As mentioned earlier, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to political darkness, social production was seriously damaged, and people could not live, and finally a vigorous Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. However, under the historical conditions at that time, the peasant uprising could not achieve the final victory, which was followed by the disintegration of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the warlord scuffle. In the scuffle, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Jue and other Liangzhou warlords slaughtered people and robbed property everywhere, but also the eastern generals under the banner of diligent king. Therefore, there is a bleak scene of "people eat people and the state is depressed". Apart from the reactionary rule in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is unforgivable to suppress the peasant uprising and the warlords who destroyed social production. But relatively speaking, there are still differences between warlords. Take Cao Cao as an example. Although he suppressed the peasant uprising and killed innocent people, from his political, military and economic performance, he was better than the warlord he eliminated. For example, he reclaimed land, built water conservancy projects and implemented the system of selling salt and iron by officials, which played a positive role in social and economic recovery and economic rectification. These will be introduced when talking about the economy.
As soon as Cao Cao embarked on his official career, he tried to use stricter laws to change the rampant situation of extravagance of powerful people at that time. However, because the curse lies in the central government, Cao did not dare to show his intentions. It was not until he came to power himself that the policy of restraining arrogance was fully implemented. He said: "the punishment of the husband is also the life of the people"; The policy of bringing order out of chaos should put punishment first. He used Wang Xiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lv Qian, Man Chong, Jia Kui and other local officials to curb the lawless strongmen. If we compare Yuan Shao's and Cao Cao's political skills in Jizhou, we can see two different situations: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was lenient and salt was lenient, so we didn't take it." Under Yuan Shao's lenient policy, "it is not enough to make the powerful and powerful arrogant, annex their relatives, make the people poor and weak, pay taxes on their behalf, and show off their wealth." As a result, it is naturally impossible to be "people-friendly to Qiang Bing". So Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao, although he was big, with many soldiers and food. After the war in Jizhou, he immediately "emphasized the method of merging powerful countries" and thus received the effect of "making the people happy". As long as we look at Wei Zhi's reflection, we can see that under Cao Cao's rule, the political outlook and social atmosphere from the central to the local are different from before. Few ministers in North Korea engage in graft; Unscrupulous local officials and strongmen have also been restrained to some extent. Sima Guang said that Cao Cao's "turning chaos into governance" was not groundless. Moreover, the officials he elected should be "sensible" and be able to govern the country according to law. Cao Cao also advocates honesty. He used Cui Yan and Mao Jie for the election. "Everyone he uses is honest and upright. Although he was famous at that time, he didn't do what he should do, and he was finally admitted. " Thrift guides people, so people all over the world are inspired by honesty and thrift. Although your minister, dare not cross. "So the social atmosphere has improved.
Complementing the implementation of the rule of law policy is to concentrate on yourself as much as possible and not let the princes form a party. He ordered: "In this Qing Dynasty, even though personal relationships were better than others, it was useless to serve the country and the king." Fuck, in order to supervise the governors, the establishment of "school affairs" was opposed by the minister, who thought it was an "untrustworthy purpose" Cao Cao explained it this way: "If you want to stab, you can do a lot of things, but you can't." The so-called "sages and gentlemen" mainly refers to noble ministers, who have been officials all their lives, have branches and leaves attached, and have great fame and influence. On the one hand, we should win over the Rightists and make them occupy the upper position without real power; On the one hand, they also use ordinary school affairs to check their behavior. Is it necessary to do this? You can use Sun Quan's words to answer later. Sun Quan said: "The disciples of Chang Wen (Chen Qunzi) used to be able to keep good deeds and try their best to behave themselves, but they were afraid of being strict and did not dare to do anything wrong." Sun Quan followed suit and set up a school post, which showed that it was reasonable to set up a school supervisor in order to prevent the recurrence of the ministers' group at the end of the Han Dynasty and the small group of Yuan Shao Group. From the internal structure of Cao Wei regime, there are the most noble ministers, and the potential danger is heavier. Cao Cao planned for himself and future generations, and set up school affairs to wait on the ministers. Although it is harsh and political, it is difficult to subdue them without it. The history book says: "Cao Gong is strict and an official, so he often adds a stick." . Cao Cao also let the general's family live in his home to prevent them from fleeing from themselves, which is a reflection of the estrangement and contradiction between Cao Cao and his subordinates.
