A rhythm
Poetry is a musical language. One of the greatest characteristics of musical works is that the flow of notes is rhythmic. The so-called rhythm means that strong beat and weak beat cooperate in a certain form and appear regularly and repeatedly. Anyone who knows something about music knows that there are two basic rhythms in music, namely strong-weak (2/4 beat) and strong-weak-weak (3/4 beat). Give a simple example:
The rhythm of children's song Happy New Year is strong-weak-weak;
1 1 1 5 │33 3 1│ 13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│ 13 2 5│72 1 —│
China's ancient poems are flat and rhythmic. There is no difference between flat and flat tones in English, but there are stressed syllables and lightly read syllables, and their rhythm is expressed by stressed syllables and lightly read syllables. The rhythm of English poetry is that a stressed syllable and one or two light syllables are collocated according to a certain pattern and appear regularly and repeatedly.
As we know, all English words with more than two syllables are divided into stressed syllables and light syllables. In a sentence, according to the requirements of grammar, intonation and semantics, some words should be stressed and some words should be read lightly. For example, he went to town to buy a book. I'm glad to hear that. English is divided into stressed syllables and light syllables. Stressed syllables and light syllables are combined according to a certain pattern, and repeated to form a poem, which sounds cadence and cadence, forming the rhythm of the poem. Disyllabic words have stress and secondary stress, which can be regarded as stress and light reading according to rhythm. Read the following two poems:
She cut and bound the grain alone,
Singing my blues.
The fixed collocation pattern of stress and light reading in these two lines of poems is: light-heavy. Each line is reproduced four times, thus forming the rhythm of these two lines of poetry. A fixed combination of light and heavy is called "foot", which is equivalent to "bar" in music score. Light and heavy are the steps of these two lines of poetry. The number of times light and heavy collocations appear in a line of poetry is called steps. These two lines of poetry have four steps, so they are called four-step poems.
Two common steps
The sound step consists of light reading and stress reading. According to the different collocation methods of stress and light reading, different types of steps can be divided. Different types of steps naturally lead to different rhythms. The most common types of steps are as follows:
Iambic.
If there are two syllables in a step, the former is light and the latter is heavy, then this step is called iambic step, and its technical term is (iamb, iambic. ). Light reading is "inhibition" and stress is "promotion", so it is called iambic.
There are a large number of words in English, and their pronunciations are light and heavy, such as admiration, excitement, superiority, surrounding, appearance, desire, attack, supply, belief, return and so on. So it is convenient to write English poems in iambic. In other words, iambic rhymes conform to the rules of English pronunciation. So iambic is the most commonly used in English poetry, and 90% of English poetry is written in iambic. The first two poems are iambic poems.
(2) Yang Yige
If there are two syllables in a step, the former is heavy and the latter is light, then this step is called cadence step, and its technical term is (trochee, trochaic. ). It is called yang suppression when it is serious and "suppression" when it is light. It is the opposite of iambic.
There are also a number of words in English that are pronounced as "emphasizing one thing over another", such as happy, many, holy, yonder, headline, flaming, upper, grandeur, failure and so on. It is appropriate to write poems that praise and restrain cases. However, the number of such words in English is not as much as before, which is not in line with the language rules of English, so there are not many poems in ascending and descending cases. Give two examples of poetry:
Present laughter present laughter
Shakespeare
Shake your chains like dew.
Shelley
Suppression of iambic pentameter
The iambic pentameter contains three syllables, which are light-light-heavy, and the technical terms are: Anapaest, anapaestic.
Sample words:
Knight, intercession, disbelief, reappearance, disapproval, ambiguity, on the mountain.
Example:
Byron's sonnets are iambic:
That bastard Ian came down like a wolf in the circle,
His companions are purple Ming and golden Ming;
Their spears shine like stars on the sea,
When the blue waves roll through the night, they lie in the depths of Galilee.
-The destruction of Seine cribb
This is a poem written by Byron, which describes that the ancient Assyrians besieged Jerusalem and were attacked by the plague. The word "wave" in the second step of the fourth line can be light or heavy. Sennacherib in the poem is the king of Assyria. Folds refer to sheep, and purple and gold describe the clothes of Assyrian army, Galilee, Lake Galilee in northern Palestine. Legion, sheen, light.
(4) Promoting and restraining cases.
Emphasis-light-light is to promote and suppress cases, and the technical terms are: finger end, finger end.
