Mainly: 1, the deepening of humanism, which can specifically refer to humanism and mainly focus on human nature. 2. For academic art, it is mainly influenced by avant-garde art. Although avant-garde art shows its maverick with anti-tradition, anti-aesthetics, anti-form, and even anti-museum consciousness, avant-garde artists are also worried about whether they can collect their own works of art in a sacred place like a museum and let their activities be recorded in art history. This kind of "museum consciousness" and "art history consciousness" longing for history shows that the avant-garde still respects and pursues the attention and interpretation of academic experts, scholars and famous artists in the college. When avant-garde art can be displayed in western non-commercial paintings, museums and art colleges, avant-garde artists will repeatedly emphasize it. This situation is the same as that of China.
involve
"Renaissance" is a noun and an adjective. As a noun, it refers to the prosperity of literature and art in the Italian peninsula. Later, when similar literary and artistic prosperity appeared in Spain, Germany, the Netherlands and other regions, this word was used. As an adjective, "Renaissance" generally refers to people's hope for the arrival of the Renaissance, and is often formally or informally described as the literary situation of other countries or regions.
All these make Italian art different from the Renaissance in spirit and artistic techniques. In Flanders, due to the lack of independence of Dutch revolution,17th century was still under the control of Spanish feudal autocracy and Catholic church, and art still served the luxurious court. The theme of painting has changed accordingly, and the mythical theme of seeking pleasure and the historical theme of singing praise have become the mainstream of Flanders' painting.
Including Lang Shining, a missionary painter who will work in the Qing court in China for life in the future, Dutch Renaissance art is also reflected in the western architecture of Yuanmingyuan. It has a great influence on western architecture, landscape design and painting in China. Lang Shining, a missionary painter, promoted the understanding of western Renaissance art by the high-level officials of the Qing court.
The development of the Renaissance has roughly experienced four stages: (1)13rd century belongs to the early Renaissance, and its outstanding feature is that the development of literature has reached an unprecedented level. The cultural center city of this period was Florence. The representative figures are three writers called "the top three masters": Dante (1265 to 132 1), Petrarch (1304 to 1374) and Boccaccio (/kloc-0). Because their works are widely circulated, the dialect of Florence, the hometown of these three poets, has become the predecessor of modern Italian. At this stage, the master Giotto (1267 to 1337), who is revered as the father of European painting, has a direct influence on the Italian painting style in 100. (2) The period from the end of14 to the first half of 15 is the preparation period for the climax of the Renaissance. During this period, humanism and literature and art developed further, resulting in a number of high-level painters, sculptors and architects, such as painter Ma Saqiao (140 1 to 1428) and sculptor Donatello (1386 to1428). Among them, the large vault of Florence church designed by Brunelleschi from 1434 to 1437 is magnificent and unforgettable. (3) From the end of15 to the first half of 16, the Renaissance flourished and the cultural center city was transferred from Florence to Rome. The main representatives are the last three masters-Da Vinci (1452 to 15 19), Michelangelo (1475 to 1564) and Raphael (1483 to 654). The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, David, The Sadness of the Virgin and Lady Sisto, as well as a large number of murals in the Raphael Studio of the Vatican Museum, are treasures of the world art galleries and are well-known in China. (4) The second half of16th century to the first half of17th century is the late Renaissance. The representatives of this period are four famous Venetian painters: giorgione, Titian (1490 to 1576), Veronica and Tintoretto, and three famous scientists and thinkers: Bruno, Galileo and campanella.
Renaissance was not only the result of the influence of Greek and Roman classical culture, but also absorbed many beneficial things from foreign cultures, especially Arabic, Indian and China cultures, thus blending the eastern and western cultures.
After the introduction of the Netherlands Renaissance into China, it played a logical role in promoting the birth, evolution and inheritance of China's later literature and art.
