The person I miss is in the far south. Why ask Yijun, a pair of pearl tortoises, with Wang Shaoxuan. When you hear that you have his heart, you will burn it. When the wind blows, it will be destroyed and burned. From now on, don't miss each other again! Acacia and Jun absolutely, chickens bark and dogs bark, brothers and sisters should know. (Princess Hu Yi) The autumn wind blows against the morning wind, and the East understands this in an instant.
("Advocating Song and Han Raoge")
Other poems, such as The Orphan's Journey and Wu Sheng, are miscellaneous. This kind of miscellaneous body of Yuefu ancient words is generally five or seven sentences with different lengths.
These two sentence patterns have great advantages in rhythm and expressiveness, and have been gradually discovered by literary scholars, becoming the soil for the survival of ancient poems with five words and seven words in later generations.
There are not many seven-character poems in Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty, but there are many neat five-character poems, such as the famous novels "Mulberry on the Stranger" and "Jiao Zhongqing's Wife", all of which are five-character poems. In addition, some small poems are also five-character poems, such as:
Picking Peng in the south of the Yangtze River, lotus leaf and fish play between lotus leaves. Fish hits the lotus leaf east, fish hits the lotus leaf west, fish hits the lotus leaf south, and fish hits the lotus leaf north.
("Xiang He Ge Gu Ci Jiangnan")
Dead fish crying across the river, when to regret! Make a book and a squid and teach each other to be careful.
("Zaqu Dead Fish Crossing the River and Crying")
Most of these long and short five-character poems were produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
From the text, there are short stories with less than a cross or a dozen words, and long stories with more than a thousand words. Theme villages are also very extensive, with lyrical, narrative and philosophical works, but most of them reflect the current social life, which is its main feature.
Yuefu poetry in Han Dynasty is a song for entering music, which forms the phenomenon of emphasizing sound over words. Musicians often piece together the lyrics of different chapters at will, or divide them, intercept them, or even insert them into each other for convenience. Such as a poem "Longxi":
What is in the sky? White elm trees are planted vividly, osmanthus trees are born in the road, and Qinglong is across the road. Von Feng Ming chirps, a mother will have nine chicks. I am happy to take care of people in the world. Good women go out to welcome guests, and the color is just right. She reached out and knelt down again, asking if the guest was safe. Invite the guests to the north hall. There is a guest blanket sitting in the north. There are different bottles of innocence, wine is pure and thin. Drink with the guests, and the guests talk to the host. But I knelt for a while, and then I had a drink. It's not unexpected to talk and laugh, so I set my eyes on the Chinese kitchen and urged me to cook a simple meal, so I was careful not to make mistakes. Ying Ying's family is in the trend, not far from Fujian Trail.
But the door is pivoting. With such a woman, Qi Jiang might as well. A healthy woman with a door is better than a husband.
This is a poem describing and praising "a healthy woman" (with the spirit of a husband). However, the four sentences above "Feng Huangming chirp" at the beginning of this poem have nothing to do with the following sentences in meaning. It was cut from another poem, Out of Summer Gate. The poem "Walking Out of Xiamen" is:
Evil is full and empty, and good people often live alone. If you die, you will get the immortal way, and God will help you. Visit Wang's parents in the corner of the mountain. Four or five miles from the sky, the road is full of Korean pine, and I am going to heaven. What is in the sky? White elm trees were planted vividly, osmanthus trees were born in the middle of the road, and Qinglong fell down.
The beginning of Longxi trip is the end of Xiamen trip, which is an example of patchwork.
This situation is also found in other Yuefu ancient poems, which of course makes it difficult for later generations to understand poems.
Musically, Yuefu tunes are often divided into several sections, each of which is called "harmony", and "harmony" refers to the repetition of musical tunes. "Xie" is usually expressed in small words at the bottom of a song paragraph.
