? Gong Zizhen (1792- -1841), first named Ziyu, with the diminutive name Azhen, changed his name to Zizhen, with the courtesy name Liren, Aiwu, and the pseudonym Ding'an, also known as Gong Zuo, Yi Jian, and the courtesy name Ding. Bo, also known as Yuchuan Shanmin, was from Renhe, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). Gong Zizhen was a thinker, writer and reformist pioneer in the Qing Dynasty. He was praised by Liu Yazi as "the best in three hundred years". Gong Zizhen left hundreds of poems in his life, which were systematically included in the collection of poems "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai". The poem is good at using specific images to convey his concern for the country and the people. He used his advanced consciousness to explore the various devastations in the society at that time and worried about the safety of the country. In that complacent era, Gong Zizhen established a firm foothold in Qing literature with his unique perspective. Liang Qichao said: "The emancipation of thought in the late Qing Dynasty was truly and truly meritorious. The so-called new writers during the Guangxu period led everyone to After a period of worshiping Gong, we can see the great literary influence of Gong Zizhen.
Gong Zizhen is good at creating images and using them to express his thoughts, feelings and political ambitions. The images in Gong's poems echo the emotional content he wants to express. There are images that symbolize the decline of the Qing Dynasty, such as "autumn air", "twilight", "sunset", "yellow leaves", etc.; there are images that express Gong Zizhen's self, the more prominent ones are "Sword" and "Xiao", in addition to "flower", "autumn soul" and "heart". Gong Zizhen left a profound impact on the history of Qing literature with his sense of worry and strong critical consciousness expressed in his poems. He criticized the whole society with his poems of "Everyone is drunk, but I am alone awake". Therefore, this article This will briefly analyze the thoughts and feelings conveyed by the typical intentions used in Gong Zizhen's poems.
? Since ancient times, literati have had a sense of worry. From the fate of the country to the safety of individuals, many literati have a sharp eye and find a way out of the thorns of the times." When the Jin people went south, the country was in turmoil. Xin Qiji "When I was drunk, I read the sword with a lamp on, and I dreamed of blowing the trumpet, and the camp was eight hundred miles away, and I was burning under my command." When the people were in the heat of water, there was Du Fu who "had tens of millions of mansions, and the shelter of the poor people in the world made them happy"; and Ben The article discusses Gong Zizhen’s “The vitality of Kyushu relies on wind and thunder, and it is pitiful that thousands of horses are silent.” I urge God to cheer up and send talents of any kind"; Cao Zhi "stroked the sword and thunder sounded, and the fierce energy floated vertically and horizontally"; Tao Yuanming "when he was young, he was strong and powerful, and he walked alone with the sword"; Wang Changling "walked thousands of miles with a sword, and his small body dared "One word"... Poets reflect their concern for the country and the people in their poems. They incorporate the images they see in their eyes and express their emotions through objects. Gong Zizhen also incorporates many images into his poems. He uses specific images to express his feelings. In Gong Zizhen's poems, he uses common objects in traditional poetry to create images, such as wind and rain, thunder and lightning, sunset, falling flowers, lights, flutes and swords in life. In light of his unique emotions and life experiences, he gave these images specific meanings, which were deeply rooted in people's hearts in the dim and confusing era.