Since France and Britain established the semi-official Royal Academy of Fine Arts in the17th century, it has been called academic art ... The establishment of the Academy of Fine Arts has made fine arts a major under the large-scale education mode and a conscious and systematic place to train talents, instead of the spontaneous workshop-style teaching in the past; Therefore, art has become an independent discipline, and its laws can be clarified. This is the progress of art. As early as the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there was a Royal Academy of Fine Arts in China, and there was a government-run place to train and place painters. Of course, there is a difference between a painting academy and an opposition painter. However, the development of modern art in China is not a continuation of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in the past, but a product of the Western Academy of Fine Arts system. From Liu Haisu and Lin Fengmian, to Xu Beihong, and then to Soviet-style education after liberation, China's modern fine arts have achieved fruitful results on the road of modern fine arts college education, and produced a batch of artists who recorded the times, reflected people's happiness and expressed their feelings. It can be said that until the early days of reform and opening-up, China's academy art took the realistic creative purport as its basic direction, which also influenced the aesthetic orientation of the whole society.
It is during the more than 20 years of reform and opening up that China's society, economy and culture have changed, and the appearance of art has changed from a relatively simple style in the past to a new situation with diverse styles, especially the modern art in China, which is based on various schools of western modern art. The innovations of these modern artists have enabled China art to repeat the art history of the West for nearly a hundred years in ten years. In the 1990s, China's contemporary art brand made China people establish a specific artist's self-personality and national character, and also made academic art show a relatively dull side in the face of these social art events, thus once again raising the issue of the positioning and role of academic art. ..
The Renaissance began in Italy in the14th century, which roughly refers to the 400 years that Europe experienced from the Middle Ages to modern times. The word Renaissance means rebirth or resurrection. It is a vague concept, with no definite start or end date, but it can usually include the evolution of Europe from the brutal dark age to the era of new development in various fields, and the achievements in these fields are beyond the reach of great ancient civilizations.
Many achievements in the Middle Ages contributed to this era symbolizing rebirth. One of them is to restore interest in learning. The First College of Oxford University was established in 1264. By 1400, there are more than 50 universities in Europe. Ancient documents originally preserved by Arabs were translated into Latin, which fostered an atmosphere of education and debate. Europeans had contact with Arabs in the Holy Land, Sicily and Spain, and rediscovered many treasures in this way. The works of Euclid, an ancient Greek mathematician, are an example, and have been the standard mathematics textbooks for Europeans until the19th century. Arabs also spread the new number system, the concept of decimal point and the concept of zero, which were developed in India. About 1450, with the invention of printing, the spread of knowledge accelerated.
The second important contribution is the improvement of living standards, especially in large commercial cities in Italy. The Crusades opened Europeans' eyes to the wealth of the East, especially silk, spices and cotton. Businessmen from Venice, Genoa, Florence and other cities are vying for trade between Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. After accumulating surplus wealth from commercial activities, these businessmen began to beautify their hometown and city with art. Sculpture, painting, architecture, music, poetry and literature have found new ways to express interesting themes, which have surpassed the religious themes that have been dominant since the Middle Ages. They generally depict daily life, knight stories and adventure plots, so European culture has become more humanized and religious elements have decreased.
The development of technology is also updating, and more effective goods and services appear. Manufacturing, agriculture and trade have all been improved, far exceeding the achievements of ancient times. The desire for profit encourages innovation and exploration. With the disappearance of declining aristocrats, middle-class businessmen and craftsmen began to strive for political power commensurate with their economic strength.
By the year 1500, European countries were ahead of the world in many important technologies. Europeans have released their vitality by exploring the world, looking for trade routes, the Protestant Reformation and the constant political competition in Europe itself, which has also made this region occupy a pivotal position for centuries.
It is generally believed that the Renaissance originated in Italy in the14th century (the word Renaissance comes from the Italian word Rinascimento, which means regeneration or revival), and it spread to western European countries in the late15th century, reaching its peak in the16th century. 1550, vasari officially took it as the name of the new culture in the biography of the celebrity of the Art Garden. This word is transliterated as Renaissance in French, and is widely used in European countries after17th century. 19th century, western historians further regarded it as the floorboard of western European culture from 14 to16th century. Western historians once thought that this was the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture and art.