Some Yuefu tunes have so-called "gorgeous", "trendy" and "chaotic" besides the main theme itself. "Yan" is in front of the main theme; Is it "trend" or "chaos" behind the main theme? However, although some ancient Yuefu poems indicate that there are colourful love songs before them, there are trends or chaos after them, but there are no words about colourful love songs, trends or chaos are not recorded, and some of them are clearly indicated. In "What does Yan Ge do":
A pair of white pigeons flew in from the northwest. Fifteen, fifteen, make a list. My wife and death are ill and can't go together. Looking back five miles, wandering six miles. I want to take you, but I can't talk. I want to be ungrateful to you, so why can't Mao Yu destroy it? (3) Happiness leads to new acquaintance, while sadness leads to parting. I don't even know when I cry. I can't tell the difference between you and me. Each pays attention to self-love, but it is difficult to return from afar. I should leave my room empty and close the door. If life meets life, the dead will die. Happy today, long live the years (trend).
At the end of this poem, it is clearly stated that the following four explanations are trends. Some ancient Yuefu poems are clearly stated with "disorderly words" below the text, such as "A trip to a sick woman":
This woman has been ill for several years. She said something before paging her husband. I don't know what to cry when I can't say it. I belong to two or three lonely people, but I am hungry and cold. I have been cautious and hesitant, so I have to think about it. Chaos said: when you hold it, you have no clothes, you have no clothes. Behind closed doors, leaving orphans to the city, making friends with each other, can't cry. From begging for bait with orphans, I shed tears in the deep valley. "I want to be sad!" Explore the money in your arms. When people saw orphans, they cried for their mothers to hug them. Wandering in the empty house, walking in the ear, never giving up:
There are other examples of "disorderly words" in Yuefu ancient poems. "Chaos" and "potential" are located after the whole song, so they are also called "sending sound". It may belong to drum ensemble or chorus in tune. But this is usually only available in Daqu.
Yuefu poetry is originally a tune song. Therefore, at the beginning of recording songs and lyrics, the contrast sounds in tunes are often written down with some words. This phenomenon, coupled with the spread of errors, later brought some difficulties to the understanding of Yuefu poems.
Songs for ancient Yuefu proposition. Named after lines, songs, quotations, songs, folk songs and so on. Later generations often understand it as: "According to Yuefu proposition, the names are different. Cover from the piano music, its affection is long, miscellaneous and unreasonable is music; The pace is rushing, and those who are sparse and not sluggish will do it; I also sing; Tell stories in an orderly way, with the guesser as the guide; High and low, make up your mind to make music for humble people: singing, thinking deeply about sadness, singing for depressed people; Because of the significance of his speech; According to the meaning of his life, he said; Singing, singing; Orderly tone; Anger without anger is resentment; Feeling sigh; Some are famous for their poems, some for their names, some for their chapters, some for their joy, some for their thoughts and some for their worries. "
The mainstream of literature in Han Dynasty is literati creation, and the mainstream of literati creation is ci fu. As a folk creation, Yuefu folk songs are non-mainstream. Although it is consistent with literati literature, there are more inconsistencies. This non-mainstream folk creation, with its strong vitality, gradually influenced the creation of literati, and finally promoted the vigorous rise of poetry, replacing the rule of Ci and Fu on the literary world. Therefore, it plays an extremely important role in the history of China literature.
There are not many existing folk songs in Han Yuefu. However, in the history of China literature before the Han Dynasty, it showed special brilliance. Below, we will introduce its main features and achievements one by one.
