What is the history of Tang poetry?

The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry development. Strong national strength, eclectic cultural spirit and rich cultural accumulation have prepared sufficient conditions for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Many great and outstanding poets pushed the development of China's poetic art to the peak. There are more than 3,700 authors of Tang poetry who can be tested today, which shows that there are more than 54,000 existing Tang poems. This is only a part of Tang poetry, but we can already see the prosperity of poetry at that time. Poetry creation in the early Tang Dynasty is still influenced by the poetic style of the Southern Dynasties, with narrow themes and the pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric. Only with the appearance of Yang Jiong, Lu and the so-called "Four Masters" did the scope of poetry expand, from Taige to Guanshan and Saimo, showing its majestic momentum and broad mind. Whether writing frontier fortress, traveling or farewell, there is such an emotional style. In the style of poetry, at this time, the stereotype of five or seven words was completed. Metric poetry belongs to modern poetry, which is relative to ancient poetry. The ancient style is divided into four, five, seven characters and miscellaneous characters, which are not limited to flat tones or duality. The levelness and rhyme of modern poetry have a certain style and also require duality. Stereotyped writing has had a far-reaching influence on the development of China's poetry and has become the main style of China's ancient poetry. In the early and late Tang Dynasty, two important poets appeared: He Zhang. Chen Ziang argued that poetry should be endowed with something. His 38 poems Feeling Encounter are the practice of this proposition. But his best poem is on the rostrum of Youzhou: "Where was the past before me?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, and my tears fall. " Expressing unexpected sadness, it contains self-confidence and ambition, strong feelings, and a great loneliness that is first in the trend and not understood. Zhang's Moonlight on the Riverside describes the bright moonlight on the Riverside, with strong feelings, profound philosophy, euphemistic style and endless charm, creating a perfect artistic conception. And Zhang's artistic maturity reveals the coming information of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of the development of Tang poetry. At this time, the stars in the poetry circle shine. Wang Wei and Meng Haoran are good at expressing the beauty of landscape and countryside, as well as the quiet and peaceful state of mind in which man and nature live in harmony. Wang Wei's landscape poems are poetic and picturesque, which brings people to a bright and clean realm full of vitality. An autumn night in the mountains: "after the rain, the mountains are empty and stand in the autumn night." The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. The bamboo forest is sonorous, the washerwoman returns, and the lotus leaves are swaying to get on the canoe. My friend's prince, what does it matter if spring is over and you are still here? "after the rain, the pine forest is mottled with moonlight." . Huansha girl came back noisily from the bamboo forest in the moonlight; The fisherman is separating the lotus leaves and rocking the boat away. The night in the mountain village is picturesque. He also has some poems, and there is some Zen in silence. Among the important poets in the Tang Dynasty, he was most obviously influenced by Buddhist thought. However, he is not a completely reclusive poet. Some of his poems are impassioned, while others show strong human feelings. The song "Send Two Ambassadors to Anxi" was later incorporated into Yuefu and became a song repeatedly sung at the farewell party, because it was about people's general feelings when they were deeply separated. Meng Haoran is good at writing the beauty of landscape and countryside with the most economical pen and ink. "Passing the Old Village" describes the joy of being a guest, a quiet farmhouse, sincere friendship and rich life interest. "Xiao Chun" describes the feeling of beauty, tranquility and comfort in spring. The song "Sleeping in Jiande" is just 20 words, but it has written endless feelings: "The boat is sailing in the fog, and at dusk, the old things start. How vast the world is, how close the trees are to heaven, and how close the moon is to the water! "A touch of Woods in the dusk, a touch of moon shadow in the water. In this hazy and clear, far-reaching and quiet realm, there is a faint homesickness. Many of Meng Haoran's poems express multiple realms and feelings in extremely frugal words. At this time, Chang Jian, Chu Guangxi and others have similar poetic styles to Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there appeared some poets who took frontier life as their theme, such as Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Cen Can and Zuyong. Most of them have been to the frontier fortress, enjoyed the magnificent scenery of the frontier fortress and yearned for the merits of the frontier fortress. In their poems, the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland and the lofty sentiments of defending the country are all vividly displayed. Wang Changling wrote more than twenty frontier poems, the most famous of which are Upper Frontier and Joining the Army. His frontier poems have a profound