On the whole, under Cao Cao's rule, the Yellow River Basin has a certain degree of political clarity, the economy has gradually recovered, the class oppression has been slightly alleviated, and the social atmosphere has improved. Therefore, we say that the unification of the north and some corresponding measures still have positive effects.
(2) Cao Cao is an outstanding strategist.
First of all, Cao Cao is good at commanding generals; For example, in the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Cao Cao left three generals, Zhang Liao, Lejin and Li Dian, and Xue Mian, the defender, to guard the battle. The following year, before Cao Cao led his army to the west to explore Zhang Lu, he sent someone to send Fatwa to Xue Mian. The cover said, "A thief is a thief." . Soon, Sun Quan personally led 100,000 troops to attack Hefei, and Xue Biao and others wrote a letter, saying, "If Sun Quan arrives, General Zhang and General Li will go out, General Le will defend himself, and the army will not have to fight." At this time, the total number of defenders in Hefei was only 7000. Being outnumbered, you will wonder whether it is the best policy to divide your troops and go out. Zhang Liao said, "Grandpa will go on an expedition, but if you save him, you will be defeated. Therefore, we should attack the religion and its failure, break its prosperity, reassure the public, and then defend it. The chance of success or failure, in this battle, why do you doubt! " Li Dian smell speech, immediately agreed. So Liao and the pawn night recruited 800 people who dared to follow, killing cattle. At dawn the next day, Liao, who held a halberd, took the lead, killed dozens of people, beheaded two generals, shouted his name and went straight to Sun Quan's headquarters. Seeing Liao's ferocity, Quan was at a loss and frightened, so he had to climb up the mound and defend himself with a halberd. Liao told Quan to fight, but Quan did not dare to move. When he saw Liao Serenade, he gathered around Liao. Liao broke through again and again, and those in power were invincible. No one dares to be that person. From the early wars to Japan and China, the Wu people seized the air superiority. Liao and others are still on the defensive, and everyone is at ease. After World War I, the whole army lost its momentum and stayed in Hefei for more than ten days, that is, withdrew its troops. With the departure of the public, the power and number of people will remain in the north of xiaoyaojin. When Zhang Liao saw it from a height, he rode his horse to act quickly and captured Quan alive. He fought to the death with Gan Ning, Ling Tong, and Quan began to flee on a fine horse, and several of them were captured alive. Historians are full of praise for Cao Cao's killing order. Hu Sansheng thinks that Cao Cao is brave and sharp in Liao and Yunnan, which makes him fight. Cheer up. Keep it. "Sun Sheng believes that Cao Cao's original intention is to be brave and afraid of deployment," in cahoots ". I think: Zhang Liao is brave and good at fighting, and Le Jin is also famous for his "small fruit". He always takes the lead in the battle, "struggling to break through and be invincible." I am afraid it is wrong to describe Le Jin as a "timid" person or a person who can only be "cautious". Cao Cao meant to know that Sun Quan was coming, and he would rely on a large number of troops, and Hefei would be arrogant and underestimate the enemy. We can take this opportunity to give an inaudible surprise attack. That is, as Zhang Liao said, "If you don't accept it, you will be arrogant", that's all. Cover your troops quickly, cover them unprepared, and know how to anticipate the enemy. This is extremely clear.
Because Sun Quan often invaded Hefei, Cao Wei and the secretariat of some States near Hefei also led troops to station troops here. In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Cao Cao ordered Pei Qian, the Yanzhou secretariat stationed in Hefei, to prepare for the March. Because there was no military atmosphere in Hefei at this time, Pei Qian and others did not act quickly. Wen Hui, the secretariat of Yangzhou, secretly said to Pei Qian, "This is an urgent matter in Xiangyang. I want to go there. So don't worry, don't want to disturb people far away. In a day or two, there will be a secret book to promote the Qing and Jin Dynasties, and Zhang Liao and others will be called again. Liao will know the king's will at the same speed, and then call first, and you will blame it! " So Pei Qian quickly prepared for an urgent March. Sure enough, the order to March quickly was received. Then Zhang Liao and others also received letters. It shows that Cao Cao has strict constraints on generals, and there is no room for slow-motion letters.