1. Save the troubled times and strive to survive
? Gong Zizhen is. The founder of the Chinese reformist movement. He was clearly aware that the Qing Dynasty had entered a "decline". He criticized the decadent feudal autocratic rule, exposed the declining trend of feudal society, and called for reform in "Ji Hai Za Shi". It's sad to rely on the wind and snow to be angry, but it's sad that thousands of horses are silent. I urge God to cheer up and send talents of any kind. "Hit the point of exposing social ills, pointing out that in order to change the current decadent social state, we must rely on the huge power of wind and thunder. It is intended to warn the world that only through social change movements can the country continue to survive. The feudal system has its drawbacks. , to conform to the trend of the times. The poem contains magnificent subjective images such as "Nine States", "Wind and Thunder", "Ten Thousand Horses" and "God of Heaven", which make the critical meaning more profound and majestic, giving people a sense of forge ahead. The "wind and thunder" in the poem is Gong Zizhen's heartfelt cry for change and a warning to the world. It is also a reflection of the literati's concern for the country and the people. He hopes that the "wind and thunder" of changing society will come like thousands of horses galloping forward. To overthrow the old society, thousands of horses and iron horses can crush the feudal system. In the decadent feudal society, it is necessary to recruit talented people to reform the society. The bright moon is not allowed to sink into the sky, but the river waves are coming. "This poem is intended to criticize the corruption of the feudal autocratic system. This kind of self-proclaimed rule will be abandoned by the times. "Wind and thunder" can change the wind and rain, can recruit talents, and is omnipotent. The image of "wind and thunder" is in "Ji Hai Za" "Poetry" has been used many times by him, which is the embodiment of advocating change, such as: "The wind and thunder of twenty thousand miles in front of you can fly out of your chest without any effort." It was in vain to break through the door and fly bravely, and now I am afraid that I will meet the immortal. The queen of Xuan is so lonely that she cannot be found. The official Wuji of the Han Dynasty has two profound words. There is no mistake in writing the book, and it has the heart of a wind and thunder veteran. "Expressed his desire to change to save the declining society and seek survival through reform. When the Qing Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, and the world was still intoxicated with the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, Gong Zizhen had already seen that the feudal society had entered a stage of crisis. , Such advanced awareness is admirable
2. Contradiction
Gong Zizhen was in an era when the Qing Dynasty was about to decline. The sense of responsibility of the times gave him a sense of urgency and the country's responsibility. Crisis is always a concern for him. But a saint is also a human being, and he also has emotional ups and downs. While he is worried about the country and the people, he also yearns for a leisurely and contented life of mountains, rivers, countryside, and natural scenery.
Forced by reality, he sometimes worries about the safety of the country, sometimes misses the landscape, sometimes criticizes reality, and sometimes lives in a leisurely and contented life. These two different psychology are manifestations of his inner contradiction. It is said in "Xiang Yue": "Play the flute with resentment, and play the sword with madness, both of which are ecstasy." This is when Gong Zizhen and his wife returned to their hometown of Hangzhou and went boating on the West Lake. This poem reveals to a certain extent his contradictory heart. While he is nostalgic for the quiet, beautiful, leisurely and comfortable natural scenery, he is also worried about the survival of the country. "The young man plays the flute when fencing, and the spirit of the sword and the flute are gone." "In business, I have been deprived of my fame for fifteen years", "I have pondered over the events of fifteen years, and my talents and tears have increased, and I have lost both my heart and my reputation as a flute"... Gong Zizhen loved writing "Xiao" and "Sword" so much , can be seen almost everywhere in his works. It is precisely this method of artistic expression that truly reflects his true inner thoughts and needs. These two images both reveal the poet's true inner world. The heroic "sword" and the plaintive "Xiao" always put his heart in a state of fluctuation and contradiction, so his poems have authenticity. The helplessness of reality made the poet melancholy and lonely, so he devoted this suppressed emotion to the scenic spots of lakes and mountains, dreams, fairyland and the Western world of Buddhism. Gong Zizhen's image of the integration of "sword" and "xiao" is also a manifestation of the contradictory inner feelings of modern literati, and a symbol of the true inner experience of Chinese people in the midst of historical changes.
