Connotation of Situational Teaching
Situational teaching refers to the introduction of,
Create or create a scene or atmosphere suitable for teaching content to arouse students' emotional experience and make them active in the situation.
Emotion, * * * in the situation, subconsciously enter the learning state to help students understand the teaching content quickly and accurately.
Teacher Li Jilin, who has made outstanding contributions to situational teaching in China, believes that "
The "situation" in "situational teaching" is taken from
The ancients meant "the thought of literature is far away".
Situational teaching is to make full use of images and create typical scenes.
Stimulate students' learning emotions and combine cognitive activities with emotional activities to promote the harmonious development of children as a whole.
A teaching model with important goals. "
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Situational teaching can really get out of its own way, mainly from the "realm theory" of China's ancient poems.
The result of nutrition. Liu Xie discussed the "realm" in Wen Xin Diao Long, and put forward the theory of "blending mind and things". place
Saying "emotion moves with things" and "expression of words" affirms the relationship among things, feelings and words. Situational teaching continues.
Inheriting and developing this idea, we have formed an understanding of the relationship between things, feelings, words and thoughts, that is, things stimulate feelings, feelings give rise to words, words promote thoughts, and thoughts deepen our understanding of things.
(2)
The Relationship between Situational Teaching and Ancient Poetry
In the Southern Dynasties, Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long that "feelings move with things and words are sent with feelings"; Wang Guowei in Qing Dynasty
In "The Thorn on Earth", there is also a saying that "scenery is not only a landscape, but also a realm of joys and sorrows".
There is also a famous saying in "Twenty Rhymes" by Mr. Ye Shengtao, a modern educator, "The author has good thoughts, and the introduction begins with relatives". this
These incisive expositions all clarify the close relationship between situation and people, and situation is the product of the blending of people and scenery.
As the saying goes, all landscape words are love words. The teaching of ancient poetry is to lead students to discover and appreciate beauty and enter the college of ancient poetry.
Describe the situation and appreciate the emotions contained in ancient poetry. Therefore, the application of situational teaching in the teaching process is very important for students.
Learning to understand is very helpful. As psychologist Rogers said, "To create a good teaching atmosphere is to ensure that there are
Important conditions for effective teaching.
2. What is poetry music therapy? Understand elegant and efficient poetry and music therapy. Good music and poetry can cure diseases. It is neither my own original nor unique to that famous artist.
It has been recorded in ancient and modern China and foreign countries. The difference is that most of the records are for rendering the touching artistic conception and artistic effect of the works.
However, before it was applied to clinic, I only had a glimpse of the study of the whole leopard for several years. After repeated practice and summary, today's unique therapy with equal emphasis on theory and method has been formed, which has curative effect on many chronic diseases.
Everything is a double-edged sword. Since good poems and songs, articles and songs can cure diseases.
Naturally, improper use can also cause diseases, onset and aggravation. That year, Cui Hu's song "Last year at this gate today, peach blossoms set each other off in red, people don't know where to go, but peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze" almost killed a girl! The lean Cao Cao read Chen Lin's Ask Cao Cao for Yuan Shao and cured his headache. Wu Zetian, the only queen in the history of our country, saw the problems in the mechanism of selecting talents and appointing people. And that lonely and melancholy expectation and the sad ending of mountains and rivers meeting bosom friends don't make us meditate a lot? It can be seen that if you can skillfully and properly use the lyrics, even if you are angry, you can wake people up and save them! However, the improper use of poetry and music, even if the true feelings are revealed and the artistic conception is moving, is like the autumn wind rustling flowers! So, how to use these therapies "in time"? To be honest, this application is really beyond words.
Theoretically, it can only be summarized, and its application lies in the comprehensive quality and insight of therapists. First, we know that any infectious work is the true artistic expression of the author's mind, reason and emotion.
Therefore, a poetry music therapist must first have a good cultural background. Be familiar with, carefully study and appreciate the touching artistic conception of poems, songs and music articles, and fully perceive and grasp the thoughts, feelings and connotations that the author wants to express.