As can be seen from the above, Cao Cao is good at using generals and strict with them, but he can get their support. Even Sun Quan said that Cao Cao "emperors and princes are rare since ancient times". Prove that Cao Cao is good at commanding generals.
Cao Cao is also resourceful and always improvises in strategy and tactics. When fighting, Cao often makes decisions according to the situation of the enemy and ourselves, which is changeable. As mentioned earlier. In a series of wars with Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao, Ma Chao, Han Sui and other drug farmers, Cao Cao often used the methods of introducing from the east, evading reality, ambushing, circuitous, raiding, alienating, robbing food, attacking them unprepared, and abandoning things to lure the enemy in order to win and turn weakness into strength. Strategically, Cao concentrated the wisdom of his subordinates, chose good and followed, and rarely made mistakes. For example, when Cao Cao and Lu Bu fought for Yanzhou, Tao Qian, a herdsman in Xuzhou, died of illness. Cao Cao wanted to take the opportunity to attack Xuzhou and then attack Lu Bu. Yu Xun dissuaded it. Cao Cao changed his mind and defeated Lu Bu with all his strength to pacify Yanzhou. Then Xuzhou joined the party. In the sixth year of Jian 'an (20 1), that is, the second year after the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao decided to settle on Hebei for lack of food, and wanted to break ground for salt, so as to attack Liu Biao during this period. Yu Xun said, "Shao has been defeated, and all his men are indifferent. It is advisable to take advantage of its difficulties; And carry Yan, Yu, away from Shijiang and Han. If you collect its embers, it will be business. " Cao Cao followed, and finally settled Jizhou.
As can be seen from the above, Yu Xun corrected Cao Cao's wrong ideas in strategic decision-making many times, which played a key role in Cao Cao's success or failure. Other counselors, such as Xun You and Guo Jia, had similar feats and were praised by Cao Cao. It proved that Cao Cao attached great importance to strategic deployment and had a thorough discussion with the group members in advance. His ability to adopt other people's correct strategies shows that he has strong judgment.
When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao confronted Dong Zhuo, Shao asked Cao Cao, "Why don't you make things up?" Cao Cao said, "What does the first step mean?" Shao said, "My south is near the river, and my north is against Yan and Dai. I am also a member of the army. How can I help the southern world? " Cao Cao said, "I am the wisdom of the world, and I can resist it with Tao." Cao Cao said to others, "Is Tang and King Wu the same as the earth?" With insurance as capital, we can't change according to opportunities. "One of the main reasons why Cao Cao Can defeated the enemy is, as he himself said," to gain the wisdom of the world ",that is, to give full play to the wisdom of his deputies and the fighting enthusiasm of the soldiers. The so-called "sages don't love their plans, and the group of scholars spare no effort." "
No matter how well Cao Cao has done in strategy and tactics, his army can't do without strong fighting capacity. Lu Bu's army claimed to be brave; Yuan Shao's army has the largest number, and after many contests, it was defeated by Cao Cao, which shows that Cao Cao's fighting capacity is very strong. The reason why Cao Cao has strong fighting capacity is that Cao Cao has always taken measures such as streamlining troops and simplifying administration, and attaching importance to grain production and transportation. Cao Cao once said: "Lonely people can always defeat the enemy with fewer soldiers, but they always want to increase the number of soldiers and ignore the rest. It is because of the advocacy of the former dynasties that they love horses for soldiers. " I'm not satisfied with many officials. I love to send meals to soldiers. "Cao Cao said that during the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shaoyou had ten thousand armor collars, and he only had twenty. Yuan Shao has three hundred armour, but he doesn't even have ten armour. Although Cao Cao's army is small in number and poorly equipped, Cao Cao pays more attention to discipline and rewards and punishments strictly. As a result, Yuan Jun was defeated. On one March, Cao Cao ordered that horses should not trample on wheat fields. Any violation will be beheaded. So the soldiers all dismounted and walked to avoid trampling on the wheat. But Cao Cao's horse was surprised and stepped on the wheat field. So Cao Cao drew his sword and cut off a lock of his hair as punishment. Although this is just a show, it can also show that Cao Cao is more serious in maintaining the law in the army. In the early days, there were many defeats and wars, but the army never collapsed, because it was well managed and had good cooperation and support politically and economically. Therefore, we can finally turn the corner and turn the weak into the strong. Other warlords, such as Yuan Shaoze, "the imperial army is lenient and the law is not established"; Lyu3 bu4 "brave but not scheming" and "light and cunning"; Liu Biao "does not study military affairs" and only "protects the environment and defends himself"; Yuan Shu is "extravagant" and "good without fiber". "So fucking can finally break them one by one.
