Hu Zhongzao's case has its particularity in a series of literary prison cases in Qing Dynasty. This is a disaster because of the factional struggle between courtiers. I don't know why the party's political system is not bad in Europe, but the positive significance implied by the party can't be found in China under thousands of years of dynasty totalitarianism. It would be foolish if China's political skills were premature compared with those of the Western Middle Ages.
Hu Zhongzao is from Xinjian County, Jiangxi Province. 1736 was admitted to Jinshi. He was the examiner of Radio 2 during the exam, so he became the master of Radio 2 virtually. In order to compete with Zhang for power and profit, E Ertai naturally used his examiner to form his own power. E Ertai is actually a famous military general. During Yongzheng's reign, he fought in the north and made great contributions, but he was very literary. Therefore, he also presided over the literary world during Yongzheng and Qianlong periods. As a bachelor of imperial academy, he naturally has to preside over the exam.
After Qianlong acceded to the throne, E Ertai and Zhang presided over the army. At this time, Qianlong had seen the signs of cronyism of Manchu ministers, so he repeatedly warned courtiers not to engage in cronyism. 1740, Qianlong said in the imperial edict: "Ignorant people, such as Manchus, think they are attached to E Ertai, while Han people think they are attached to Zhang. They are not only humble members, that is, assistant ministers and ministers, but also inevitable ... ". In the seventh year of Qianlong, E Ertai was exposed to form a party with Erongan for personal gain. Therefore, although Gan Long treated him lightly and stayed in his original post without going to jail, E Ertai was very worried and eventually had a heart attack and died soon.
After E Ertai's death, Hu Zhongzao became a political student in Shaanxi and Guangxi. It seems that he has nothing to do with the nepotism case of Channel 2. However, when he thought he could retire to his hometown and spend his old age safely, he suffered because of "grinding poetry hard". Long before Ertai lost power, Gan Long noticed Hu Zhongzao in Ertai Party and expressed dissatisfaction with some words in his Jian Mo Shi Sheng Banknotes. In addition, the political sensitivity of algae in Hu is not strong. As a scholar, he should know that the emperor is most taboo to collude with the party. But he pretended to be E Ertai's protege, attacked Zhang Pai, and often cooperated with E Ertai's nephew and Gansu Governor.
1Feb. 755, Governor Wei Zhezhi of Guangxi was ordered by Gan Long: "Take Hu Zhongzao's examination questions, sing poems with others, and strictly play fast." Wei Zhezhi found out Hu Zhongzao's examination questions, 36 chorus poems and a text. Later, when Liu Tongxun, Governor of Shaanxi but Gansu Province, went to Anxi from Chang E, he personally went to the Lanzhou Governor's Office to search, sealed his letters with Hu Zhongzao together with his poems, and presented them to the capital. /kloc-in February of 0/3, Qianlong summoned the university students and Jiuqing, denouncing Hu Zhongzao's "disdain, hatred and hypocrisy", saying that his "rebellious words" were more than those of Justine, Ceng Jing and Lv Liuliang. Accusing Hu Zhongzao's poem "I have no sun and moon" is an allusion to the darkness of Qing dynasty's rule; "another autumn in summer, autumn and winter" is the curse that the Qing dynasty will be replaced by the new dynasty; "One heart talks about turbidity and clarity" is to intentionally add turbidity to the name of the Qing Dynasty and attack the imperial court; "Even the son of a day wears clothes", which is used in the sentence "Heaven Emperor", is regarded as disrespectful to Gan Long. It's very slow ... In the test questions given by Hu Zhongzao when he was a student, Gan Long also speculated some clues for no reason. For example, the title "Doing three stubborn things is not like a dragon saying" is a mockery of Gan Long. In addition, "birds and animals cannot be in the same group" and "dogs and animals cannot be in the same group"
After Hu Zhongzao weaved a series of specious theories, Gan Long decided that this was treason and ordered a company and relevant courtiers to examine and approve the proposed performance section by section. A company sentenced Ling Chi to death for Hu Zhongzao's "outrageous behavior", and all men above 16 were beheaded. However, after receiving the company's judgment, Gan Long appeared hypocritical. "Since I was an imperial, I have never committed a crime because of words. But Hu Zhong's "Hard Grinding Poetry Banknotes" is full of slanders, so I have to declare the constitution as an example. " In order to show his tolerance and kindness, Gan Long showed special kindness and avoided the execution of Hu Zhongzao in the middle of the year.
On the surface, the Hu Zhongzao case is similar to the Justine case. The emperor's dissatisfaction with his exams and poems is actually a crime, but this is because Hu is attached to powerful people and engages in malpractices with the party. As an influential scholar at that time, Hu Zhongzao's suppression of Hu Zhongzao can, on the one hand, curb the Han people's theory of "Hua Yi" and, on the other hand, kill two birds with one stone.