All good and touching poems and articles have the author's soul, that is, the author's mind, emotion, rational understanding of things and persistent pursuit. In clinic, when understanding patients' problems, we should choose corresponding poems or articles according to the existing problems.
Treat love with affection, treat scenery with scenery, and treat things with reason. For example, a 16-year-old boy is introverted, cowardly, lacking in self-confidence, and has the characteristics of poetry and article therapy.
Then, first of all, we should analyze his degree of "introversion, cowardice and unconfidence", and then we should consider his culture and understanding. Then according to his severity, sort out the corresponding poems or articles.
These materials should be graded in more detail before being used in clinical treatment. In the case, I asked the boy's psychology, and I divided it into four grades.
There are five levels of content organization of poetry therapy. The basic principle of the content level of combined treatment is: 1, and the therapeutic nature of the lowest level of treatment content should not be higher than that of the highest level of patients 10%.
This is a crucial step, because the positive spirit in poetry content and the degree of encouragement to patients must match the patients' maximum introversion, cowardice and self-distrust. And this initial matching process must not fall too far. The smaller, the less inspiration, the better.
After high-low matching processing, it is generally not higher than 20%. 2. When the treatment level is in the middle, the patient has not improved obviously, so it is necessary to reanalyze the reasons, adjust and formulate a new treatment plan.
3. It should be clever and just right to use poetry to supplement and relieve symptoms. Clinically, if you meet Lin Daiyu, nine times out of ten, you should vent first and then make up for it.
4. If the patient is accompanied by some physical and pathological symptoms, the rhyme of the poem should be as close as possible to the rhyme of the six words "SHH, HU, SHU, HU" in the six-character formula for treating diseases. The last (fifth) content of the above cases is Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong" and Chairman Mao's "Snow".
The murderous look of "Man Jiang Hong" longing for the blood of Huns fundamentally cured the patient's "cowardice", while Qin's outstanding talent in "Snow" restrained and cultivated the murderous look of the former while enhancing his self-confidence, which improved and stabilized the overall treatment level in the first few passes. Second, the therapist should have extensive medical knowledge, especially my knowledge of Chinese medicine. At least, we should understand the corresponding relationship between the five internal organs "heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney" and people's five senses "joy, anger, thinking, worry and fear"; See why thinking hurts the spleen? Why does anger hurt the liver?
People are frightened, first of all, the kidney is not solid, the liver hides the soul, and the lung hides the spirit. Frightening can make people lose their minds, thus inducing a variety of bad symptoms. In short, excessive five ambitions not only change people's psychology and emotions, but also cause physical diseases.
A clear understanding of these basic knowledge can not only provide us with scientific diagnosis basis in clinic, but also organize corresponding music and poems, including songs and articles, according to these mechanisms. For example, lacking a sense of responsibility, Bohemians can use "role models"; Those who are depressed in pursuit of perfection might as well use Li Bai's Into the Wine. Third, the therapist must have a wealth of temperament knowledge.
For example, what is a pentatonic: "Orthophony in the upper corner of the palace". The corresponding relationship between the five tones and the five internal organs of the human body must be clarified.
If the spleen responds to the "palace", its sound will disperse slowly. We can't see him in the clinic. We can tell from his voice that he is weak, or that he has been thinking for a long time, which has excessively damaged his spleen and stomach and led to malnutrition.
The lungs should be loud and clear. If it is turbid and short, you will know that this person has symptoms such as qi deficiency.
Therefore, if a music therapist doesn't know these rhythms, he can't classify the rhymes of poems and songs used in clinic according to the corresponding zang-fu relationship. It is even more difficult to skillfully apply it in clinic.
Fourthly, it is necessary to find out the attribution, direction and function of human meridians and viscera, and the accurate position of acupoints in meridians. Because these basic knowledge should be used from time to time in clinic.
For a simple example, if patients with depression and hypertension misuse passionate music or poetry without other treatment measures, it may make them bleed in excitement.
