frames of paintings were exhibited as art treasures in many famous places in the world.
194 1 year, Tagore died at the age of 8 1 year. When Tagore visited China, he said with great foresight, "I believe that you have a great future. I believe that when the your countries stand up and show their spirit, Asia will also have a great future. " 1956, 32 years after Tagore's visit to China, Premier Zhou Enlai visited India. When accepting the honorary doctorate of Kolkata International University founded by Tagore himself, he said with great emotion: "Coming to this academic center can't help but remind people of Tagore, the founder of this university and the great patriotic poet of India. Tagore is not only a talented poet who has made outstanding contributions to world culture, but also an outstanding representative of the great Indian people who hate darkness and strive for light. The people of China have deep feelings for Tagore. The people of China will never forget Tagore's love for them. The people of China will never forget Tagore's support for their hard struggle for national independence. Today, the people of China still recall Tagore's trip to China in 1924 with nostalgia. "
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547- 16 16) is a Spanish novelist, playwright and poet in the Renaissance. He was born on September 29th, 1547 and on April 22nd,16 in Madrid. He is regarded as the greatest writer in Spanish literature. Critics call his novel Don Quixote the first modern novel in the history of literature and one of the treasures of world literature. . Don Quixote is a valuable cultural heritage. The life experience of Don Quixote as a ranger in the book exposes the darkness of society, criticizes the tyranny of the church and reveals the sufferings of the people. Don Quixote and his servant Sancho are two typical images in western classical literature. In addition, in 16 13, a collection of stories about punishing evil and promoting good was published, which included 13 excellent short stories, including tortuous love stories, descriptions of social customs and some philosophical discussions. The book describes the evils of feudal society and the poverty of the lower classes in Spain, affirms human nature and personal freedom, and angrily protests against social injustice. These realistic short stories full of humanistic thoughts occupy an important position in Spanish Renaissance literature.
Homer, a blind poet in ancient Greece. The date of birth and death cannot be tested. According to legend, he wrote the ancient Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, which described the Trojan War and related maritime adventures in 12 ~ 1 century BC, based on short folk songs. Therefore, he lived between 10 BC and the 9th and 8th centuries. According to legend, Homer is the author of two famous ancient Greek epics, Iliad and Odyssey. Herodotus in the 5th century BC, Thucydides later, Plato and Aristotle in the 4th century BC all affirmed that these two epics were Homer's works. In addition, many ancient epics have been lost, and some people say that they are his works, but those are probably drafts of future generations. There is a lost satirical poem and an existing book, The Battle of Frogs and Rats, which is said to have been written by Homer, but the former is only based on Aristotle's words, and the latter has been proved to be a draft in the 4th century BC. Homer's epic is the collective name of Iliad and Odyssey. Homer's epic is called the ancestor of European literature and the crystallization of highly developed western ancient literary skills. For more than 3,000 years, many scholars have studied these two epics, and the books printed by the research results alone can form a small library. Homer's epic tells the story of Greece's attack on Troy in BC 12 and after the war. The formation and recording of epic almost experienced the whole process of slavery. Homer's epic is the social history and custom history of ancient Greece's transition from clan society to slavery, which has high historical, geographical, archaeological and folklore values. This epic also shows humanism and affirms human dignity, value and strength. This is the artistic creation of human childhood, which inevitably has ideological and artistic limitations. Homer's epic is the first in western literature. Homer is the originator of western literature. He showed the war and life scenes that are still talked about by people with poetic narrative techniques. At the same time, Homer's poetic history is also a valuable material for studying ancient Greek customs.
Gorky (1868 ~ 1936) is a writer in the former Soviet Union. Formerly known as Alexei Macsimovici Peter Skov. 1868 was born in a carpenter's family in Nizhny Novgorod on March 6th and died in Moscow on June 8th. 1936. Representative works include: the novel Mother, the famous prose poem Haiyan, the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth and My University, which describe the writer's journey from the bottom of life to the revolutionary road and the laborer's pursuit of truth and light. The novel Life of Artamonov Family was written from 1924 to 1925. Under the broad historical background of Russian serfdom reform to October Revolution in the middle of 19 century, it describes the changes of three generations of a family and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from the psychological and moral perspectives. After the victory of the October Revolution, 1925 published the novel The Cause of the Aldamonov Family. 1925- 1936 wrote the epic "Kerim? The Life of Samgin is Gorky's last masterpiece, and this epic is one of Gorky's most outstanding artistic achievements. 1934, the first Soviet writers' congress was held under the auspices of Gorky, and Gorky was elected as the chairman of the Soviet writers' association.
1906, Gorky's masterpiece and novel Mother were completed. It depicts the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat and shapes the touching images of the worker party member Barville and the revolutionary mother Nelovna. The novel greatly inspired the workers and frightened the Russian rulers. Mother is recognized as the foundation stone of a brand-new socialist realism in the history of world literature.
