65438+ Among them, the tongue position of E is slightly backward and the tongue position of A is slightly elevated. For example:
A→ar: Where is the handle?
Ia→iar: Yeyaer yièyár wallet Qin jiar
Ua→uar: draw huàr wave lànghuār
O→ou: powder fěnmúr bamboo chip zhúmór
Uo→ror: eye socket y m NW not r, guys, dàHuür
E→er: small box Xi m: ohé r hard shell y: ngké r
Ue→uer: protagonist zhǔjuér, muju er, Mü Jué r.
Ie→ier: Shi Jieer Shi jir copybook Zi Ti Cr
U→ur: the tearful Pearl Leyzl's overbearing child lípǔr
Ao→aor: the path is Xi m: odà or the wallet is hébāor.
Oh → Me: The old man is at the intersection of Aote and his son is at the intersection of Aote.
Iao→iaor: minor, xi m: odià or corners of the mouth, ancestral ji m: or.
Iou→iour: small ball Xi m: Ochur, Dingniu D ǐ ngniú r
2. When the vowels with I and ü as the main vowels are changed, I and ü have a small opening, and the high point of the tongue is in front. At this time, I and ü cannot be lost, so it conflicts with the rolling action. The way to deal with this problem is to add a vowel to the tongue surface, middle, middle and middle lips, and then roll the tongue on this basis. For example:
I→ier: the bottom of the pot is Gu d ǐ r, the wicker is Li s r, and the toy is wány Cr.
ü→ü er: ihxi ǒ oq ǔ rxi m: oq ǔ rDonkey má ol ǘ rInteresting yǒ uq ǔ r.
3. When a vowel with phoneme I at the end of the vowel is treated as a rolling tongue sound, the vowel I at the end of the vowel is lost because of the conflict between the pronunciation of I and the rolling tongue sound, and the rolling tongue sound is based on the main vowel. There are some main vowels with tongue position. Due to the influence of tongue rolling, the tongue position moves backward to the center and the Chinese side. For example:
Ai→ar Dapai dàpáir windowsill chuāngtáir
Ei→er: tóngbèir of the same generation, little b?obèIR.
Uai→uar: candy bar tángkuàir together with y and kuàir.
Uei→uer: Taste son kǒuwèir, a pair of children y ǒ du ǒ r.
4. When a vowel with the vowel ending in N is regarded as a tongue rolling sound, because the pronunciation of N hinders the tongue rolling action, the tail of N's tongue rolling sound is lost, and the tongue rolling sound is based on the main vowel. When the main vowel in front of the tongue moves backward to the center and Chinese side after rolling the tongue sound, a vowel with tongue surface, center, middle and non-round lips should be added, and the tongue should be rolled on this basis. For example:
An→ar: top team dǐngbānr leaflet chuándānr
En → er: loss-making sons Ku and B ě NR, and dying son Mi nggüNR.
Ian→iar: corny, J and Y, m: NR, roadside, Lü bi ā NR
In→iar: Print handprints with strength.
Uan→uar: Fun. Oh, turn around. Gu: iw ā nr.
Uen→uer: zhòuwénr Chunzi kāichūnr
Luan → ü ar: Circle in m: nquā nr Handkerchief shǒujuànr
ün→er: gregarious child, héqúnr, flowered skirt, huāqúnr.
5. When the vowel with -I in front of the tip of the tongue or -I in the back of the tip of the tongue ends, because its pronunciation opening is small, and the tip of the tongue is close to the back of the teeth or the front hard palate, it has hindered the tongue rolling action, so it should be changed to vowels with tongue surface, center, middle and non-round lips, and then the tongue should be rolled on this basis. For example:
-I→ er: Find the thorny ZH ǔ oc ǔ r Liu Si Li Er ǔ S ǔ r.
-Me → Er: The branches are all shùzhúr making trouble.