3.3. What are the teaching methods commonly used in ancient poetry teaching?
Primary school students have some difficulties in learning ancient poetry, so they need word-for-word dialogue to eliminate language barriers. General words can inspire students to speak; Difficulties in ancient poetry, such as ancient and modern synonyms, interchangeable words, flexible use of parts of speech, ellipsis sentences, inverted sentences, etc. You need a teacher to talk about it.
Translation method. Generally speaking, literal translation should be adopted to keep the meaning and sentence structure of the original text as much as possible.
This can cultivate students' ability to accurately understand ancient poems and express their thoughts. Specific translation methods include reservation method, addition method, graphic method, shift method, substitution method and so on.
Read aloud. The beauty of ancient poetry language can only be realized through repeated reading, so the teaching method of ancient poetry should take reading as the main means.
When the teacher explains and analyzes the text, when the students answer questions, they should read the text with expressions in all aspects of teaching. By reading the text many times, students can "find" the meaning of some words from the up-down relationship of words, and then make a concrete analysis and explanation.
Imagination. Poetry is created by imagination, and students should be guided to expand their imagination when teaching.
The method is to let students combine the artistic image of poetry with their own life experience and think in images. By guiding students to expand their imagination, they can further understand the content of ancient poetry and deeply appreciate the beauty of artistic conception of ancient poetry.
Self-conscious method. For short and pithy ancient poems, we can adopt conscious methods, that is, under the guidance of teachers, let students use their eyes, brains and hands to cultivate their minds and think independently; Let students explore the mystery of knowledge by themselves.
This is an effective way to cultivate students' conscious ability. There are five steps in teaching: preview, practice reading, understanding, literal translation and appreciation.
Read aloud for taste. Reading aloud includes demonstration reading by teachers, individual reading by students and synchronous reading by teachers and students.
The ancients said, "You can read a book a hundred times before you know its meaning." It can be seen that the process of reading aloud is the process of appreciation, and the role of reading aloud can not be underestimated.
This is an effective and traditional way to learn ancient poetry. The first step to appreciate poetry is to read the taste carefully. Only by taking this step well can we say the second step to analyze and appreciate poetry.
Most ancient poems rhyme. They are catchy, cadence, and have a musical beauty in themselves. Then, while guiding students to discuss and appreciate the ideological content of poetry, teachers are also influenced by music. Ancient poetry also pays great attention to the harmony of rhyme. When reading poetry, it has a strong sense of rhythm, just like singing.
Therefore, when teachers guide students to read deeply, they actually enter the stage of feeling appreciation. When all the teachers and students in the class are shaking their heads and reciting, immersed in the unique artistic conception of poetry, it shows that the preliminary appreciation has produced good results.
Let's discuss it together. (1) reading promotes enlightenment, that is, reading pictures is the main thing, supplemented by reading poems. Reading life runs through reading pictures and poems.
After practice, I found that reading pictures in poetry can help students better grasp the content of the whole poem and better understand the essence of poetry. Then, with the help of reading poems, on the basis of looking at the pictures, let the students read the rhythm of poems according to their own experience and rhythm. In the process of reading poetry, students can use Putonghua or hometown dialect at an appropriate time as long as they can grasp the charm of poetry well. These are based on their understanding of life, so students must be prepared when preparing lessons and experience rural life when necessary, so as to better guide students in teaching.
(B) Play into the traditional teaching of "performance" is mainly to allow students to reproduce all the contents written in the poem through performance. This kind of performance focuses on students' ability to imitate performances. Students can perform like this, but we know that students' understanding of poetry is based on their own personal experience. Therefore, our "performance" in the teaching of ancient poetry should mean that students should perform according to their own understanding of poetry, so as to present the situation that they understand and want to express. For example, students think that the most important thing in poetry is the mood of the protagonist, so students can perform with modern elements without going back to the ancient times and the poet's living conditions at that time, which is really a difficult challenge for primary school students.
Since living in modern times, why not let students show the essence of poetry with modern elements? This can better stimulate students' innovative ability. (3) Discovering and promoting thinking "Discovering and promoting thinking" is actually to let students draw inferences from others and guide students to find poems with the same theme for comparative study, thus promoting students to think deeply and better grasp the theme of poetry. "Look" here refers not only to the teacher's look, but also to the students' look.