Sample words:
Happily, kindly, eloquently, messenger, pleasantly, appropriately, unexpectedly, in quantity.
Example:
She tugged at the golden hair of corn.
Davis: Villain.
There are more than a dozen types of footsteps in English poetry, and there are four common ones, the first one is the most common. In addition, inhibition cases (pyrihic [/peirik] and Yang Yangge [spondee[/sp :ndi]) often appear in poems.
It should be noted that these types of steps are only theoretical analysis. In fact, a poem has only one type of steps, which is rare. Most of them are based on one type, interspersed with other types. If a poem contains only one kind of steps, it will appear very monotonous and mechanical. As long as a poem is dominated by a certain type, although other types are interspersed in the middle, it is also called a case. For example, written with iambic as the main rhythm is called iambic poem. Some modern free poems are not restricted by these rules.
Sanshihang
(1) A line of poetry is not necessarily a complete sentence.
The first letter of each line in English poetry is capitalized, but a line is not necessarily a complete sentence, nor does it necessarily express a complete meaning. Sometimes, a line of poetry is just a sentence, and sometimes two or more lines make up a sentence, and the meaning is complete. The former is called the end stop line and the latter is called the running line. This is one of the biggest differences between English poetry and China poetry. China's poems all express a complete meaning in one line. Look at the following poem:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to the ground, I don't know where it is;
Because it flies so fast.
Unable to follow its flight.
The first two lines are end stop lines, and the last two lines are running lines. Read a cross-line poem with a short pause at the end.
Sentences between lines are very common in English poetry, and sometimes it takes ten lines to form a complete sentence. People who have just learned English poetry are often not used to it. We should pay attention to this.
(2) The length of a line is calculated by steps:
The length of English lines generally ranges from one step to five steps. There are also six, seven and eight steps, but not many. Most of them are poems with four steps and five steps.
(Various technical terms: one-step poem: one-step poem: two-step poem: three-step poem: three-step poem: four-step poem: five-step poem: six-step poem: seven-step poem: eight-step poem. )
When analyzing the metrical pattern of a poem, we should not only study the basic types of steps in the poem, but also study the number of steps in each line. Look at the following short poem:
Empty house
Alexander Pope
You hit your head, and your wisdom will appear:
Please knock at the door, there is no one at home.
You pat your head and feel that inspiration will come soon. Knock all you want. Nobody will open the door. Head, head. Imagine, verb: think, imagine. )
The basic prosodic type of this poem is iambic, with five steps per line. So the meter of this poem is called iambic pentameter. The beat of a poem is composed of the type and number of steps contained in the line.
Siyun (rhyme)
English poetry usually rhymes.
(1) Full rhyme and half rhyme.
The whole rhyme is strict rhyme, and its requirements are:
(1) Rhyme should be placed on stressed syllables and vowels should be consistent;
(2) The consonants before vowels should be different;
(3) If there is a consonant after a vowel, it should be the same.
(4) If there are light syllables after stressed syllables, they should be the same.
The following pairs of words meet the whole rhyme standard:
Why-sigh; Hate-late; Fight-happiness; Power-flowers; Today-leave; Ending-bending.
If only the vowels are the same but pronounced differently, it is not consistent with the whole rhyme. For example:
Blood mask; There-here; Went alone; Daughter-laughter.
This situation is called "eye rhyme". Although poets sometimes use it, it is not a real rhyme.
Only consonants are the same or only vowels are the same;
Different vowels have the same consonants before and after, which are called consonants, such as: black, block; Creak, quack; Reader, rider; Despise, punish.
The same vowels and the same consonants behind them are called harmony, such as lake and fate; Time, mind.
(2) Rhyme and rhyme (ending rhyme and inner rhyme)
The last stressed syllable of the betting line is called the ending rhyme. This is the most common rhyming part in English poetry. The rhyme between the stressed syllable paused in the middle of a line and the last stressed syllable of the line is called in-line rhyme. For example:
Spring, sweet spring, is a pleasant king in a year;
Then everything blooms, and then the girls dance in a circle.
(3) Male rhyme and female rhyme (Yang rhyme and Yin rhyme)
Rhyme is limited to the last syllable stressed in the line, which is called male rhyme, also called single rhyme, and it sounds very powerful. Such as: late, fate; Hill, fill; Enjoy, destroy.