6. When vowels with nag as vowels are used, nag is pronounced at the back (which does not hinder the tongue rolling action), but because nag is nasal, there is no airflow in the mouth when pronouncing, so the tongue rolling feature cannot be formed when rolling. When pretending to be a child, you should completely lose the old horse sound, and then roll your tongue on the basis of the main vowel. If the main vowel interferes with tongue rolling, add a nasal vowel with tongue surface, center, middle and non-round lips, and then roll the tongue on this basis. For example:
ang→? R:chaganger chágángr prescription yàofāngr
beam
Me? R: mutton Xi m: oyá ngr vegetable seedlings càyāngr
uang→u？ R: bamboo basket zhúkuāngr doors and windows ménchuāngr
Eng → (wavelet on e) R: jump rope tiàoshéngr, bamboo stool zhúdèngr.
Ku feng er ku feng
Ong → (above small waves U) R: small hole Xi m: T odT ngr, leave, ch?ukòngr.
A small handleless wine cup is not good for you.
Dragon → (small wave on e) r: bear Xi m: oxió ngr
When "er" is connected with other syllables as a suffix, it loses its independence and merges with the previous syllables into one syllable, so that the vowel of the previous syllable has a vowel of tongue rolling action and becomes the vowel of tongue rolling, that is, the rhyme of "er". This phenomenon is called "Erhua". Students should not underestimate "Hua Er", which has a certain effect on the expression of meaning.
First, some words express the feeling of love. For example:
Flowers, girls, fun, folk songs
Second, some words after lexicalization mean "small" and "little", such as:
A child, a bamboo pole, a crack in the door, for a while.
Third, some words expressed a moderate attitude. For example:
You say slowly, "I'll tell you something sweet."
Fourth, some verbs and adjectives become nouns after rolling their tongues. For example:
Gai (verb)-Gai 'er (noun)
Painting (verb)-painting (noun)
Sharp (adjective)-sharp (noun)
5. The meanings of some words have changed after lexicalization. For example:
Eye)- eye (meaning "small hole")
Head (head)-head (meaning "person in charge")
Remarks: There are different opinions about the function of tongue rolling. Some people think that it is not the rolling of the tongue that means less or less, but the word itself has such an intention. For example, children themselves mean small, and the door is small and narrow.
In Mandarin and some northErn dialects, vowels can be "er" except Mi and er. When using "Hua Er", the tongue is upturned, that is, the tongue rolls up, resulting in the loss of vowels -i and -n in front of the tongue, and the vowels in the abdomen are also affected and "centered", and the vowels in the abdomen are "nasalized" because of the loss of vowels -ng in the nasal sound.
Such as: only add tongue rolling movements: cars, birds;
When rolling the tongue, the rhyme is lost, and some need to change the rhyme belly or add notes: together, a little, maybe, vest;
Add vowels: chicken, funny;
When rolling the tongue, the rhyme is lost and the vowel is nasal: help, vase.
Erhua is the result of vowel change, accompanied by falling off, adding sound, replacement and assimilation. The phonetic change is mainly manifested in the ending of rhyme, followed by the belly of rhyme, and has no effect on the initial consonant of rhyme.
Hua Er Ci is not a unique phenomenon in Putonghua, but it is common in northern dialects, especially in Beijing dialect and Northeast dialect. However, southerners are not used to Hua Er Ci, so it is difficult to learn it.
Hua Er's ci has a strong colloquial color, and its meaning is generally to dilute the original meaning and play an "understatement" role. For example, it is often used to express the meaning of "small, light, thin and weak". For example, nouns such as "corner, alley, vest, handkerchief, medicated noodles, snowflakes, rubber bands, toothpicks, bubbles" and verbs such as "playing, struggling, taking a nap, turning a corner, trotting all the way". Erhua also often embodies the emotional color of "love and preference", such as "kitten, bird and gadget", and of course sometimes expresses the attitude of "contempt and ridicule", such as "thief, drunkard and liar". Hua Er sometimes has the function of distinguishing word meanings, such as "head" refers to "head" and "head" refers to "leader"; "Sharp" is an adjective and "sharp" is a noun; Gai is a verb, Gaier is a noun and Gaier is a verb-object phrase.
Mandarin is the standard modern Chinese, but in fact, the trend of children in modern Chinese is gradually decreasing. For example, you don't have to "go to work, go to work, red light, red light" if you don't distinguish the meaning of words; New words like "computer, mobile phone" are irrelevant ("Yi Meier" is a transliteration, which is another matter). In order to facilitate people in southern dialect areas to learn Putonghua, Putonghua Proficiency Test stipulates the necessary words for the test, which is easier to master.