First, the folk songs of Han Yuefu have a strong flavor of life, especially the first concrete and in-depth reflection of the hardships and pains of the daily life of the lower classes. In the literati literature of Han dynasty, political comments and ci fu did not involve the life of the lower class; Historical Records only describes the special experiences of some special people in the middle and lower classes of society, such as doctors, fortune tellers and rangers. As for before the Han Dynasty, only the Book of Songs was also a part of folk songs, which was similar to the folk songs of Han Yuefu. However, although "Guo Feng" also has a strong flavor of life, it does not significantly reflect the characteristics of the lower class life, nor does it specifically and profoundly reflect the difficulties and pains of this life. There are a lot of poems about marriage and love in National Wind. We can only say that it describes a common aspect of human life, including the middle and lower classes of society, but we are not sure that it must be the life of the lower classes or "working people". Poems that reflect soldiers' pain and homesickness in battle only write a special aspect of the life of the lower class. Only July in Qi Feng reflects the working life of slaves throughout the year, but this is only a general statement, not a specific and in-depth description, and it is unique. Therefore, many poems in the folk songs of Han Yuefu are refreshing to read, such as A Trip to a Sick Woman:
This woman has been ill for several years. She said something before paging her husband. I don't know what to cry when I can't say it. "A tired jun 23 solitaire, mo my son is hungry and cold! I have been cautious: business has wavered, think about it! " Chaos said: when you hold it, you have no clothes, you have no clothes. Close the door and send orphans to the city. I can't get up when I cry. From a person begging to buy bait, to crying and crying. "I don't want to be sad, I can't!" Explore the money in your arms. Seeing the orphan crying at the beginning, let his mother hug him. Wandering in the empty house, "go back to your ear, abandon it and don't go back!" " "
In the poem, a woman was ill for a long time. Before she died, she repeatedly told her husband to take good care of the children and not to beat and scold them. But after her death, the children had no clothes to wear and no food to eat. When my father went to the city to beg, he met an acquaintance and gave him some money sympathetically. When I got home, I saw that the child didn't understand that his mother was dead and kept crying for his mother's hug. This is the most ordinary life of the most ordinary people, and it is also a life full of suffering and bitterness. Such a poem is unprecedented. In this poem, the mother's dying worry about her child's death can really make people cry and also write about orphans, and there is another article, Orphan. The orphan in the poem was originally the son of a rich family. But after their parents died, they became slaves to their brothers and sisters. He was forced to travel far away on business and was weather-beaten. When I came back, I was "covered in lice and covered with dust" and couldn't rest: "Eldest brother promised to cook and sister-in-law promised to treat the horse"; "Let me go early and get water at dusk." On weekdays, "there is no winter and no clothes in summer", and everything has to be done from "sericulture in March" to "harvesting melons in June". This makes orphans cry "It's better to go early and go underground"! This is actually the life scene of the people at the bottom of society.
Journey to the East Gate wrote a scene in which the urban poor were cornered by poverty:
Out of the east gate, no matter what. To start, I want to be sad. There is not a bucket of rice in the angel, and there are no clothes hanging on the shelf. Draw your sword and go to the east gate, leaving the second child and mother crying with their clothes on their arms. "I wish him rich, concubines and you * * * feed Mi. It's a pity to use Canglangtian, but you should use this yellow mouth next time! "
"This is not, duh! All right! It's too late for me to go White hair is hard to last! "
(1) The semantics here are confusing, and there are often similar situations in Han Yuefu. Usually marked as "not today, duh! Ok! " It seems ok, but as a song, I'm afraid it's difficult to sing. In those years when there was no food, no clothes and no hope, the hero could no longer stand it and would rather take risks. The heroine tried to persuade her husband to put up with the pain and not to do anything illegal and dangerous. This scene is also very touching.
Ge Yanxing wrote a little thing in the life of a wanderer far from home. Emotion is not as strong as the above article, but it is also saturated with the bitterness of life:
Yan in front of the hall, see you in winter and summer. Two or three brothers live in his county. So who should mend the clothes? Who should wear new clothes? Master Lai Dexian, take a look at it for me. My husband came from the door. He is inclined to the northwest. "Speak clearly, don't call names. You can go and see for yourself. " It's better to go home after a long journey!
My brother, who works for others in a foreign land, was lucky enough to meet a virtuous hostess and was willing to mend their clothes. When her husband came back, he saw them and squinted at them with suspicion. This makes the wanderer deeply feel that "it is better to go home after a hard journey." But what about going home? I wouldn't go out if it weren't for my life.
Others, such as the Fifteenth Conscription, describe an old man who joined the army at the age of fifteen and returned to his hometown in the early 1980s, but he had no relatives and only saw countless deserted graves. The Battle of the South of the City describes the soldiers who died in battle, lying on the battlefield and being pecked by crows. These all describe the tragic experiences of helpless people on earth. This fact of life has always existed and has existed for a long time. Among the folk songs of Han Yuefu, it was first embodied concretely and profoundly, which showed a great progress in China literature and provided an important and extremely extensive theme for later generations' poems. As many poets have inherited the tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu, reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood has gradually become a prominent feature of China's poems. The strong flavor of life is mainly reflected in the above-mentioned works reflecting the lives of lower-class characters, but it is not unique to this kind of works. For example, The Journey to the West praised a housewife who was good at entertaining guests and managing housework, and she was also very lively.