3. Expose the declining world
Whenever there are shortcomings in any era, there will be people with lofty ideals who strive to expose the shortcomings and protect the country. Gong Zizhen's "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai" also contains some poems that criticize the current ills, such as "The autumn air does not frighten the swallows in the hall, but the setting sun still loves the crows on the roadside" and "The setting sun suddenly goes down to the Central Plains, smiling and singing about the Six Dynasties in the Fenghua Palace" by Gong Zizhen The "sunset" is used to symbolize the declining power of the country. Under the calm conditions, there is actually a turbulent crisis brewing. Although there are no huge changes in the surface and form of this era, it is already beset by crises and is always facing the collapse of the era of changing dynasties. Gong Zizhen's advanced sense of worry prevented him from being indulged in the torrent of the times, and the self-sufficient and peaceful life of the Qing Dynasty did not make him lose his rebellious fighting spirit. While others were still dreaming of prosperity, he had already felt the signs that the Qing Dynasty was about to collapse. "Don't rely on me to reach high places. Suddenly the dusk falls in the Central Plains." [4] The image of "evening mist" outlines the illusion of a prosperous age shrouded in the Qing Dynasty. In the social environment that blocked the clouds and blocked the needs, Gong Zizhen was able to predict ahead of time that the Qing Dynasty had set in the sunset and was in the "decline of the age". These are all manifestations of Gong Zizhen's super perception. Gong Zizhen, who awakened under cultural repression, used imagery to expose the ills of the times, which is his consistent poetry style. "As the sun sets, a sad wind suddenly arrives. People miss the lamps and candles, look miserable, drink in the twilight air, and live next to their dreams." "Sad wind", "dark candles" and "twilight air" all reflect the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty. description. Hidden under the prosperous form of the Qing Dynasty is an era of decline. The prosperous era has almost collapsed. A dynasty that does not listen to suggestions and lacks talents will eventually die soon.
4. Ambition is rewarded
In the era under the feudal autocratic system, a person who dared to speak his mind could not win the trust of the rulers, and upright talents could never win the trust of the rulers. Reuse. They are often eliminated and outside the times, with empty ambitions but nowhere to display them. Throughout the dynasties, many literati and talented people were demoted or banned because they were dissatisfied with the rulers who were deceived by the words of traitors. If a dynasty loses its talents, its demise is inevitable. Gong Zizhen was originally a talented man with lofty ambitions. At the age of nineteen, he was ranked second in the provincial examination, and at the age of twenty-seven, he passed the examination and entered the officialdom. However, in the next ten years, he took the examination many times but failed every time. After participating in the examination for the first time, I was admitted with a score of 95th. However, he was suppressed during the imperial examination because of "regular script disloyalty", and he never had the opportunity to enter the Hanlin Academy. Instead, he was only awarded low-level civil servant positions such as cabinet clerk, director of the Host and Guest Department, and director of the Ministry of Rites, such as temple worship and walking. Gong Zizhen, whose talent was not appreciated, had nowhere to display his talents and had no way to take revenge. Therefore, many of his poems can reveal his confusion about his own fate, and his concern for the fate of literati in the torrent of the times. For example, "Ji Hai Miscellaneous Poems. Part 3": "The strong wind blew away the soul of spring, and the tiger and leopard lay heavily in the nine nests. Finally, the fallen flower was in a good mood, silently feeling the kindness of the Jade Emperor all his life." This poem was forced to do so because the poet was not recognized for his talent. Made after leaving the capital and returning to his hometown. It expresses the dangers of official career. Officialdom is a land of tigers and leopards, and dangers are the form of officialdom. "Falling flowers" is an expression of melancholy, which is a metaphor for one's official career of not being reused and being excluded. The "tiger and leopard" is used as a metaphor for the feudal autocratic force. The decadent evil force dominates the officialdom, making it difficult for one to achieve his ambitions and having to retire to his hometown. "In the middle of the night, I tremble with fear, and my hair grows thick. When I open the door, an old friend comes, and I am shocked by my appearance. The sky is covered with frost and snow, would I rather not be hungry when I come?" The image of "night" in this poem shows the poet's inner emotions throughout the poem. A state of fear and emotion about one's own destiny. "The golden hair is fluttering in the rain, and the childlike innocence of sixty-nine years has not yet disappeared. The red curtains of the sea are rising at the end of the month, and the shadows of flowers in the four compartments are angry with the tide." It shows that although the poet has entered middle age, he still has ambitions, but the reality is not ideal. Can place this concern in a dream.
Gong Zizhen uses imagery to express his thoughts and emotions in his poems, and the use of imagery in his poems has its own uniqueness. He is not intoxicated by the current of the times, but clearly points out the shortcomings of the times. This advanced consciousness is worthy of admiration.