As a perfect old man and a prosperous and wise master, Gan Long has committed many crimes of killing literati indiscriminately and wantonly in his life. We will enlarge the horizon of history, look back hundreds of years and see what he did. There is no doubt that it is not an exaggeration to classify him as a tyrant. However, if we restore the true colors of history and consider the current environment, what is there to doubt in order to consolidate Statism?
Two. Hu Zhongzao's Conviction and Qianlong Literary Prison
Hu Zhongzao was a newly-built man in Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty. His name is Jane Emerson, and he is a bachelor of cabinet. Hu Zhongzao is E Ertai's most proud disciple. E Ertai was a famous study/military minister in Qianlong and Qianlong dynasties. Hu Zhongzao was finally killed because of the literary inquisition.
In our impression, many people who participated in the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty were folk literati, but officials who were beheaded like Hu Zhongzao were rare. Prior to this, an official, Xu Jun, was beheaded because "the breeze can't read, so why bother to turn over a book".
Due to the literary inquisition of Qianlong, we can't find the complete content of Hu Zhongzao's work "Jian Mo Shi Sheng Banknotes" now. It can only be seen through some conviction lyrics of Hu Zhongzao.
1, "There is no sun or moon all my life", "All my life falls in summer, autumn and winter"-the combination of the sun and the moon is Ming, and Qianlong thinks that poetry has the meaning of missing the former Ming.
2. "The difference between one thought is turbid and clear"-Qing is the country name, and Qianlong thinks that putting the turbid word before the country name is intended to insult the country name.
3. "The southern bucket sends me south, the Beidou sends me north, and the middle of the north-south bucket cannot be wide"-Gan Long thinks it is suspected of splitting the north and the south.
4. "The old Buddha is not sick now, and the door won't open." -Qianlong thinks it is ironic to refuse to open the door.
In fact, it can be seen from Hu Zhongzao's poems above that it is far-fetched to attribute these words to treason. Some people think that Hu Zhongzao's conviction is related to the political struggle of political parties in the Qing Dynasty. Hu is a proté gé of E Ertai. At that time, there was a struggle between two military strategists, Zhang and E Ertai. Hu Zhongzao's poems attracted the attention of Qianlong, which was inseparable from the clamor of Zhang Dang's disciples.
But I think that no matter what the process is, the final result is caused by the concept of literary inquisition.
I don't deny that Qianlong was outstanding as an emperor in some aspects, but I think one of the biggest stains in Qianlong's life was to engage in literary inquisition. In other words, literary inquisition is an important embodiment of Qianlong's ideological autocracy.
As a dynasty emperor, Qianlong was concerned about how to ensure the stability of dynasty rule and the continuation of imperial power. He doesn't understand that a society and a country must persist in letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend if they want to make progress. The ideological limitation of Qianlong is the inevitable result of the continuation of the autocratic culture of the dynasty for thousands of years. Qianlong and the Manchu nobles at that time were loyal apprentices of this culture.
Three. On Hu Zhongzao's Poem Prison
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Author Tang Tao
I once wrote an article called "Wen Zi Prison", which involved Hu Zhongzao. He thought that Hu was an authentic slave and would never hold racial views. Later, I saw an article on the same topic. The author thinks that although Hu Zhongzao is not a "national", his poems are "quite anti-Qing, and the beauty of ridicule is also". He quoted "The breeze can't read, why can't it turn over the books", "The Ming Dynasty showed its vibration and went to Beijing at one stroke" and "Ming Di put aside the pot (Hu) when he saw it today.
I'm afraid I can't find Jian Mo Shi Shengchao by Hu Zhongzao now. We don't know what the facts are. However, from the imperial edict of Qianlong, you can also see the poems picked. The first thing that Ganlong found outrageous was the title of the book, which read, "The bitter mill made Lu Lun, and the grinding nirvana mentioned by Confucius means that, like the Buddha, Hu Zhongzao was named after it. What sincerity does he have! " As for the poems I chose, I will copy a few below and briefly explain why Qianlong thinks he is rebellious.
(1) "I have no sun and moon" and "I have the fall of summer, autumn and winter"-the meaning of Qianlong, thinking that since Dingding in the Qing Dynasty, I have successfully pacified the city, far exceeding the Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, but I have fallen. This is unpopular.
(2) "One heart is turbid and bright"-put the turbid word on the country name.
(3) "Heaven is not beautiful", "Sven should be rude" and "When we meet, please look at Duane's back, and know that color belongs to Qiu Ren"-refers to his views on provoking Han Man.