Secondly, the folk songs of Han Yuefu laid the foundation of China's ancient narrative poems. Since China's poetry, lyric poetry has an overwhelming advantage. There are not many immature narrative works in The Book of Songs, and the songs of Chu are mainly lyrical. When the folk songs of Han Yuefu appeared, although it was not enough to change the mainstream situation of lyric poetry, it was able to announce the formal establishment of narrative poetry. About one third of the existing folk songs of Han Yuefu are narrative works, which is not low. Han Yi Wen Shi says that the folk songs of Han Yuefu have the characteristics of "starting from things", mainly from this point. The first feature of the folk songs of Han Yuefu mentioned earlier, that is, the strong flavor of life and the profound and concrete reflection of the hardships and pains of the daily life of the lower classes, is also due to the adoption of narrative poems. Most of these narrative folk songs use the third person, so they are free and flexible in expressing character events. In structure, it also has remarkable characteristics. Narrative poems in folk songs of Han Yuefu are mostly short stories, and such works are often represented by a typical life segment, which makes contradictions focus on one focus, which not only avoids too much explanation and elaboration, but also shows a broad social background. As I said before, Travel Notes to the East Gate only describes the scene where the husband draws his sword and the wife earnestly persuades him, but the content behind the poem is very rich. "Ge Yanxing" only writes that the female host sews clothes for the wanderer and the male host squints at the door, but it reminds people of the countless hardships of wandering life.
The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" conscription is more prominent in this respect:
He joined the army at the age of fifteen and didn't come back until he was eighty. Every villager said, "Who's at home?" "From a distance, it is the royal family, with many pines and cypresses." Rabbits enter from the dog's sinus and pheasants fly from the beam. In the atrium, Green Valley was born, and in the well, Lv Kui was born. I don't know who it will be if the five grains are used as rice and the sunflower is used as soup. Going out and looking east, tears fell on my clothes.
On the one hand, I have been in the army for 65 years and I am homesick; On the one hand, there are many natural and man-made disasters at home, and relatives die one by one. There is nothing to say, except that the old man came back bald, facing the desolate garden houses and graves, the suffering of life, the darkness of society, and even the same experiences of more people are among them. This poem 16 is not only rich in content, but also easy to write without any sense of bondage.
Medium-length works, such as Mulberry on the Stranger, and the long novel Peacock Flying Southeast, are another way of writing. There are more descriptions, the unfolding of the plot, the ups and downs of contradictions and conflicts, which we will talk about in later chapters.
China's ancient narrative poems can be said to be completely developed on the basis of Han Yuefu folk songs, and later narrative poems generally belong to Yuefu style in classification. Many famous articles are directly named "Song" and "Xing", such as "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Travel" by Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. This shows the inheritance of Yuefu folk songs, because "Song" and "Xing" were originally the special names of Yuefu poems. In writing techniques, both short stories and novels are also influenced by the folk songs of Han Yuefu.
Thirdly, the folk songs of Han Yuefu show strong and direct feelings. In the pre-Qin literature, we analyzed the emotional expression of The Book of Songs and pointed out that the overall characteristics of The Book of Songs are introverted, peaceful and meaningful. The ancients used the word "gentle and honest" to summarize, and there is nothing wrong with it. In Qu Yuan's works, emotion is quite strong; But as a failed politician, lyricism has its particularity. It can be said that the folk songs of Han Yuefu not only accepted the influence of Chu cultural tradition, but also showed this feature in a wider range of life and a stronger degree. No matter how they express war, love and even homesickness, they try their best to release their emotions. This is true of narrative poems, especially lyric poems. For example, "The Battle of the South" describes the tragic war:
Fight in the south of the city, die in the north, die in the wild and have no burial to eat. Wu called: "Come, be a guest! Don't bury it in the wild, carrion can escape? "Underwater acoustic excitation, Pu Wei invisible, owl riding to death, Hummer hesitation.