Rhyme is placed on two syllables, and the last syllable is not stressed. It is called female rhyme, also called double rhyme, which sounds light or graceful. Such as: lighting lights and fighting; Sports, the ocean; Victory, start.
Look at the following poem:
I'm coming, little girl,
Full of pleasant sunshine;
Feed honey to bees,
Flowers bloom for the tree.
The first two lines are female rhymes, and the last two lines are male rhymes.
There are also many English poems that don't rhyme. Poems that don't rhyme are called blank poems. It is often used in drama and narrative poetry. Shakespeare's plays and Milton's Paradise Lost are both written in blank verse. Rhyme poetry is called rhyming poetry, which is the difference between blank poetry and free verse. Although blank verse does not rhyme, it has a fixed rhythm, and the promotion and suppression of pentameter is the most common. The rhythm of free verse is not fixed, just like the vernacular.
Poetry selection and interpretation
Selected English poems
Elective courses for undergraduates
William shakespeare (1564 ——1616)
About the author:
Playwright and poet. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets in his life. Most of his sonnets are dedicated to an aristocratic youth, and more than twenty poems are dedicated to the dark lady.
1 Sonnet
Can I compare you to a summer day?
You are cuter and gentler;
The wind shook the lovely buds of May,
The lease in summer is too short;
Sometimes the eye of heaven shines too hot,
His golden complexion often darkens;
Every market sometimes declines,
Accidental or natural process of change, without pruning;
But your eternal summer will not die,
Nor will you lose the beauty you know;
Death will not boast that you wander in his shadow,
When you grow up in eternal poetry.
As long as human beings can breathe and see,
This is eternal, which gives you life.
Precautions:
Than what to do.
The second person refers to the singular pronoun "you", the former is nominative and the latter is objective. It has been replaced by you. Its possessive case is yours, or yours, which is your in modern English.
Art = are。 16, 17 century used with ancient times.
Temperate zone: from Latin temperātus, the stress can be put back in order to conform to the rhyme rules.
Shake off: Shake off.
Lease term, here refers to the length of summer.
Has is used with the third person singular, which is equivalent to has in modern English.
Darken: cloudy.
Beauty in beauty. Fair has different meanings before and after. The decline of beauty.
Opportunity: extreme fate, luck, fate.
Every beautiful person has a decline,/accidentally, or in the process of natural change, unaffected: every beautiful person always loses her beauty, even if there are no unexpected events, she can't escape the changes in nature. Sometimes: Some versions are called "sometime": at an unspecified time.
Untrimmed: Untrimmed. Take off beautiful clothes, etc. Take away beauty, etc.
You know beauty: you have beauty. In Shakespeare's time, Owen and himself were very common. Add -st or -est after the singular of the second person in Old English.
His shadow: the shadow of death.
"Death cannot boast what you see in his shadow": "Death cannot boast that you are wandering in his shadow".
Time makes you grow: as long as time exists, you will grow. Live with time. Combine with.
Content parsing:
The development and change of this poem: it begins with people comparing with summer and ends with people conquering nature. The first four lines indicate that people are more beautiful and gentler than summer; The fourth line develops this meaning, which leads to the feeling that the face is unskilled; The third group had a new idea, overturned the preface, and finally ended in the last two lines of victory. This poem expresses the idea that good things can be immortal with the help of literature; Literature is created by people, so it declares the immortality of people. Therefore, this poem is not an ordinary love poem.
Formal analysis:
Sonnet: Sonnet, that is, "Shanglai Style" poem. The origin of this poem is unknown. The earliest examples appeared in13rd century, and in Britain in16th century. There are two main varieties: Italian and English. The Italian poet Petrarch [/petra:k] is best at using this poetic style, so this Italian style is also called Petrarch's sonnets. English style was founded by Shakespeare, also known as Shakespeare's sonnets.
Italian is divided into the first eight lines and the last six lines. Rhyme ends with abba, abba; cde，dcd。 . Shakespearean sonnets are divided into the first four lines, the middle four lines, the last four lines and the last two lines. The ending is: abab, cdcd, efef, gg. The metric system is iambic pentameter.
Can I compare you to a summer day? (1)
You are more loving and patient.
Surging wind, shaking, Dahl in May, Lingya, (1)
Summer's lease is too short.
Sometimes it's so hot that his eyes even glow.