(4) Promoting sublimation by evaluation is mainly to let students evaluate other people's viewpoints when learning ancient poetry, and deepen their understanding of the theme of poetry in the collision of viewpoints. Evaluating other people's opinions and expressing their own ideas is a spiritual complaint, which is the biggest weakness of rural students, because they can't judge and dare not, and this evaluation is often ignored by rural teachers.
(V) Promoting Understanding by Writing The so-called "promoting understanding by writing" means that when teachers give a complete poem, they give students a certain amount of time or assign homework, so that students can write their own understanding of poetry in the form of prose or modern poetry, thus prompting students to understand the ideological content and feelings of poetry more deeply and truly apply what they have learned. Practice has proved that this kind of writing can make students understand the theme of poetry more deeply and feel the thoughts and feelings contained in ancient poetry more deeply, which is also of great benefit to improving students' writing enthusiasm and writing ability.
(6) Learning ancient poems by singing should be familiar, but how to make students willing to recite them quickly? In teaching practice, we found a method to promote memorization by singing, that is, reciting poems by singing. Poems written by ancient poets were originally composed of chanting. Guo Moruo once said: "In the old society of China, there was a method of reciting ancient poems, which was close to singing, or it could be said that it was free singing without music."
A common phenomenon in rural areas is that children only speak Mandarin in class, and everything they say after class is in their hometown dialect, and they also like to write in their hometown dialect.
4. There are several aspects in the study of music poetry. Poetry is the lyrics that can be sung in some way. If we send songs related to poetry to students, the teaching of poetry will be different.
1. The lyrics of some songs are based on ancient poems. For example, "On the Water Side" is almost a translation by Jia Jian, and the inspiration for the sound of waves comes from a night berth near Fengqiao. From Qiong Yao in the past to Fang Zhouzi today, their works are all classical. Students will be surprised to find that our poetic ancestors left us too much.
Some ancient poems have been set to music by modern people, and the melody is beautiful. Students like to learn poetry by listening and even learning to sing. Teresa Teng has a tape that sings a batch of such works, which is very elegant and beautiful. For example, The Mermaid by Li Yu, Meet You Huan, Night Cry, Untitled by Li Shangyin (long before I met her, but longer than after we parted), The Pride of Fisherman by Fan Zhongyan and A Plum Cut by Li Qingzhao (now called Full Moon on the West Building) are well known. Teachers and students appreciate poems with music.
3. Works with similar contents can also be put together for students to appreciate. For example, when I was teaching Yu Linling, I played Li Shutong's Farewell and wrote the lyrics on the blackboard. We found that the two works are very comparable, that is, they all have images such as "pavilion", "dusk" and "willow tree", which create a broader environment that can touch the feelings of parting, and the students also analyze them well.
Similarly, when we talk about Nian Nujiao's "Red Cliff Nostalgia", we also compare it with the opening word of "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which improves the ability of poetry appreciation when listening to songs. Everyone likes this form.
Music and literature have great charm. Let them graft together.
5. The basic method of reciting ancient poems 1 According to the tune, the main difference between reciting and reciting is that there is a tune when reciting.
In the teaching of ancient poetry in primary schools, we must first sort out the intonation tunes. In teaching, teachers should first demonstrate reciting and give students a basic intonation sentence by sentence until students can recite and imitate intonation independently.
This first captures the students' attention, and at the same time brings them into the artistic conception of ancient poetry through the appeal of sound. Although chanting has a tone, it is different from singing because the tone of chanting is not fixed.
In other words, the same poem can be recited in different tunes. There are three ways: traditional chanting, modern chanting and self-made tunes.
In the primary stage of learning chanting, we can imitate the existing chanting tunes first. In the process of imitation, we will gradually feel the emotions and find out the rules: for example, most of the recited tunes are relatively simple, and every sentence is in the same tone, and so on. For another example, according to the word line cavity-according to the ups and downs of the pronunciation of each word in the poem to lengthen the cavity, so as to form a simple tune.