On the battlefield after the fierce battle, bodies were lying on the ground, crows were hovering overhead, ready to peck at human flesh, imagining that the deceased asked crows to howl for him before eating his body. This description of the tragic war is completely invisible in the Book of Songs. The "national mourning" in Chu Ci is worse than that.
Thanking is a vow of love for lovers in love;
Evil! I want to know you and live a long life. There is no mausoleum in the mountains, the river is exhausted, there is Lei Zhen in winter, and there is rain and snow in summer. Only when heaven and earth are in harmony can we dare to be with you!
This poem is simple, but it has thrilling power. In the poem, the hero uses five natural phenomena that can never appear, indicating that he will love each other until the end of the world. Even the strongest expression in The Book of Songs, such as Ge Sheng's "Summer, Winter Night, After Being Hundred Years Old", seems calm and rational in comparison.
For those who betray love, there is no nostalgia in thought, and there is no common sadness in the Book of Songs, but a decisive and angry break:
The person I miss is in the far south. Why ask Yi-jun? Shuangzhu, etc. , are dazzling jade. Then I heard that you changed your mind, and I broke my hair hairpin in anger. When the wind blows, it will be destroyed and burned. From now on, don't miss each other, think about it and say goodbye to you!
When the hero in the poem heard that the other party "had a heart", he immediately smashed and destroyed the precious token of love he was going to give to the other party and burned it to ashes. This is not enough, he also wants to "blow when the wind blows" to show the pain of lovesickness and loss!
"Ancient songs" and "sad songs" express homesickness, but they are so thick that people can't let go. The former is as follows:
Autumn wind whispers and worries about killing people, coming in and out. Who's in the seat and who's not worried? Make me bald! It's windy around Hu, so why repair trees? The distance from home is getting farther and farther, and the clothes are slowing down. The brain can't talk, and the wheels in the intestines turn.
To sum up, it can be said that Han Yuefu folk songs are an emotional liberation in the history of China's poetry. The History of Han Art Literature says that the folk songs of Han Yuefu are works of "feeling sadness and joy", which is the characteristic. This is also very important for the development of poetry. Poets with strong feelings in later generations are often inspired by this. Li Bai's Battle of the South of the City is an imitation of the folk songs of Han Yuefu.
Fourthly, in the folk songs of Han Yuefu, many works show the sorrow of short life and impermanence. Two popular funeral songs in the Han Dynasty, Autumn Record and Good Calendar, are such works:
Not easy to be exposed! In the Ming Dynasty, the dew fell more heavily, and people will come back when they die!
Who lives in Artemia? There is no virtue or stupidity in gathering souls. Ghost "how to rush, life must be wasted!
The previous song lamented that life is as short as dew on the grass and soon dries up, but it doesn't fall again like dew; The last one lamented that under the urging of death, no matter the sage or the fool, they could not stay at all and became bones in the grass. It should be pointed out that people in the Han Dynasty didn't just sing this kind of song at funerals. Usually-even at parties, it's sung.
According to "The Biography of Zhou Ju in the Later Han Dynasty", Liang Shang, the empresses, was very happy when she got together with the guests on the banks of the Luoshui River. "Starting from the wine column, continue to sing the song" Autumn Dew ",and everyone who hears it in the seat will hide his face and cry." This often seems to remind myself that joy brings sorrow and joy. From this, we can feel the general sentimental temperament of Han people.
The shortness of life is a fact that human beings can never overcome. It is also natural to feel sad because you cherish a better life. It is also from this sadness that people show different attitudes towards life. "Long Songs" emphasizes hard work:
The trees in the garden are lush, and the crystal dew rises in the sun. Spring fills the earth with hope, and everything presents a scene of prosperity. I am always afraid that when the cold autumn comes, the trees in Ye Er will turn yellow and the grass will wither. When will all rivers enter the sea and return to the west? If young people don't work in time, they will only regret for life when they are old.
