He, born in Yongxing (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), was a scholar in 695, when Wu Zetian was 37 years old. In the third year of Tianbao (744), He abdicated and returned to his hometown. Tang Xuanzong personally sent someone to see him off. According to Wen Shuyuan in Old Tang Dynasty, he "died at the age of 86 soon after arriving in his hometown". Since the poem says that "when a teenager leaves home, it's hard for him to return", I'm afraid he left his hometown before he was 37 years old. He lived in Chang 'an for half a century, even from the year when Wu Zetian testified to Tianbao's abdication for three years. The fourth cloud in Du Fu's Five Poems to Send Xing: "He Gongyu is always crazy when he is in office." What does this "He Gong" mean? The age difference between He and Du Fu is more than 50 years. "He Gong Yu, be mad at others" is said to have been written by He Gong in his later years. We can know from Du Fu's poems that He Zhangzhi spoke with a strong Jiangnan accent in his later years. However, "He Gongyu" can only show that He's accent has not changed completely, but it does not mean that He's accent has not changed at all. He was once a "doctor of the four countries" and a "guest of the prince". If he keeps talking about authentic Shaoxing, I really don't know how he works. Therefore, Mr. Wang "doubts whether the old poet has completely changed his local accent" (Two Essays on Gu Nong's Homecoming, Literature and History, No.4, 2002). A person's local accent is difficult to change, especially difficult to understand, especially when he has been away from home for so long like He Zhangzhi. It is unreasonable to say that the local accent has not changed at all. Therefore, the phrase "although the local accent does not change, it is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people" is not as reasonable as "the local accent is difficult to change". In addition, if He Zhangzhi is really "the local accent has not changed", then the next sentence "When a child meets a stranger, he smiles and asks where the guest is from" will not stand. Or the cloud "laughter" shows the innocence, enthusiasm and hospitality of children in their hometown. However, I think the child's "smile" points more to his local accent that has not completely changed. The word "smile" reveals the children's slightly surprised expression: Where did this strange-talking guest come from?
He lived in Chang 'an for more than half a century and made friends with dignitaries from all over the country. It is conceivable that anyone who has come into contact with He will probably be deeply impressed by "He Gongyu". It is impossible for him not to know this. It should be normal to sigh or be recognized by others as "the local accent is hard to change". But when He Zhangzhi returns to his hometown, will he still lament that "the local accent is hard to change"? Everyone knows that * * * has a strong Hunan accent, but is the familiar Hunan accent still the authentic dialect of Shaoshanchong? Obviously not. We often say that when in Rome, do as the Romans do. In order to expand communication, people who go out are bound to make some adjustments to their pronunciation. Chen Yuan, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "After two years of traveling in rivers and seas, the strange local accent became Wu." ("Qiantang crossing Liao Cishan to see and rhyme with poetry") When I was a child, some soldiers came home in the village and spoke strangely, which was different from my hometown dialect. I was particularly impressed. What's more, He Zhangzhi left home for more than half a century and retired in his later years. Facing the native people in Huiji Village, Sri Lanka, especially a group of children, he couldn't feel the change of his accent at all. Therefore, from the common sense, I think why not say "the local accent is hard to change" or "the local accent has not changed" in my hometown book.
He is not only a poet, but also a famous calligrapher, especially his Wild Grass is almost as famous as Zhang Xu at that time. Dou Gao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, praised his cursive script as "perfect in writing" and "competing with nature and arriving without manpower". General manager Lu continued the book review and said, "Like a flying pen, it runs endlessly." He Chuan, a book of the Old Tang Dynasty, said, "He was addicted to frugality in his later years, so he called himself a fanatic of Siming, also known as the supervisor, and wandered in the hutong." Drunk words, moving into scrolls, no words, considerable salt. He is also good at cursive script, and the person who is good at cursive script provided him with a letter. Each piece of paper is just a few crosses, and it is passed on to the treasure. Shi Su's "Jia Tai Hui Ji" also said: "All the people in the hall are ready for the wall barrier, and suddenly forget the opportunity of development, and write a few lines like insects, although the ancient Zhang (straight) cable (static) is not as good as it is." Good people give them a letter, and then pass it on. "As can be seen from the above records, He did not cherish his own poetry and calligraphy works, so he lost them when he wrote them, and many of them lived among the people. Among them, there may be two" Hometown Couplet Books ". I have always suspected that the word "nothing" in "the accent has not changed and my hair has declined" turned out to be "already". As we know, in the Tang Dynasty, cursive script was continuous, and the last stroke of the last word was often connected with the first stroke of the next word. Even the numbers were written in one stroke, which was random, wild and unruly, and the font changed greatly, making it difficult to identify, which became a means for calligraphers to express their sense of * * * and publicize their personality. According to the cursive dictionary, there are some writers and some writers. Imagine: If He Zhangzhi wrote My Hometown Couplet Book with weeds, if the manuscript is "The local accent has changed to the decline of the temples", is it possible to be misinterpreted by future generations as "the local accent has not changed to the decline of the temples"?