Background:
The Middle Ages in Western Europe was a particularly "dark age". Christian church became the spiritual pillar of feudal society at that time. It established a strict hierarchy and regarded God as absolute authority. Everything in literature, art and philosophy must conform to the teaching of the Christian classic Bible, and no one can violate it. Otherwise, the Inquisition will punish him or even execute him. The Bible says that the ancestors of mankind were Adam and Eve. Because they violated God's prohibition, stole the forbidden fruit of heaven and committed a great crime. As their descendants, human beings must atone for their sins from generation to generation, suffer for life, and have no desire to enter heaven in the afterlife. Under the control of the church, literature and art in the Middle Ages were lifeless, and science and technology made no progress.
In the late Middle Ages, driven by various conditions, the seeds of capitalism first appeared in Italy in Europe. The germination of capitalism is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage. The commodity economy operates through the market, and the choice, bargaining and signing of contracts in the market are all deliberate and voluntary behaviors. This is the embodiment of freedom. Of course, if you want to have these freedoms, you must have the freedom of ownership of the means of production, and the premise of all these freedoms is human freedom. Italy calls for human freedom at this time, and stale Europe needs a new ideological movement to advocate human freedom.
The emergence of the seeds of capitalism also provided the possibility for the rise of this ideological movement. With the prosperity of urban economy, wealthy businessmen, workshop owners and bankers with great wealth have more confidence in their personal value and strength, and are full of the spirit of innovation, enterprising, daring to take risks and daring to win. People generally respect people who are versatile, elegant and knowledgeable. This provided a profound material foundation and a suitable social environment for the Renaissance.
Ancient Greece and Rome made great achievements in literature and art, and people could freely express various academic ideas, which was in sharp contrast with the "dark ages" in the Middle Ages. /kloc-At the end of 0/4, due to the invasion of the Ottoman Empire who believed in Islam, many scholars from East Rome took refuge in Western Europe with a large number of ancient Greek and Roman art treasures and books on literature, history and philosophy. Later, some scholars from East Rome established a school called "Greek Academy" in Florence, Italy, to teach the splendid history, civilization and culture of Greece. This brilliant achievement is consistent with the spiritual realm pursued by people after the germination of capitalism. Therefore, many western European scholars demanded to restore the culture and art of ancient Greece and Rome. This demand is like a spring breeze, slowly blowing all over western Europe. The Renaissance arose from this.
China contemporary art has made some changes on the basis of classical art,
Or there is no conversion at all, and the visual form of classical art is preserved.
For example, through the positive political image of "singers" serving politics,
Turn into a negative political image of a "loser" who serves western politics.
But the essence of ideology is still the same, serving politics,
It's just that the target of political service is different.
But the art form after image conversion,
Or stay in the backward values of agricultural civilization,
Or stay in the backward classical art system.
The understanding of art is still the same as that of the painting academy and the old Soviet system.
It is also the backward thinking logic of classical art.
Do an experiment to put the positive political image of "Zanpai",
Add color with image processing software PS,
Twist it a few more times with the PS filter,
This has become the negative political image of a "bad singer".
This image transformation has an understanding of the value system of art history itself.
Or continue to pursue social and political significance,
The backward concepts of artistic cognition such as theme meaning.
This concept of artistic understanding,
Far behind the modern and post-modern artistic cognitive concepts.
Still follow the theme meaning system of classical art.
Therefore, contemporary art in China has not entered the threshold of modern art system.
It is still in the transitional stage from classical art to modern art.
Not to mention postmodernism.
Obviously, this concept of literary thinking,
That was before the Western Renaissance.
There is a complete lack of humanitarian spirit and modern scientific thinking cognitive system.
This is the essence of the decline of contemporary art in China.