The poet compares the brevity and never-ending of life with the changes of morning dew, the falling flowers in Ye Qiu and the flowing water flowing eastward, thus reciting the eternal swan song of "Young people don't work hard, but old people are sad". Facing the same fact, in Song of Hatred, the conclusion is that "when you have to swing in love, you can do whatever you want"; The Journey to the West went further: "The days are short and the nights are long. Why not travel by candlelight? " From today's perspective, what "Long Songs" advocates may be more positive and desirable. The "eat, drink and be merry" advocated in Li Sao and The Journey to the West also contains the consciousness of grasping the life that may die at any time. There are also some fairy poems in Yuefu folk songs, which is also a fantasy way to resist the fact that life is short. This feature of Han Yuefu folk songs is generally consistent with contemporary literati poems, but it is more intense and explicit in folk songs. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, lamenting that life is short and seeking various ways to get rid of it became the central theme of literature, especially poetry, and poetry about immortals developed further. Therefore, in the history of literature, this is also a phenomenon worthy of attention.
Fifth, the folk songs of Han Yuefu show vivid imagination. For example, the dead fish (dried fish) in "Dead Fish Crossing the River Crying" will cry, regret it, and write letters to other fish to warn them to be careful; The undead in "The Battle of the South" actually talked to the crow and asked the crow to mourn for him. A series of impossible things envisaged in Up Slope are all whimsical. Its metaphor is often unexpected. For example, "Ancient Songs" refers to the endless cycle of sadness with "wheels turning in the belly"; Dew on the grass symbolizes the shortness of life. "Yu" refers to the fact that poplars on the mountain are cut down and transported away, uprooted, and people are forced to leave their homes. This vivid imagination is rare in pre-Qin poetry and Han literati poetry. Li said in Eighteen Poems of Han Fu: "Besides Three Hundred Poems and Chu Sao, there are other reasons for its wonderful words. Odd is whimsical, and clever is clever. " In fact, this is also a common feature of the whole Han Yuefu folk songs. This feature also gives some inspiration to future generations.
Sixth, Han Yuefu folk songs use new poetic styles: miscellaneous words and five words. The whole trend is that the neat five fonts are more and more dominant.
There are already miscellaneous poems in The Book of Songs, such as "Decline" and "Vatan". However, there are few such poems in the Book of Songs, which are very inconspicuous among a large number of four-character poems. Even if it is a miscellaneous poem, the sentence pattern has not changed much. In most works of Chuci, the sentence patterns are not uniform, but there are always some rules, mainly five, six and seven sentences. The folk songs of Han Yuefu are not. Its miscellaneous poems are completely free and flexible, and you can write them at will, ranging from one or two to ten sentences in an article. It should be said that the ballad writer only writes poems according to the needs of the content, and does not intend to do so, that is, he does not intend to create a new poetic style. However, its miscellaneous language form does have special aesthetic feeling and flexible and vivid artistic expression. Therefore, when Bao Zhao and other poets arrived, they began to consciously use Yuefu miscellaneous words to pursue certain effects; In the hands of Li Bai, the beauty of miscellaneous words is brought to the extreme. Therefore, miscellaneous words have become a common type of China's ancient poems.
Among the folk songs of Yuefu in the Western Han Dynasty, the 18th capital of Song Dynasty is miscellaneous words, while Jiangnan is a neat five-character poem. In addition, some people think it is a work of the Western Han Dynasty, such as the Fifteenth Conscription. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more and more neat five-character poems in Yuefu folk songs, and the art became more and more perfect. There is no doubt about it. This process is probably formed by mutual influence and interaction with literati poems in Han Dynasty. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, literati's five-character poems became increasingly prosperous. Moreover, the so-called "folk songs" in general, especially those with high language skills mentioned above, almost do not rule out the possibility of being modified or even created by literati. Five-character poetry was conceived in Yuefu folk songs and literati's creation in Han Dynasty and became the most important form of poetry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Chinese nation has been up and down for five thousand years, leaving many valuable cultural heritages to future generations, in fact, in the previous era. The wisdom of the ancients and the principles and laws of life created a splendid culture. The development of culture is in step with the times, and the Han Dynasty is a very short part of the long history. However, under the historical background of the Han Dynasty, the culture of the Han Dynasty reached another peak. Created unprecedented cultural achievements and artistic atmosphere. At the same time, it also depicts the outline of an era, and is also a mirror of the development track and ups and downs of an era. Han Yuefu is a part of its culture, but his artistic achievements are far higher than those of his predecessors and have been further developed. His greatest contribution in the history of China literature is to promote the formation of narrative poems.