It can be said that Cao is an outstanding strategist in ancient times.
(3) Cao Cao's character and style.
Cao Cao is one of the famous figures in the history of China, and people have different views on him, with different opinions. The destroyer described him as a white-faced traitor, an ultra-egoist, who specializes in politics. "It is better to die than to die"; Those who respect him aim to be heroes, outstanding strategists, politicians and writers. According to relevant historical records, good and evil are wrong, and it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. If you rely on some accounts unilaterally and take them out of context, even if you publish more commentary articles, it will not help. When commenting on historical figures, we should sum up the mainstream things (such as virtue, talent, merit, excess, goodness, evil, function, influence, etc.). ) from the relevant reliable accounts, so as to draw a definite conclusion. It is not only necessary to compare this character with his contemporaries, but also with people of the same type in the long river of history, so it is not difficult to estimate its value in all aspects and determine its historical role. For example, we have analyzed Cao Cao's loyalty and treachery, and Cao Wei's regime was painstakingly managed by Cao Cao under the influence of the peasant uprising. At that time, there were no people in the Han Dynasty, so what power could Cao Cao usurp in the Han Dynasty? Cao Cao did play a trick of "holding the emperor to make the princes", but by doing so, the nominal national oak was extended to the Han Dynasty for more than 20 years. If Cao Cao is a traitor, who are the loyal ministers of Eryuan, Liu Biao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan? If you can't find a loyal minister who can safeguard the Han regime, can you still say that Cao Cao is a traitor?
As for whether Cao Cao is treacherous to people? Dedicated to self-interest Is it true that Cao Cao said in the legend that "it is better to die than to die"? According to the reflection (volume 1) and the Ji of Emperor Wudi, Wei was quoted in the book:
Mao was eventually defeated by Zhuo, so he didn't bow his head and fled to his hometown. He rode his old friend Gao Lv Boshe several times, but Boshe was not there. His son and guests robbed Mao, robbed horses and things, and Mao killed several people with a blade.
The annotation of Emperor Wudi Ji quoted again:
Mao lived in luxury and traveled in luxury. His five sons were there to prepare for the ceremony. Mao killed eight people with his sword in the night.
Liang Wudi's annotation of Ji quoted Miscellaneous Notes:
Mao heard the sound of his food container and thought it was for himself, so he killed it at night. Then he said sadly, "I'd rather be negative than negative!" " Go ahead.
According to Shu Wei, killing people by whoring is after being robbed, and this kind of killing is not a villain, but an act of punishing gangsters. Miscellaneous Notes says that killing people at night is afraid that others will kill themselves, so it is better to start first. This can also be said to be an act of "it is better to die than to die". However, after the exercise, I soon felt sad and sad, indicating that killing was a misunderstanding, and I was not willing to be a naturally negative person. Moreover, the language of "Better die than die" is only found in this book, and the other two books have not mentioned it. This shows that this statement is not reliable. Judging from the actual situation at that time, if you run away from fear, you will be as busy as a bee, and Ann will easily do things that kill people and cause trouble. If he is afraid of others and wants to help himself, he should run away while others are unprepared. Why did he kill to increase his guilt? The records in the above three books are quite different, so Chen Shou is useless. Pei's note is quoted, but no comments are made, which is for record only. Therefore, we should not regard it as a real substance. Instead of obsessing over this question, we should look for the answer from many more concrete actions. Chen Gong, for example, was originally a hero who supported Cao Cao's struggle for state animal husbandry, and Cao Cao "treated him like a son". But then Chen Gong took advantage of Cao Cao's crusade against Xuzhou to graze Tao Qian, rebel against Cao Cao, and welcome Lu Bu as Yanzhou shepherd, which caused Cao Cao to fall several times. Later, Chen Gong and Lu Bu were captured. "Please castrate, Cao Cao will cry", which is quite old. After the death of the palace, "it is thicker than raising his mother and marrying his daughter." Another example is the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14). Before Kuai Yue died, Cao Cao was asked to take care of his family. Cao Cao reported that "the dead are reborn, the living are innocent, and there are a few tricks." You will hear this statement when you do so many