sense of history and a clean style. He is also good at writing poems on other subjects, and his seven-character quatrains have great artistic achievements. Gao Shi's poetic style tends to be magnificent and generous: "Wan Li did not hesitate to die and once succeeded. Draw a picture of Kirin Pavilion and enter Mingguang Palace. Laugh at the scribes, poor and white! The ancients were ignorant of this and often became old people. " We can feel his chivalrous temperament from this poem. The representative figures of frontier poets, as well as Cen Can. He wrote about the magnificence of frontier fortress scenery and the heroic and unrestrained soldiers. Deserts and sufferings have become magnificent pictures full of lofty sentiments in his works. Li Bai, a great poet, can best embody the spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and represent the high artistic achievements of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai is a poet with heroic personality, unrestrained feelings, boldness and eagerness to make contributions. His poems fully show the self-confidence and ambition of the literati in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and are full of ideals. His achievements in poetry are various, which greatly enriched the expression of classical poetry and pushed the creation of Yuefu poetry to a new height. His seven-character quatrains, together with Wang Changling's seven-character quatrains, were later praised as the representative works of the Tang Dynasty. His poems have distinct artistic personality: explosive lyricism, unpredictable imagination and vivid images. He writes Yuefu and songs like flowing water, and his feelings gush out, just like the water of the Yellow River, flowing thousands of miles and pouring down. Born in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, I felt the high spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In his later years, he witnessed the decline of Tang society, and the contrast between ideal and reality was huge. In his poems, there are both confidence in establishing meritorious deeds and indignation and criticism of the darkness of the imperial court. He once went to Beijing to worship the Hanlin, and was appreciated by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. He felt that it was time to make contributions and be elated. Not long after, he was slandered by the powerful minister and expelled from the court, only then did he realize that state affairs were actually corrupt. He said that he is "a poem in the north window, a million words are not worth a glass of water", and he is brilliant and cannot be reused; While denouncing those mediocre people who are proud of the spring breeze, "Huayi Boxing can't be eaten as a meal, and donkeys are proud of the spring breeze", they directly denounce those traitors "Dong Long is a chicken and dog!" Even in the case of frustration, he did not forget to serve his country. After the Anshi Rebellion, he joined the army twice. His poems are so imaginative that he often thinks that people think everywhere. Previous people commented on his poems, saying that "out of nothing", "difficult to get around" and "dreaming of climbing Mount Tianmu" are all examples. In my imagination, I often use exaggerated elements to write that I am worried about having white hair, saying that it is "white hair and three thousands of feet"; Write the five old peaks of Lushan Mountain, saying, "Jin Furong cut out the sky"; Write about the Yellow River, saying that "the Yellow River falls into the East China Sea and Wan Li falls into the bosom". He is an imaginative poet, and his poems are often strongly subjective. Because of his cheerful and bold personality, his poems are bright, fresh and colorful. He is a gifted poet. Another great poet at that time was Du Fu, who was called "Poet Saint" by later generations. Du Fu is younger than Li Bai 1 1 years old, and their profound friendship has become a literary story that has been told through the ages. Du Fu in his youth, like many poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, had a vagrant life of "chasing horses lightly". But his main activity was after the An Shi Rebellion. Deeply influenced by Confucianism, he has the ambition of "being a gentleman, being a gentleman", but he has been down and out all his life, so he can better understand the sufferings of the people emotionally. The Anshi Rebellion brought great damage to the society of the Tang Dynasty, and half of China was reduced to a mound of ruins. Du Fu emigrated during the war and wrote a poem about the sufferings of the people in the Northern Expedition. Many important events in the war, the destruction caused by the war and people's mentality in the war are vividly reflected in Du Fu's poems. No poet in Tang Dynasty reflected the history of An Shi Rebellion so profoundly and extensively, so his poems were called "the history of poetry". Because of his own bumpy experience, he deeply felt the sufferings of the people and sang songs, so that the pain of his home country and personal sorrow were integrated. "Spring Hope", "Climbing the Building" and "Climbing Yueyang Tower" are all such poems. "There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall. How can I not cry by this railing?" And "where the petals flow like tears, lonely birds sing sadness" is a mixed feeling, which is not only the feeling of life experience, but also the sadness of home and country, and it is difficult to