"Wu" is a unique word of "Wu". Shuowen regards "Wu" as a strange word in ancient Chinese, which is slightly different from "Wu". The word "Wu" was very popular in the pre-Qin period. Shi Fang's book Shuo Wen Zhuan Zi in Qing Dynasty said: "Nothing is death. In ancient times, death was useless, and Qin was useless. " After the word "Wu" appeared, the word "Wu" continued to be used, and bamboo slips in the Han Dynasty and inscriptions in the Han and Wei Dynasties were also common. According to China News Network 1965438+ Chongqing Electric Power, on February 23rd, 2002, the simplified character "Nothing" appeared in the Sanskrit Nirvana Sutra, a national treasure in Chongqing. Wu and Wu are very different. If the "Wu" in He's Hometown Lianshu is a traditional Chinese character, it is impossible for future generations to mispronounce it. He Zhangzhi wrote a cursive script that "the local accent has changed into an nunnery", so it can be read as "the local accent has not changed into an nunnery". However, judging from the "Wu" in He Chuanshi's cursive script Xiaojing, the simplified word "Wu" () in My Homecoming Book can't be written. That is to say, if there really was a picture of "going back to his hometown" in history, it would definitely not be why "the local accent has not changed" returned to his hometown after half a century. It is hard to say that his accent has not changed in the face of the authentic Huiji accent. Generally speaking, the phrase "the local accent has not changed its temples" in my hometown couplets can only be interpreted as "the local accent has changed its temples", which is also the reason why the poem "the local accent has not changed its temples" appears.
From the ancient books handed down from ancient times, there is no record of Ten Kinds of Tang Poems selected in the Tang Dynasty, nor He Yueling's Photo Album compiled by Yin Lan in the Tang Dynasty, and there is no trace of how to create the Homecoming Couplet Book in the relevant chapters of New Tang Book and Old Tang Book. Song Shenzong Xining five years (1072) compiled the English Collection of Huiji, which recorded two books, My Unexpected Return to China, for the first time. Kong Yan Zhi, the editor of English Records of Huiji, is the 47th generation grandson of Confucius. He was admitted to Jinshi in his second year in Li Qing, Song Renzong (1042). In the fourth year of Shen Zongxi Ning's reign (107 1), Kong learned that the military affairs in Yuezhou were under the jurisdiction of the military forces in eastern Zhejiang, and the original preface to Huiji Yingji said that he "went to court to be an official, applied for an official, went through caves, made up books and sought good things." According to Kong, there are three sources of works in the English Collection of Huiji: one is "crossing the cave" and compiling "Cliff Carvings of Huiji"; The second is "exploring good things", collecting works passed down by word of mouth by predecessors; The third is the Collection of Books, some of which were collected from the books that survived at that time. "Summary of Sikuquanshu" said: "Most of the recorded poems are obtained by looking for stones, so there are many famous people, which is rare in the world." Therefore, these two "hometown couplets" may be the result of Kong's "searching for stones and pulling weeds". If we copy two pieces of The Return of the Native from the cliff stone carvings in Huiji, Tang Dynasty, it will naturally be closer to the original appearance of the poem. However, the cliff stone carvings in the Tang Dynasty have been worn by wind and rain, and the two stone carvings of "returning home" no longer exist, so the existence of these two stone carvings has become a question. If it is a "good question", many things are misinformed, and its source cannot but be doubted. It is particularly noteworthy that Zhao Lingzhi said in Backstreet Record that he was the author of two books, and at the same time he said "Huang Gong". The author of The Return of the Native was directly named Huang Gong in Volume 25 of Wen Shi Ji and Volume 47 of Wen Shi Xu. Huang Gong's life story is unknown. Judging from the authors of The Return of the Native recorded by Song people, although the traditional view of How to write The Return of the Native cannot be overturned, it also shows that the circulation of the two books is extremely complicated.
The preface to the Collection of Poems in Huijiying once said that the Tang poetry was lost: "If Yuan and Bai Juyi wrote poems, Wang Yang could be said to have resisted the enemy." Now, if there is any difference, Bai can be one of his own collections, and the second one can be hidden in the forest. Yuan still doesn't know why this is a plan. Like many poets in the Tang Dynasty, He's works are few and far between, and the reason should be that he "doesn't know what to do yet". Because of this, the two songs "The Return of the Native" spread to the Song Dynasty. Not only did Huang Paifang compete for copyright, but the titles at that time were also different. Backstreet Records and Poems of Tang Dynasty are about returning home, Yin Chuang Zalu is about returning home, and Wu Pian is about returning home. There are many discrepancies in the text. "When I was young, I left home, and the local accent did not change. When a child meets a stranger, he will smile and ask where the guest is from, while "young" is called "young", "child" is called "domestic child", "smile" is called "question" and so on. From Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, the characters were gradually unified. In the Song Dynasty, all the words "young" were described as "young", "leaving home" as "leaving home", "domestic children" as "children" and "asking questions" as "laughing questions". It is generally believed that Ming people like to change the sentences of their predecessors best. Gu Rizhilu, Volume 18, Changed Books, says, "It's better to change ancient books in Wanli. The evil of the human heart and the change of the atmosphere began from now on. " I hate this habit of Ming people. But to be fair, it is a cliche in the Ming Dynasty that "young people left their homeland and their local accent did not change". These four poems, "When a child meets a stranger, he laughs and asks where the guest comes from", are indeed better than various versions of the Song Dynasty in words. As far as this poem is concerned, the Ming people did not change it rashly, but carefully selected the different versions of the Song Dynasty on the basis of trying to figure out the poetry, and its artistry was far from comparable to the versions before the "change". Just one thing, although the phrase "the local accent has not changed, the hair on the sideburns has declined" is literal, it is not reasonable. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty did not know about this, and few people questioned it today.
(Author: College of Literature, Jiangsu Normal University)