1. Dictation of Famous Sentences and Articles and Common Sense of Literature
Scope of knowledge: 60 reciting articles recommended by the curriculum standard; Literary knowledge is mainly based on China ancient writers and 60 endorsements, writers and dynasties.
Attention should be paid to when dictation:
(1) This year's college entrance examination is three out of four. Choose the most confident sentence to fill in, don't be silent.
(2) The handwriting must be neat and clear, and it is forbidden to scribble or show off the calligraphy. I suggest you fill in the dictation before you get the test paper.
(3) Require "word for word". If the dictation is not impressive, you can remember a few words first and then remember them later.
Pay attention to images with fixed meanings in poetry;
1. Parting categories: double carp, foot element (letter from afar), moon (homesickness or reunion), swan goose (homesickness of wanderers or sadness during the journey), cicada (sadness), willow (metaphorically leaving as a souvenir or representing hometown), fragrant grass (leaving sorrow without hatred), partridge bird (.
4. Love category: lotus (with "pity" for love), red bean (love or friendship between men and women) and red leaf (sentimental object).
3. Personality category: chrysanthemum (lofty), plum blossom (not afraid of destruction, dare to be the first or keep pure and clean), pine tree (standing proudly in frost and snow, sticking to moral integrity),
4. Sorrow category: phoenix tree (symbolizing sadness), crow (declining and desolate), cuckoo or Zigui (symbolizing sadness or homesickness); 4. Other categories: Kunshan jade (talent), Guigui (imperial examination and), Cai Wei (seclusion), Nanguan (prisoner) and Liu Ying (military camp). Dongli (elegant, completely clean)
■ The second type: analyzing artistic conception (artistic conception = image+emotion)
Routine Q: What kind of artistic atmosphere does this poem create?
Variant question: What kind of picture does this poem show us? What kind of thoughts did the poet express?
What kind of scenery does this poem describe? What kind of feelings did the poet express?
A. The terminology characteristics of artistic conception (atmosphere) are:
Lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, majestic and magnificent, bleak and desolate, quiet and quiet, magnificent and beautiful, full of vitality, magnificent and magnificent, illusory and ethereal, bleak, depressed and prosperous.
B. terms of thoughts and feelings:
Infatuation, sadness, melancholy, loneliness, sadness, loneliness, boredom, calmness, leisure, joy, admiration, anger, adherence to moral integrity, and concern for the country and the people.
■ The third type: analysis of thematic type (including emotion and implication)
Poetry can be divided into the following 10 categories according to the theme (content), from which we can understand the theme of poetry:
(1) praising history and cherishing ancient poems: relying on ancient monuments to satirize modern people; Or feel that the past flourished and declined, and today is not as good as before; Or eager to make achievements like the ancients. (Write about historic sites and use allusions)
⑵ Expressing poetry with things: instead of directly expressing thoughts and feelings, we use metaphors, symbols, personification and other methods to integrate our ideals and personality into one thing. There are often images of pine, bamboo and plum.
(3) frontier poems; Or rendered meritorious service to the country; Or the homesickness of the husband; Or satirize and exhort the militaristic rulers who expanded the frontier.
(4) Homesickness poems: writing the sadness of wandering wanderers; Or homesickness caused by what you see, hear and feel. There are often descriptions of the moon, willows, geese, letters and dreams.
5. Farewell poems: or express homesickness when leaving; Or express your thoughts after parting; Or express your ideals and beliefs; Or to encourage each other.
(6) Pastoral landscape poems: express dissatisfaction with secularism and reality, yearn for quiet and peaceful seclusion thoughts, or express one's feelings of being independent from the world and keeping moral integrity by writing about the leisure beauty of mountains and villages.
(7) poetry: or worrying about the country and the people; Or reflect disorder; Or eager to make contributions; Or career setbacks; Or eulogize the rivers and mountains.
Being always in my heart-sad poems: expressing my thoughts about my husband who is guarding the border, or writing about the sadness that spring (youth) is fleeting and time is no longer there, or expressing my disgust at war. We don't think we will take the exam, but it is in the textbook. We still need to know something. )
■ fourth: expression skills (focusing on the whole or part of the whole article)
Routine question: What kind of writing technique is used in this poem?
Variant question: What kind of artistic technique (skill) is used in this poem? Or: How do poets express their feelings?