Linguists say "Hua Er": Look it up in the dictionary, and the word "er" is a polysemous word. There is a subtle meaning, often referring to the son. It can be a child's self-assertion or even a woman's self-assertion. For example, Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying said, "A jade ring was made in the year of the baby." Also, language help, such as taking your time. The most peculiar thing is a phonetic phenomenon in Beijing dialect (including some dialects). The suffix "er" does not form its own syllable, but is combined with the previous word to form a syllable, so that the main vowel of the previous word plays the role of rolling tongue and the sound becomes a rolling vowel. It's called "uh".
The phenomenon of "Er Hua" has attracted the attention and research of many scholars. According to some linguists, there are 26 Chinese rhymes after Hua Er. Hua Er's rhyme is called "Xiaozhe" in the pear garden. There are different opinions about the number of Xiaozhe. I referred to the opinions of Bai Dizhou, Qian, Wei and Zhang Xun, and summed them up as eight, namely Xiaoyan Qianer, Villain, Xiaosuo Poer, Maytiaoer, Xiaoyou, Xiaojiang, Xiaozhonger and Mix Zhong Er.
From phonetics to semantics, the function of Hua Er is further discussed. Zhao Yuanren listed five categories. The first category means tiny, or insignificant, or small in number, or short in time, such as a little boy, a hole, a half-crazy boy, sitting for a while and so on. The other four items are concrete word abstraction (such as picking words at the beginning), verb nominalization (such as dating children and smoking children), adjective nominalization (such as bright children and fragmentary children) and special meaning.
It seems that both the original meaning of the word and the role of Hua Er, the main meaning of the second son is tiny.
Today I will give you an example. Everyone is famous, although the name is symbolic, but possession becomes a flesh-and-blood soul, which can not be stripped off in an instant. Everyone has nicknames, big names and nicknames, such as dogs, pillars and baner, but big names don't. Of course, if you are a great teacher, if you meet the younger generation of Zhang Xiaowen and Li Xiaowen, you can call it "Xiao Wener". If Zhang is an impressive minister and is in public, it is not easy to export your petty "xiaowener".
Name, this word is actually very interesting in Beijing dialect. I noticed that some words are abbreviated because of tongue rolling, which is called part-of-speech simplification. Name, so it can be changed to "name", which is the abbreviation of "reputation" and "reputation" For example, in A Dream of Red Mansions, "Now I have a bookkeeping name" and "I don't care what I did to ruin your name". Although cloud parts of speech are simplified, they cannot be generalized. For example, Guo Qier, Da Er and Xu Er of Cao can't pronounce children's voices; Ke Jiaer, Tian Scheer, evil children, bald boys and little girls can't read Hua Er. Once the poem is in music, "er" is the four branches of poetic rhyme, such as "driving away the oriole" and "I would rather choose a river boy"; Even the simplified "name" is no longer "simplified" There is a song in A Dream of Red Mansions, which says, "It is only a hollow name and respect for future generations to ask whether the ancient princes can still exist." This "fake name" should be read, not rhymed. But when I think about it, these "children", like "empty names" and so on, have subtle meanings no matter how they are read, praised or belittled.
It is really a good thing to change from big to small. Listen to the old Beijing folk song: "Little boy, sitting at home, crying for his wife …" "Big girl, two girls, two girls, three girls go out, send me a message, set up a shed, paste happy words, get married, hang their wings …" This is an idyll of grassroots people. Thanks to Beijing dialect, it makes me understand that everything in the world becomes small after "children", people become "people" and "names" become simplified "names"! Cao Xueqin said, "Where will the past and present be? A pile of grass on the wasteland is gone! " Lingnan Ziyun: "Cold ash blows!" The wasteland is declining, the cold ash is tiny, and the "name" looks like a bone, but it is actually a foreign object. I think, in the world of mortals, whether you speak Beijing dialect or understand the rhyme of children's songs, you can't help feeling small, but like me, you will always "save three times a day".