things. " It can be seen that Cao Cao has no responsibility for the entrustment of the deceased. Wang Shen's son was punished by Cao Pi for participating in the satirical rebellion of Wei. Cao Cao sighed and said, "You alone will not let Zhong Xuan have no offspring." It is more widely known that Jinbi saved Cai Wenji from the southern Xiongnu. Cao Cao also said to himself: "I have never done anything wrong in my heart", which shows that he is afraid of being negative, and it seems impossible to say "I would rather be negative than negative". Lv Simian said, "Treat others with a gentle attitude." . This statement is in line with the facts. Most of the rumors and anecdotes about cheating are not historical truth. But where did this statement come from? First of all, Cao Cao is good at using troops. "Set a surprise attack according to the situation and make the enemy win." Lu Bu once warned his subordinates: "Cao Cao is too arrogant." As a result, some people extended the "excessive criticism" when using troops to their own people and style; Secondly, Chen Shou said that Cao Cao was "less alert and more political". "Holding the emperor to make the princes" is his politics, and Zhao controls the people with politics. Political employment does have its place, but it is also partial to say that he relies entirely on political employment. How many feudal political leaders don't use politics? How many didn't kill anyone? Yuan Shao has asked Cao Cao to kill Yang Biao, Kong Rong and Liang Shao. Take Kong Rong for example, he didn't kill people at will! When he was appointed as Beihai Xiang, he killed five Du You for "underpaying rent tax". Kong Rong can't protect itself and refuses to cooperate with neighboring counties. Therefore, Zuo suggested that he "build a strong country by himself" and was killed by Kong Rong only because of this suggestion. As for the founding emperors of the past dynasties, it is unfair to blame others for indiscriminate killing.
Fuck this stain. First of all, he participated in suppressing the Yellow Scarf Uprising. Many places have already mentioned this matter, so I won't elaborate on it. Secondly, he committed the crime of killing Xuzhou people, which was also said before. There are always different opinions about why Cao Cao attacked Xuzhou to graze Tao Qian. Even if Cao's father was really killed, Cao should not kill innocent people. Chen Shou described Cao Cao's affairs in the History of the Three Kingdoms and never made excessive comments. He described Cao Cao's atrocities in attacking Xuzhou in a simpler way than his book, but he also had to admit that he had "destroyed too much". Cao Cao also has a decree that "those who surround and then fall will not be forgiven", and Cao Cao and his men often "slaughter the city" and cannot be forgiven. Others, for example, when Cao Cao attacked Lu Bu in Xiapi, Guan Yu repeatedly asked Cao Cao for Du Fu, the wife of General Qin, and Cao Cao "suspected his color and greeted him in advance because he had it for himself." Not long before this, when Cao Cao gave Wan the hand, he also accepted his aunt, which caused a rebellion. Things like this were not bad at that time, but they were always lacking. When commenting on Cao Cao, Chen Shou highly praised his achievements in strategy, contingency, magic, employment and entrepreneurship, and never praised his moral character. When talking about Liu Bei-shi, Chen Shou thought that "Wei Wu could not be arrested if the machine power was ignored". However, he strongly praised Liu Bei's "Hongyi is generous, knowing people and being a good teacher". It shows that Chen Shou is good at grasping the characteristics of Cao and Liu in virtue.
Many people think that Cao Cao was an outstanding strategist in ancient China, and I quite agree with him. Some people still think that Cao Cao is an outstanding politician in ancient China, which I think is a bit high. Because Cao Cao has atrocities of killing innocent people. An outstanding politician should not be like this. In addition, Cao Cao also has shortcomings in his personal moral style, which is despised by future generations. Since he is called a politician in history, he should set an example for future generations. Cao Cao is not up to standard in this respect.
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I would rather teach me to be negative to everyone than to teach everyone to be negative to me. "
This is the most prominent aspect of Cao Cao's ambition. He can be wrong, but his subordinates cannot be wrong. There is a two-part allegorical saying that Cao Cao killed Lv Boshe-he was wrong when he was wrong. In order to seize the world, relying on the emperor to be a vassal is the embodiment of Meng De's great talent. He is in no hurry to achieve success, knows how to hide his strength and look forward to it. However, a wise man's efforts will fail, and his suspicious heart has no intention of being the reason for his failure.