Lenin, the revolutionary mentor, is Gorky's mentor and friend. Lenin constantly cared for and helped Gorky in thought, work and life. With Lenin's suggestion and encouragement, Gorky created an autobiographical trilogy: Childhood, On Earth and My University. The autobiographical trilogy not only reflects the writer's own life experience and the arduous process of ideological exploration before accepting Marxism, but also summarizes the Russian social life in 1970s and 1980s, describes the miserable life and experience of working people and praises their excellent qualities.
Gorky's last work is the novel The Life of Kerim Samgin. He created a large number of works of various genres in his life, leaving great wealth for the treasure house of proletarian literature.
1. william shakespeare (1564- 16 16) is a famous British dramatist and poet. He was born into a wealthy family in Stratford, Warwickshire, and studied in the local grammar school. /kloc-dropped out of school to do business at the age of 0/3 and went to London about 1586. He first watched horses for aristocratic customers in front of the theater, and later gradually became a handyman, actor, playwright and shareholder of the theater.
Shakespeare was the most famous English writer from the second half of16th century to the beginning of17th century (ben jones called him "the soul of the times"), and also a master of humanistic literature in the European Renaissance. He wrote 37 plays, 154 poems 14 lines, two long poems and other poems. The long poems Venus and adonis (1592 ~ 1593) and the shame of Lucretius (1593 ~ 1594) are all based on the works of the vivid Roman poet Jill, whose themes are to describe irresistible love and condemn the violation of honor. 14 line poems (1592 ~ 1598) mostly adopt the form of conjoined poems, with the theme of praising friendship and love. Its main achievement is drama, which can be divided into three periods according to the development of times, thoughts and artistic styles: early, middle and late.
Marx called Shakespeare "one of the greatest geniuses of mankind". Engels praised the realistic spirit of his works and the vividness and richness of the plot. Shakespeare's works have been translated into almost all languages in the world. 19 19 was introduced to China, and The Complete Works of Shakespeare has been published in Chinese.
Dante (1265- 132 1), an Italian poet, the founder of modern Italian and the pioneer of the European Renaissance, is famous for his long poem The Divine Comedy. Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great man, the Italian Dante, the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era".
Dante was born in a declining aristocratic family in Florence, Italy. He was born in 1265. The date of birth is not clear. According to his own poem, "born under Gemini" should be at the end of May or early June. At the age of five, her biological mother died, her father was her second wife, and her stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a younger sister.
When Dante was exiled, he lived in several cities in Italy, and some recorded that he had been to Paris. He used his works to dispel homesickness, and wrote down all benefactors and enemies in his masterpiece Divine Comedy, mocking the Pope. He arranged his unrequited love object, a beautiful woman named Bayar, to the highest level in heaven. She died at the age of 25. Dante died in 132 1 and in Lavoine, in the northeast of Italy. Dante's works are basically written in Tuscany dialect of Italy, which played a considerable role in the formation of modern Italian language based on Tuscany dialect, because apart from Latin works, only Dante was the first person in ancient Italy to write in a living language, and his works played a considerable role in the formation of Italian literary language, so they also played a leading role in the Renaissance. Main works: Dante on the euro produced in Italy. Dante's famous works include: love poem "Rebirth", philosophical poem "Banquet", lyric poem "Poetry Collection", long poem "Divine Comedy", Latin article "On the Kingdom", political paper, Latin poem "Pastoral" and chronicle collection "Letters Collection".
Lev tolstoy (1828- 19 10) is a Russian writer. 1828 was born in Jasna Ya Pogliana, Wenxian County, Clapiz City, Tula Province (now Xiaojin District, Tula Province). Tolstoy's family is an aristocratic family, whose lineage can be traced back to16th century. The distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I, and his father Count ilych participated in the 18 12 Great Patriotic War and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Mother Maria nikolayev is the daughter of Duke Xie Ni Volkonski. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of nine. 184 1 year, after the death of his guardian aunt A.I. Osjian-Saken, he was transferred to the custody of his aunt Pi.I. Yushko who lived in Kazan. So his family moved to Kazan.
His works can be roughly divided into three periods: early, middle and late. Works that have far-reaching influence on later generations include the novel War and Peace, which was created with the background of 18 12 Great Patriotic War, the novel Anna karenin, which is based on modern life, and the later masterpiece Resurrection, which is extremely rich and prolific.