separate. The change from Tang poetry to Du Fu is a great change, and the theme turns to writing about current events and the lives of the people at the bottom. Writing plays the role of narration and detail description, while lyricism uses narration and detail description. In order to write current affairs conveniently, he often uses ancient prose, but his higher achievement is metrical poetry. Among his 1400-odd poems, regular poems account for more than 70%. The achievements of his metrical poems are mainly to broaden the scope of expression and exert the expressive force of metrical poems as much as possible, which not only strictly abides by metrical poems, but also breaks the shackles of metrical poems. Unpredictable, unconventional and superb in writing. Poems like Hope in Spring are all examples. Sometimes, in order to express an event or the feelings caused by an event more completely, he adopts the form of a group of poems. Writing current affairs with poems is Du Fu's creation. Rhyme, especially seven rhymes, is highly mature in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu is different from Li Bai in artistic techniques and styles. Li's feelings gushed, and Du Fu sang repeatedly. Li is imaginative and Du is realistic. Li is unrestrained and elegant, and Du is depressed and frustrated. It is generally believed that in the history of China's poetry development, Du Fu is comprehensive and has a far-reaching influence on later generations. In the middle Tang Dynasty, the development of poetry was diversified, and different schools with distinct artistic opinions appeared. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and some poets around them, in the face of such high achievements in Tang poetry, found another way. They pursue fantastic beauty, attach importance to subjectivity, often break the shackles of legal style and enter poetry with prose sentences. Among this group of poets, Li He is a brilliant, kind-hearted and emotional poet. He only lived for 27 years. In his poems, the colorful world full of youthful interest and the sparseness and sadness of life are intertwined with the feeling of aging before age. His poems are rich in imagination, colorful in images and dense in combination. In this school of poetry, his poetic style is particularly distinctive. At this time, another school of poetry was dominated by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen. They believe that poetry should aim at development and be beneficial to the use of politics and religion. Bai Juyi put forward that "articles should be combined with the times, and songs and poems should be combined with each other." Both Yuan and Bai expressed their concern for the country, their criticism of the dark phenomenon and their sympathy for the people's sufferings on the topic of Yuefu. Bai Juyi's 50 new Yuefu poems, some of which are well written, such as Selling Charcoal Weng. In artistic expression, Bai Juyi advocates that the style of writing should be easy to understand, and his taste is just the opposite of that of Han and Meng poetry schools. Bai Juyi not only wrote a lot of allegorical poems, but also wrote a lot of leisurely poems. The most successful ones in art are Long song's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel. Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi were also famous poets in the middle Tang Dynasty. Their artistic tastes are different from those of Han, Meng, Yuan and Bai, and each has its own characteristics. Another change of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty. The spirit of reform in the middle Tang Dynasty disappeared, and the poet went to himself. At this time, a large number of well-written epics appeared, among which Tu Mu and Xu Hun were the representatives. Du Mu is a great writer who sings epic poems. Thinking about history is actually a feeling of reality. The sense of history and realism are integrated in beautiful natural images and emotions. Jiangnan Spring is a masterpiece in the history of singing. One of the poets with the highest artistic achievements in the late Tang Dynasty was Li Shangyin. The development of Tang poetry, to the creation of artistic conception in the prosperous Tang dynasty, reached the realm of exquisite images and untraceable pure beauty, which was a peak. Du Fu moved from realism to synthesis, which is another peak. It is another peak for poets in the middle Tang Dynasty to find another way, or pursue strangeness, or pursue simplicity and find another way when the prosperous times are extremely difficult to sustain. At this point, poetry is at the end of its tether. After Li Shangyin's debut, with his profound cultural accomplishment and amazing talent, he opened up a realm full of hazy beauty, which made people chew on it and reached a new peak. He is a poet who is good at expressing his mental journey and has strong and delicate feelings. His love poems are affectionate, ambiguous, unforgettable and difficult to understand. Many of his poems (especially untitled poems) are characterized by emotional flow and jumping, illogical image combination, vague meaning and rich feelings, which can often be interpreted in many ways. His artistic skills reached a superb level, which greatly expanded the emotional capacity of poetry and made a final contribution to the development of Tang poetry. Poets in the late Tang Dynasty, some gorgeous, some indifferent, achieved little, and could not be compared with their predecessors.