His ambition can also be reflected in his cruel nature. In order to avenge his father, he attacked the city and plundered the land, killing tens of thousands of people, and innocent debris stopped the drowning people.
However, his great talents are still told for us.
Cao Cao is a famous historical figure in China. For thousands of years, there have been different opinions about Cao Cao. Those who are praised are heroes who serve the world, and those who are eliminated are called traitors and treacherous courtiers. Cao Cao's historical achievement in unifying the North is an indelible historical fact. In the northern unification war, Cao Cao played a prominent role, and the battle of Guandu laid the foundation for northern reunification. I agree that Cao Cao is a strategist. Some scholars think that Cao Cao is a poet, and I agree with him. Because "wine is a song, what is the geometry of life?" ..... The poem "The Duke of Zhou vomits food, and the world returns to the heart" is not a literary artistic conception that ordinary literati can achieve.
Some people think Cao Cao is a politician, but I think some comments are on the high side. First of all, Cao Cao committed the atrocity of killing people. In A.D. 193, Cao Cao avenged his father Cao Song, and once bloodbath Xuzhou and the unarmed people who fled Yong and Liang. The war is cruel and the people are innocent. They should not be victims of wars between warlords. Hundreds of thousands of Li people were massacred, and "Surabaya is not smooth" (biography of the later Han Dynasty) recorded that the killing scene was tragic at that time. It's cruel. This incident exposed the cruelty in Cao Cao's heart. It is also the biggest stain of Cao Cao's life. Cao Cao also committed the crime of suppressing peasant rebels, and his hands were covered with the blood of the Yellow Scarf Army. Secondly, Cao Cao's personal style has great problems. Cao Cao is very lewd. Although the "sage" has a wonderful exposition that "food, color and sex are also important", Cao Cao is really crazy about women. In Zhang, he caught his aunt. When he beat Lu Bu, he caught his wife, Qin. Although it is not very bad, it should be condemned on moral issues. Finally, Cao Cao slaughtered many civil servants and military commanders for his own power. Kong Rong, Yang Xiu, Cui Yan and others who made great contributions to Cao Cao also died one after another. It proves the bad style that feudal rulers can use it for us and kill it without using it. It is ridiculous that Mr. Guo Moruo, the so-called tycoon in China's literary world, should write such a worthless article as "repeating the mistakes of Cao Cao". The article did not face up to some crimes of Cao Cao's massacre of the people, and unilaterally advocated Cao Cao's reclamation. Cao Cao's reclamation is actually a very exploitative system, which is not worth imitating by future generations. Lu Xun, who is worshipped by our people, thinks that Cao Cao is at least a hero. Where is Cao Cao's hero? But it's not clear. Any extreme evaluation of Cao Cao's views is wrong. We should evaluate and understand Cao Cao more dialectically and fairly.
The story of Lu bu and dixin
■ An astrological book "Kaiyuan Zhan Jing" once quoted the story of "The Story Of Diu Sim" in the history books.
According to the research of scholar Meng Fanren, the story of Diusim, surnamed Ren, was born in Muer Village, Jiuyuan County, Bingzhou County. At the age of 65,438+05, he was elected to the palace to take charge of the crown of Diusim story worn by courtiers (the hat of Han Dynasty attendants) and changed his name to Diusim story. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the court storm suddenly broke out, and the story of Diusim went out of the palace and was adopted by Stuart Wang Yun. Soon Dong Zhuo was authoritarian. Wang Yun took advantage of Dong and Lu's lewdness, so he let Diusim's story play a "serial trick", which eventually prompted Lu Bu to kill Dong Zhuo and made a great contribution. Later, diusim became the story of Lu Bu's concubine. After Lu Bu died in the White Gate Tower, Cao Cao repeated the "serial stratagem" to the Taoyuan brothers and gave it to Guan Yu. In order not to hurt the Taoyuan brothers, Diusim's story was protected by Guan Yu and escaped as a nun. When Cao Cao learned about it, he arrested the story of Diusim, and the story of Diusim fell to his sword and died.