Han Yuefu folk songs and Zhou folk songs in The Book of Songs come down in one continuous line, reflecting reality, sincere feelings and simple style. On the artistic features of folk songs in Han Yuefu, there are mainly the following points:
First, narrative elements have increased relatively. Many folk songs have plots, and some also describe characters.
The plot description in narration and lyricism, such as the quarrel between the poor and his wife in East Gate; The journey of orphans is about the overturning of an orphan car and the wailing of orphans. These plots have played a very good role in expressing the thoughts and feelings of poetry, and some plots are accidental and idealistic. For example, "Pulling Grass Up the Mountain" writes that the abandoned wife meets her uncle at the foot of the mountain. It is a relatively accidental event, but judging from the whole poem, if there is no such accidental meeting, there will be no plot that the abandoned wife will still kneel to her uncle after being abandoned, and it will not expose the low status of women. The dialogue between Luo Fu and Taishou in Shang Mo Sang is an idealized plot. The contingency and idealization of the plot show that the folk songs of Han Yuefu are not only lyrical, but also full of ingenious fiction and imagination.
Some folk songs also pay attention to the description of characters, such as Sang Shang and Journey of the Orphan.
Secondly, the concrete real life it depicts is more detailed and convincing than the previous generation, but there are obvious childish traces in some poems.
For example, although it is not a complete narrative poem, it is the "southern expedition" in Song of Songs. However, the specific situation of the war, although a few words, can give a strong impression.
Fight in the south of the city, die in the north, die in the wild and have no burial to eat. Wu called: "Come, be a guest! Don't bury it in the wild, carrion can escape? "Underwater acoustic agitation, Pu Wei invisible, riding a horse to fight to death, the horse wandering singing-
On the battlefield after the fierce battle, bodies were lying on the ground, crows were hovering in the sky, ready to peck at human flesh. This description of the tragic war is completely invisible in the Book of Songs. The national mourning in Chu Ci is to show the bravery of the deceased, so these scenes will not be involved. This description of the south of Zhancheng is fundamentally a treasure of individual life.
In The Orphan's Journey, the trace of childishness: inattention, a little listing the reality without giving priority. The trip to orphans is particularly prominent, but the traces of childishness have basically disappeared in the trip to the East Gate.
Thirdly, the lyrics of Han Yuefu folk songs are sincere and rich, and there are works that directly express feelings, such as Thinking, A Passage to the East Gate, and A Passage to Orphans. At the same time, they are also good at expressing their feelings by means of comparison and description. For example, the mind can't talk, and the wheels turn in the intestines. The Fifteenth Conscription is the best in narrative and description. Writing about veterans asking villagers about their hometown is full of loneliness and sadness everywhere. A Woman's Sick Journey. "I have no clothes when I hold them, but I can't climb in. I closed the door and left the orphan to the city. I can't control myself if I'm not sad. " In the trivial narrative, there is an unspeakable sadness buried. In Understanding Charm, narrative and lyricism are combined.
Fourth: the characteristics of form and language.
The folk songs of Han Yuefu broke through the four-character pattern of The Book of Songs, and became dominated by miscellaneous words and five words, with arbitrary length and flexible expression. Although Wuyan has one more word than The Book of Songs, its syllables are single and double, and its rhythm is changeable, which increases its expressive ability. Judging from the overall development trend, the folk songs of Han Yuefu gradually changed from miscellaneous words to five words, which played an important role in shaping Wuyan's poems. At the same time, the folk songs of Han Yuefu no longer have heavy chapters, but have developed in the structure of poetry compared with the Book of Songs.
The language of Han Yuefu folk songs is simple and plain, and spoken language is often used, such as:
I can't stand crying when I meet my relatives. From begging for bait with orphans to meeting relatives in a deep valley where they can cry. You can't help yourself if you're not sad.
As the language of poetry, it looks clumsy, like a jingle, simple and straightforward, but expressive.
The literary model of a period always depends on the environment of the times. I think the artistry of Han Yuefu in that era is the epitome of the background of that era.