Nine times out of ten is his gold ... (4)
And eve│ry fair│from fair│ sometimes │ decline, (c)
Accidental or natural change process, not triggered; (4)
But your eternity will not fade
Nor will you lose the good things you have; (6)
Death can't boast that you want to be in his shadow
At the end of time, you are growing. (6)
As long as human beings can breathe, their eyes can see.
As long as you live in this world, the world will give you life. (g)
Reference translation:
Can I compare you to summer?
You are gentler and cuter;
Strong winds will blow down the beautiful flowers in May,
Life in summer may end too soon;
Sometimes the giant eyes of heaven shine too hot,
His golden face will be blackened;
Everything is beautiful, and it will always fade away.
Destroyed by chance or natural metabolism;
But your eternal summer will never wither,
You will never lose your beautiful manners;
Death cannot boast that you wander in his shadow,
You will be with time in immortal poems;
As long as humans are breathing and seeing,
My poem is alive, let your life stretch. (Tu 'an)
2 spring
When daisies wither and violets turn blue.
Ladies' blouses are all silver.
Yellow cuckoo bud
Please describe the grassland to your heart's content,
Every three times,
Laugh at married men; Because he sings like this:
Rhododendron,
Cuckoo. Cuckoo Oh, the word fear
Unpleasant for married people!
When the shepherd plays the flute with an oat pole,
The happy lark is the farmer's clock,
When the tortoise walks, the crow and the dawn,
The girls bleached their summer clothes,
Every three times,
Laugh at married men; Because he sings like this:
Rhododendron,
Cuckoo. Cuckoo Oh, the word fear
Unpleasant for married people!
-Comedy: Love in vain
Plot: King Navarra [n /va:] and several courtiers vowed to abandon all worldly pleasures and concentrate on their studies within three years. One of them is: don't talk to a woman once every three years. Soon the French princess brought several ladies-in-waiting to handle state affairs. The king and courtiers could not keep their vows and fell in love with these women. Finally, the princess's father died, and the princess had to observe the precepts for three years, and the courtship between the king and the courtiers also went up in smoke. This poem is at the end of the play.
Precautions:
Daisy flower: A variegated daisy.
Women's work clothes: also called lady's-smock. Flower name: cuckoo cuts autumn. Blouses: Shirts and blouses of "ancient" women.
Yellow cuckoo bud: yellow azalea. Tone: color.
Cuckoo: [/kuku:] Cuckoo's cry is homophonic with the word/cuckold (the husband of an adulteress).
shepherd
A pipe on an oat stalk: whistle with an oat stalk.
Turtle tread: Turtledove mating. Turtle: Turtle dove = Turtle dove. To mate with (a female).
White-billed crows and cave birds.
Content parsing:
In spring, a hundred flowers blossom, everything revives, and lovers indulge in sweet love. But the cuckoo's cry in the treetops seems to constantly remind people that love is untestable. This poem is ironic and in line with the plot. The English poet Gambo (1777-1844) said in his poem Freedom and Love: "Love is blessed, but love is a curse/other smiles may make you fickle/other charms may deceive teachers."
Formal analysis: iambic four steps, rhyme: ababcd ee fgfg hh ee
When Dai and Vio make blue
And la│dy- blouses │ all silvery white.
And your little bud
Draw a picture, he said happily.
Then, every three nights,
Laugh at married men; │ Because he sings like this,
Rhododendron,
Cuckoo, Cuckoo! │ Oh, the word of fear
Don't sing to the injured ear!
When she blew the pipe with ten straws,
Larks are human clocks,
When you walk,
Many people bleach their sum socks,
Then, every three nights,
Laugh at married men; │ Because he sings like this,
Rhododendron,
Cuckoo, Cuckoo! │ Oh, the word of fear
Don't sing to the injured ear!
Reference translation:
When the variegated daisies are all over the pasture,
Blue, purple, blue and white beauty shirt,
Rhododendrons with delicate yellow buds,
Described a great happiness;
Listen to the cuckoo on every tree,
Laugh at married men:
Ahem, goo goo!
Ahem, goo goo! Ahem, goo goo! Ah, terrible voice!
It makes her husband's meat jump.
When the carefree shepherd boy plays the flute,
The lark woke the farmer in the morning,
Turtledove crows are looking for mates and horses,
Girls rinse summer clothes;
Listen to the cuckoo on every tree,
Laugh at married men:
Ahem, goo goo!
Ahem, goo goo! Ahem, goo goo! Ah, terrible voice!
It makes her husband's meat jump. (Zhu Shenghao)
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