Hu, director of the Romance Society of the Three Kingdoms in China, director of the Dream of Red Mansions Society in China and president of Sichuan Administration College, believes that in some unofficial history, the story of Diesim is called Guan Yu's concubine, but whether this is the case still needs textual research. The social status of women in feudal society and the story of Diusim herself as a concubine decided that the official history could not be recorded in detail.
"The story of Diusim has no historical record." Sun Jiazhou, a professor of history at Renmin University of China, first objectively stated the historical conclusion. He added: However, in the biography of Lu Bu, the historical fact that Lu Bu had an affair with Dong Zhuo's maid-in-waiting was indeed recorded-"Zhuo often kept Lu Bu in the Intermediate People's Court, and Lu Bu had an affair with Zhuo's maid-in-waiting, fearing that things would be discovered and he was uneasy"; The historical fact that Dong Zhuo angered and stabbed Lu Bu was also seen in Lu Bu Biography-"Zhuo was headstrong and frustrated, throwing cloth with a halberd and avoiding it with a fist." Therefore, the story of the character diusim may not be invented, but exists from history. Because of her humble status, she may just be called "maid-in-waiting".
Another scholar, Zhou, found that Kaiyuan, a book on astrology in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, once quoted The Story Of Diu Sim from the history books. Kaiyuan Zhan Jing (this book is still handed down from generation to generation, and has been newly printed in recent years) Volume 33: "When you are confused, you must be a woman. Zhan Zhuyun's "Han Shu":' Before Cao Cao's success, he lured Dong Zhuo and went to The Story Of Diu Sim to confuse the monarch.' "It's a pity that the book Hanshu Tongzhi no longer exists.
■ There are arcades across the street, front hall, back hall, Wang Yun Street, Dixin Stage and Diaochan Tomb in Mu Zhi Village.
Stone, retired to the West Lake, spend their twilight years. Wang Zhaojun left the fortress and died for his good neighbor. The "green grave" still exists in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Yang Guifei died in Maweipo because of the mutiny, and her fate is well documented in the history books. Although all three beauties have lost their minds except the story of Diusim, and the Qingling still exists, the story of Diusim's life and death is endless, and a wisp of fragrant soul doesn't know where to join.
From the perspective of archaeology, can we get any trace of the story of the existence of diusim in history?
Scholar Mr. Meng Fanren told the author that he discovered the story of Diusim's hometown through textual research:
Diusim's hometown is Mu Zhi Village, three kilometers southeast of Xinzhou City, on the way from Taiyuan or Xinzhou to Wang Yudong. Mu Zhi Village was originally rich in Auricularia auricula, hence the name Auricularia auricula village. Later, it was renamed Mu Zhi Village, because a Ganoderma lucidum was found under the locust tree in the village. According to the legend in the village, as early as three years before the birth of the story of Diesim, the peaches and apricot trees in the village had stopped flowering, and they are still difficult to survive, which means that the story of Diesim is ashamed of flowers. There are archway, front hall, back hall, Wang Yun Street, Dixin Stage and Diaochan Tomb in the village.
According to villagers' legend, after the three brothers in Taoyuan gained power, they sent the story of Diusim back to their hometown and buried him here when he was old. He also told the story of Diusim throwing himself at the sword, and Guan Yu escorted the body back to his hometown for burial. Therefore, there is a statue of Guan Yu in the back hall, and there is a stage in front of the hall to show the story of Diusim's acting, which is a reward for Guan Yu's refusal to kill and escort. In addition, Zhonghuo Village in the southeast of Dingxiang County is the hometown of Lu Bu, and there are folk legends such as "Huo Qingquan", "Catch the Red Rabbit" and "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon", all of which are related to Lu Bu. Therefore, there is a folk saying that "there is no good girl in Xinzhou and no good man in Dingxiang", which means that because of the story of Diusim and Lu Bu, Xinzhou can no longer produce beautiful women and Dingxiang can no longer produce handsome men.
■ Zeng Xingfa, a 68-year-old resident of the northern suburb of Chengdu, is said to have collected the story of Diusim's tombstone.
A clue provided by Chengdu citizens immediately shocked historians-the story of the tomb of Diesim was discovered in the northern suburb of Chengdu.