Tolstoy's art is profound. First of all, he created historical poetry novels with unique generalization. However, Tolstoy's artistic charm lies not only in reappearing the macro world, but also in depicting the micro world. Lev tolstoy is one of the pinnacles of realism. His literary tradition is not only critically inherited and developed by Soviet writers through Gorky, but also has great influence in the world literary world. From 65438 to 1960s, his works began to be translated and published in Britain, Germany and other countries. At the turn of 1970s and 1980s, the French version of War and Peace won the reputation of a world-class writer and became the main target of "Russian fever" in Europe and America at that time. From 1980s to 1990s, the first batch of critics in France, Britain and other countries discussed him, and they all admitted that his realistic creation revitalized their own national literature. French, romain rolland, Heinrich Mann and thomas mann, Dreiser, Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, etc. 19 European and American writers and Asian writers who grew up from the end of the 20th century were all influenced by him.
● Lu Xun (also known as Zhou Shuren) (188 1 September 25th-1936 June 5438+00 October 19), the greatest writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China, whose spirit is called the soul of the Chinese nation. Shaoxing, Zhejiang (ancestral home in Zhengyang County, Henan Province), formerly known as Zhou Zhangshou, was named Yushan. Mother Lu Rui and father Zhou Boyi. Later, it was renamed Yucai, and 1898 was renamed Zhou Shuren when he went to Nanjing to study. Lu Xun () is the eldest brother, Zhou Zuoren is the second, and Zhou is the third (the younger brother in the kite). "Lu Xun" was the pseudonym he began to use when he wrote "New Youth" on 19 18, and has since become the most revered pseudonym in the world. Lu Xun is the greatest writer, thinker and revolutionary in modern China. During the period from 19 18 to 1926, he successively created and published novel collections: Scream, Wandering, Essays, Grave, Hot Wind, Huagai Collection, Continued Huagai Collection, Prose Poetry Collection and Prose Collection. Among them, the novella The True Story of Ah Q published in19212 is an immortal masterpiece in the history of modern literature in China. From 1927 to 1936, he created most of the works and a large number of essays in the Collection of Historical Novels, which were included in Ji You, Sanxian, Erxin, Mobilizing from the South to the North, Pseudo-Free Book, Quasi-Romantic Talk and Lace. Lu Xun's life has made great contributions to China's cultural undertakings: he led and supported literary groups such as "The Unknown Society" and "Chaohua Society"; Editor-in-chief of literary periodicals such as National Newspaper Supplement (B), Mangyuan, Yusi, Running, Germination and Translation; Enthusiastic care and active cultivation of young authors; Vigorously translate foreign progressive literary works and introduce famous paintings and woodcuts at home and abroad; Collect, study and sort out a large number of classical documents, compile a brief history of Chinese novels, an outline of China's literary history, sort out Ji, compile miscellaneous notes on old books in Huiji County, hook ancient novels, legends of Tang and Song Dynasties, notes on old novels, etc.
Lu Xun's works have enriched the treasure house of world literature and have been translated into more than 50 languages such as English, Japanese, Russian, Spanish, French, German and Arabic. , and has a wide audience all over the world. Lu Xun once married Zhu An because of his mother's arrangement, but Zhu An was ugly and a victim of feudal society, and his thoughts were very old. In Shaoxing, Lu Xun's hometown, there is an atmosphere of looking down on divorced women. Lu Xun was kind-hearted, and didn't want Zhu An to be reduced to this level. He had to leave Zhu An on the grounds of borrowing a job, and later married Xu Guangping, giving birth to Yinghai. Zhu An has never had sexual relations with Lu Xun in his life, so he can't have children. After Lu Xun's death, Zhu An held a wake for him, but after Zhu An's death, no one was with her. Zhu An was always unhappy all his life.
Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749- 1832) was the most important German and European writer and poet from the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century. His life spanned two centuries, which coincided with the great social turmoil and changes in Europe. The gradual disintegration of the feudal system and the continuous rise of revolutionary forces prompted Goethe to constantly accept the influence of advanced ideological trends, thus deepening his understanding of society and creating the best contemporary works. Goethe was the main leader of German hurricanes and sprints. His works are full of the rebellious spirit of soaring movement, and he has made great achievements in poetry, drama and prose. His major works include the drama Gertz von bell Hinggan, the novella young werther, the unfinished poetic drama Prometheus and the prototype of the poetic drama Faust, as well as many lyric poems and essays. Goethe's creations in his later years are extremely rich, such as autobiographical works Poetry and Truth, Travels in Italy, novels Affinity and William Meister's Roaming Times, lyric poetry collection and the second volume of Faust, which were completed shortly before his death. These works show Goethe's thought of attaching importance to practice and affirming to work for human happiness, indicating that the positive factors in his thought have increased compared with the previous period.
1832 On March 22nd, Goethe passed away. Goethe is the most outstanding representative of German national literature. His works have raised German literature to the advanced level in Europe and made great contributions to the development of European literature. Goethe was born on August 28th, 749, and died on March 22nd, 832. His great contribution to the treasure house of world literature made him a world cultural celebrity. Every year, on his birthday, the literary and art circles of various countries will hold commemorative activities.