If you recite more, you will naturally feel the law. After students basically master intonation, they should be guided to enter the artistic conception of the work and the emotional world of the author through sound.
Teachers should lead students to imagine together, while chanting, and guide students to imagine the picture depicted in the poem, to imagine the scene when the author created the poem that year. Music can easily affect people's mood. When students recite with depressing or loud tunes, the feelings contained in the works will be engraved in their hearts more deeply, so that they can feel the same.
2 clear pronunciation and mellow voice, feel the charm in primary school, to ensure students' understanding of poetry, we must start from the foundation. Accurate pronunciation and clear articulation are the basic requirements for reciting, so as to achieve the so-called "correct pronunciation", and then drag the sound to make the tune full and achieve the so-called "correct pronunciation", so as to feel the charm of poetry.
Teaching will be divided into the following two steps: 2. The intonation of1syllable, clear articulation in primary school, and the mastery of words is a key teaching content. In the teaching of reciting ancient poems, teachers mainly recite in Putonghua to guide students to recite correctly, so that students can master the pronunciation of the whole poem words through reciting.
On the basis of accurate pronunciation, it is necessary to pronounce words clearly and clearly. Chinese characters have beautiful syllables, which are accurate, clear and full to read, showing a mellow tone and giving people a beautiful feeling.
2.2 To feel the charm of China's classical poetry with stress, in addition to the distinct rhythm, it also rhymes. Rhyme not only makes ancient poems read neatly and beautifully, but also makes them full of charm.
The charm of ancient poetry lies in that the rhyming ending can cause singing in the nasal cavity and chest cavity, giving people a stirring feeling. When reciting, students can feel the charm of poetry and the poet's emotion when writing, with lingering echoes and endless aftertaste.
6. How to teach ancient poetry? The metrical poetry we are learning now is called modern poetry, which has strict format and rhythm compared with classical poetry. In the new rhyme, the words with one tone and two tones are flat, such as eating pool, and the words with three tones and four tones are flat, such as foot red ancient rhyme (according to water rhyme), flat, flat, flat, flat, flat. The wind moves into the sound: the characters of bamboo eyes can be even and even, regardless of metrical poems, which are divided into metrical poems and quatrains (eight metrical poems need four relatively loose quatrains), five words and seven words. Either way, it can be divided into four forms: flat rhyme, flat rhyme, monosyllabic and monosyllabic. It doesn't rhyme The other odd sentences don't rhyme. Even sentences must rhyme, that is, the ending word is flat. In metrical poetry, there is such a basic metrical poem, which includes four forms of metrical poetry: flat and even.
It's flat when it rhymes, and flat when it doesn't rhyme. Every sentence of this metrical poem can be regarded as the first sentence of a metrical poem. The derivation of metrical poem 1 has two basic principles. The essence of the metrical form of each pair of metrical poems is even.
It is flat. It is flat. According to the law of this alternating cycle, there are five words and seven words, and only the first five words or seven words are intercepted. Among them, for the idiosyncratic form, it seems to be a continuous three-level, but in essence it should be a flat. Because the ending words don't rhyme, the flat at the back can only be changed to a flat in the middle.
Similarly, the essence of "Yi" is "Yi () Ping ()" Ping. Because the suffix rhymes, the inverted word is put in the middle and changed to "one" flat. 2. The principle of adhesion takes five-character quatrains as an example. Flat and light, flat and light.
The so-called antithesis refers to the metrical opposition between 1 sentence and 2 sentences, and the metrical opposition between 3 sentences and 4 sentences. Note: The reverse order of the second word and the fourth word means that the reverse order of the second word and the fourth word is the same in 2 sentences and 3 sentences. Knowing these two principles, we can deduce any metrical opposition, paying special attention to the rhyme of the first sentence and the rhyme of the second sentence. The so-called equal, as I said. The four-sentence metrical poem "Pingping+Pingping+Pingping" is basically a quatrain X2 quatrain, yes 1234, not 1234. Flat and light, flat and light.
Flat and light, flat and light. Flat and light, flat and light.
The first sentence is plain, plain, plain, plain, plain.