The clue provider is a cadre surnamed Dai from a cultural station in the northern suburb of Chengdu. According to him, in 197 1 year, when building a local railway branch line, a big tomb was dug up, and two big monuments, an official script and a seal script, were dug up in the tomb. According to the inscription, the owner of this tomb is the story of Diusim.
Zeng Xingfa, a 68-year-old resident of the northern suburb of Chengdu, is said to have collected the story of Diusim's tombstone.
He recalled that one day in May of 197 1, a detachment of an engineering team of Chengdu Railway Bureau was repairing roads in this area, and the bulldozer suddenly fell into a pit about 8 meters long, 6 meters wide and 4 meters deep during the operation. At that time, more than 20 workers came to the engineering team and said that they would dig the pit into a slope and get the bulldozer out. Digging and digging, someone was surprised to find that the pit was surrounded by colorful murals, pictures, and some designs of unknown animals such as tigers. Then two tombstones were dug up together, and some people said it must be an ancient tomb. The construction team surrounded the pit and dug it again carefully. According to him, it seems that the tomb in the south was dug first. There are two red sandstone stone gates in the pit, about 8 cm thick, which are the main gate and the main gate respectively. After entering the door, it is a hall. Later, a calf bone and a lock of hair were dug out of the pit. His wife also found a "copper piece" 33 cm long and two fingers wide in the pit. After scrubbing in the water for a while, it became clean and bright. Finally, because there was no more digging in the pit and no one said anything about protection, the grave was filled and the railway was built. After the two tombstones were dug up, Zeng Xingfa said that he had pushed the official script home. The tablet is about 80 cm square and 6 cm thick. The tablet is blue-gray and weighs more than 50 kilograms. The seal script was later smashed by the dolls in the village, and the official script was taken away a few years later.
Zeng Xingfa also led the reporter to the original site of the tomb pit that year. Outside the freight yard of Chengdu East Station, where several railways extend side by side, the old man told reporters that this is the marshalling line of railways. Pointing to one paragraph, he said, "This place was the place where the monument was dug, and now it is only a few meters deep from the ground." The tomb mentioned by the old man Zeng Xingfa is just one of several railway lines, and he has the opportunity to shuttle to the group goods from time to time.
According to Lin Yaoqing, a retired history teacher from Chengdu No.38 Middle School, he also witnessed this monument. He thinks this monument may be a monument to the story of Diusim's eldest daughter. He remembered that the inscription said that the tomb site was "Yongning Loess Slope, Jixian Township, Huayang County ...". Inscribed on the tablet are "My wife is the eldest daughter of Di Xin, who went to Shu with me" and "Di Xin and Wang are also geisha, who died for their country because of Dong Zhuo's madness ... and went to Shu with Emperor Yan". According to Lin Yaoqing, when the ancient monument was unearthed, many workers in the locomotive depot also looked around and read the inscription to dozens of people present. Later, this monument was taken home by the old man Zeng Xingfa, and it did happen.
These Chengdu citizens who have witnessed and collected the story of Diusim's tombstone do not believe in the theory of "Diusim's fictional story".
As soon as the news that "the story of Diesim's Tomb is in Chengdu" came out, it immediately attracted the attention of relevant research experts.
Professor Hu, director of the Romance Society of the Three Kingdoms in China, director of the Dream of Red Mansions Society in China and Sichuan Administration College, called this news "the first time". He said that from the perspective of archaeology, material evidence is the standard, but from the perspective of sociology and folklore, witness is also a kind of evidence. The story of Diusim's tombstone appeared in Chengdu, which is obviously not a fabrication. He believes that the story of Deusim should exist in history. Professor Hu believes that there are two possibilities for the story of Diesim to enter Sichuan in his later years or to be buried in Shu after his death. In some unofficial history, the story of Diusim is said to be the concubine of Guan Yu. If so, it is possible to go to Shu with Guan Yu.
When talking about the story of Diesim, Li Dianyuan, a researcher at the Sichuan Provincial Museum of Literature and History and editor of the Journal of Literature and History, said, "Since the story of Diesim may exist as a historical figure and there is no exact destination in the historical books, it is not impossible to live in Sichuan. If she is Lu Bu's wife, she can't stay in the Central Plains after Lu Bu was killed. The most likely thing is to find a hidden place and hide her name. At that time, Sichuan should be the ideal place. " (Zhang Jingjing)