(4) "Southern Dou sends me south, Beidou sends me north, and there can't be a dime in the middle of the northern and southern Dou", "Let Xiaoxiang go to the North Sea again, and look closely at the origin", "Clouds uncover Beidou, anger the south wind" and "rest the south wind to compete"-blame them for dividing the north and the south.
(5) "When Zhou was the emperor, cars and horses stopped", "The Beauty of Lost City" and "The snow is too high to climb, and the words praise Mo Ga"-because of the allusion, it has nothing to do with poetry, which means that the implication is slander.
(6) "The old Buddha is not sick now, and he can't open the door as soon as he listens." -Rumors.
(7) "There is no neutrality in the world", "Don't steal jackals for sightseeing" and "Three talents are born today". -the meaning of the word is crazy.
(8) "The sky shines on the sun and the moon, and there is no way to calculate the west and the east, and the princes of the five mountains are blasphemous. For a hundred years, they have been the same. " "Zhou was taken away by the times." -The former means to be ashamed of mountains and rivers, while the latter uses Zhao Zheng to slander people.
(9) "The Son of Heaven also wears clothes" "Today, it is also a mountain meeting, and jade is more than ten times." -three words, "extremely slow."
(10) "Qingfei voted for Wu Ken's resignation", "It's raining today, and it's like a Buddha burning a lamp on weekdays." -The first sentence is based on rumors, and the last two sentences are based on disaster relief.
(1 1) "I feel rootless when it comes to flush", "The husband belongs to the father, and the wife suffers from the mother", and "How can a woman be indifferent when she is in harmony?"-These poems chant the mourning of the filial queen, denouncing her husband and wife as emperors and fathers, while Hu Shi takes the monarch and ministers as fathers, so they are infatuated.
(12) "It's best to avoid my crown" "I'm afraid my body will break when I'm finished all my life" "If I can open it myself, I'll just unlock it" "I've been dizzy like a bird all my life" "You should ask me if I can save trouble in the Arabian sky" and "I'm afraid of catching the wind today"-all these are resentments.
The poem quoted above was picked by Qianlong from Hu Zhongzao's "Hard Grinding for Poetry Money", which is the rebellious evidence that Hu Zhongzao was killed. In my opinion, Hu Zhongzao not only has no racial views, but also has no irony that can be criticized. Some of his poems are to show off their talents, deliberately using several dangerous rhymes, uncommon classics and words irrelevant to the topic; Others pretend to complain, as if their great talents were buried. As for the words like "softness and firmness" and "Who knows that color belongs to Qiu Ren", I doubt whether they refer to praise.
Otherwise, Hu Zhong has long been infatuated with E Ertai and rewarded Chang E generation every day. Have you forgotten that they are also Tatars?
As for the gentleman's words, "The breeze can't read, what's the matter?" It was written by Xu Jun of Jishi Shu during the Yongzheng period. "The exhibition (period) of the Ming Dynasty was shocked and went to Beijing in one fell swoop" and "The emperor of the Ming Dynasty saw you today and put the pot (Hu) aside", which is Xu Shukui's poem "On a Tower with a Pillar". In tandem, it has nothing to do with Hu zhongzao. I don't know if I remember wrong.
In fact, Hu Zhongzao has no racial views and is obviously full of dryness. He picked a poem, as well as a fee, which was very reluctant. At first glance, he knew it was Luo Zhi's. Only the phrase "Remember the first door of Xilin" is what Gan Long really hates, which coincides with his repeated decrees prohibiting ministers from building the Party. So after the Hu case was closed, we put aside racial disputes and only talked about our views. It says:
"Hu made with its legacy, willing to be an eagle dog. In his poems, he slandered the bluefly. According to the confession, he refers to Zhang He, which shows that his opinion is unbreakable. In other words, it is impossible for Zhang's employer to treat E Ertai and Hu Zhongzao as bandits. E Ertai and Zhang didn't achieve much either, because they met the imperial examination and our king. Otherwise, why not! The minister set up a court to serve the country loyally. If they have different opinions, they will be attached to the villain. So they will try their best to think about it, and the group will respond. Gradually, it will be judged as incompatible, and the disadvantages of cronyism since ancient times have been noticed. ……"
Relying on his legacy, I am willing to be an eagle dog. This is really the sin of Hu Zhongzao, and that is the fate of my minions.
Many literary inquisitions in the Qing Dynasty have implications. For example, Justine was in Yongzheng, not because the title of "Wei Minzhi" and the prefix "Yongzheng" were cut off, but because he was an old genus of Longkedo; Shen Deqian was in Qianlong, not because the poem singing black peony claimed Zhu Fei seriously, but because he included the poem that replaced Qianlong to modify or grasp the knife in his own collection, which punctured the peep show. Hu Zhongzao's Poetry Prison is just one of these situations.