7. How to use the recitation teaching method in the class of ancient poetry in high school? Zeng Guofan, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, said in his book Yu Jize, "Du Li's Su Han poems and Han Ou's Zeng poems cannot be recited loudly, grandly or secretly, and their far-reaching charm cannot be discovered." Zhu Ziqing also pointed out in the article "Recitation and Poetry": "Language is inseparable from tone, and poetry exists for reading", and "Only by reading aloud can we play with the meaning of every word, language and sentence and taste their rhythm". Mr. Hong also said that reading aloud is the first teaching method of Chinese. In the face of beautiful poems, how should teachers guide students to read aloud in a hierarchical and reasonable way?
1, "Knowing the True Face of Lushan Mountain"-Fan Reading Reproduces the Poetic Melody.
Both poetry and lyric prose have a certain rhythm, or they are in neat opposition, or their levels are uneven, or they are unstoppable, or they are intermittent like mountain springs. The melody of poetry comes from the level tone, rhyme, antithesis and sentence changes in Chinese. Therefore, accurate reading is the first step in learning. A teacher's demonstration reading or a famous teacher's standard reading recording can give students a demonstration and solve the problem of sentence breaking. Especially in the teaching process of ancient Chinese, the gap of the times and the change of language make students learn very hard. Model essay reading can effectively shorten students' cognitive process and achieve twice the result with half the effort. After that, students can read freely, or read together, or read alone to consolidate their knowledge.
2. "Touch your soul with my voice"-students' personalized reading.
Different readers will have different feelings about the same poem. Therefore, in the process of reading aloud, different readers treat the same sentence in different ways. For example, the first two sentences of Li Bai's poem "Into the Wine" say, "I don't see how the water of the Yellow River moves out of heaven and into the ocean, which is gone forever. You can't see the lovely hair in the bright mirror of the high room. Although it is silky black in the morning, it has turned into snow at night. " One sentence tells the author's sad feelings that time flies and talent has not met. However, when some students read "Don't you see the water of the Yellow River moving in the sky" and "Don't you see how cute Gao Tingming's mirror lock is", they are eager to try it, like a storm, reappearing the poet's wild and unruly personality; Some students read "I didn't see you" calmly and kindly, and they are ready for the next step. "How the Yellow River Water Moves the Sky" runs through in one breath, "Falling from the Sky" reaches the highest pitch, and "Running to the Sea" is magnificent. "Gone forever" is like a waterfall, with a deep sigh. Personalized reading reflects students' different understanding of the poet's works and personalized re-creation on the basis of understanding. Without personalized reading, students will not have * * * sounds with the author, will not have their own unique feelings, and will not be able to develop independent aesthetic habits.
3. "Stones from other mountains can attack jade"-Reading with music
Poetry is sung first, and poetry and music can be described as brothers. Poetry and songs edify and move people with their beautiful melodies, so as to achieve the purpose of rejuvenating or viewing or complaining. Therefore, in verse teaching, we must not ignore the existence of music and the role of music in verse teaching. The styles of poetry are varied and colorful. Some are bold and unrestrained, some are subtle and graceful; Some are chic and elegant, and some are depressed and frustrated; Some are light and bright, and some are generous and sad. If we can match these beautiful sketches with music with similar styles, we can match the red flowers, green leaves and blue sky and white clouds, and make each other interesting. Exquisite music recitation can not only improve students' attention, but also help listeners to better perceive the artistic conception of the work, understand the author's thoughts and feelings, and accept the double edification of language beauty and music beauty. For example, A Farewell to Cambridge is accompanied by a cello swan. The soothing and beautiful melody of Swan strongly shows the author's infinite attachment to Cambridge. The lake is to the swan what Cambridge is to the author. The two complement each other and can cause the listener to sing strongly. The melody of the guqin song "Three Chapters of Yangguan" is low and sad, which complements the sadness of parting in Wang Wei's "Two Ambassadors Anxi" and makes people cry. On this basis, teachers can also organize a recitation competition with music, so that students can integrate into the realm of poetry under the influence of music, and literature and music can jointly enhance students' ideological realm and aesthetic realm.