Writing skill is a very broad concept, which roughly includes four categories:
The first one: the way to describe the scenery:
From the direct and indirect point of view, there are: positive and side description, imaginary writing (imagination and association) and real writing;
4. Use rhetorical devices: metaphor, comparison, exaggeration, analogy) (College Entrance Examination) Metonymous pun, rhetorical question, intertextuality;
3. Write by means of expression: comparison and contrast, comparison and contrast, quoting allusions (often taken in the college entrance examination), symbolizing, unfolding and sketching.
4. Write from the dynamic and static point of view: a scene that combines dynamic and static, or write static with dynamic; (college entrance examination)
5. From the perspective of observation, write: the combination of distant view and close view, and the combination of looking up and looking down; Up and down in space, the combination of high and low.
Write from the perspective of arousing the senses: vision (color), hearing (sound), smell (smell), taste and touch; Or synaesthesia.
The second: the method of describing characters.
1. From the direct and indirect point of view, the methods are: front and side description, imaginary writing (imaginary association) and real writing;
2. Use specific description means: language description, action description, expression description, appearance description, psychological description and detail description.
3. Use rhetoric to describe people: metaphor, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun, rhetorical question, irony;
4. Writing by expression: comparison, contrast, symbol, presentation and sketch.
The third way: lyric way.
1, express your feelings directly: express your feelings directly by expressing your feelings and arguments.
2. Indirect lyricism: expressing ambition by material (expressing reason), satirizing the present by ancient times, expressing emotion by classical works, expressing emotion by scenery, and expressing emotion by scenery (often tested in the college entrance examination).
The fourth way: structure (composition)
Contrast, front and back care, question and answer, Zhang Xianzhi, total score, combination of reality and reality, transition, details, person, suspense, want to promote first,
■ Fifth: language refinement.
Routine Q: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
Variant question: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
Refined words: verbs, words expressing colors, onomatopoeia words, overlapping words, adjectives and adverbs, and other modifiers (such as ego, loneliness, loneliness, indifference, etc. ). Turn motion into static, and turn static into motion. Refine function words: numerals, conjunctions, adverbs, etc. Rhyme: change the word order
Note: Generally speaking, five-character poems are in the third word, and seven-character poems are refined in the fifth word.
Please pay special attention to the following different issues:
Routine Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem? (Focus on the overall language style)
Variant question: What kind of language style does this poem have? Let's talk about the language art of this poem.
Correct answer: generally choose the answer from these words (language characteristic terms): implicit, humorous, witty, straightforward, simple, elegant, vulgar, natural, fresh, beautiful and simple.
■ Sixth: analytical poetry (whether in the ideological content or the structural form of the whole article)
Q: Which word (sentence) in the poem plays a role in the whole poem?
Variant question: which word (sentence) in the poem is the key to the whole poem? Why?
Which word (sentence) in the poem has the function of controlling (summarizing) the whole poem? Why?
Reading classical Chinese (5 questions, 2 1 minute) formula: try to understand, but don't understand.
1. Represents the person appointed to an official position: recruit, open, inspect, promote, summon, recommend, advance, weigh, supplement, make, express, act and act.
2. Table official changes:
(1) indicates appointment: grant, worship, removal and sealing;
(2) Upgrade: pull, pull, lift and move.
(3) Express transfer: transfer, migration, transfer, change, release, exit and exit;
(4) Demoted persons: move left, move far, move far, move far, move far, belittle and be arrogant.
(5) Expropriation, relocation, strike, exemption, relocation, abolition and relocation;
(6) Table recovery: recovery and return.
(7) table and contemporary: concurrency (table and concurrency); Collar (contemporary); Power, action, departure, agency (agency);
(8) Resignation: Resignation, career, long vacation, retirement and return to China.
(9) Salary-related: salary, salary, rank and reimbursement.
(10) Know (Canon, Master) to get off the bus (at the beginning) according to the situation and wash the bones for official positions.
Preparatory knowledge 3: Other high-frequency words.
(1) Personal pronoun: the first person (Yu Wuyu); The second person said (if you are a woman); The third person (and vice versa)
(2) interrogative pronouns: who is who is who is who is who is who is who?
(3) Modest words: Please be ashamed to ask questions and dare to get lucky.
(4) Rhetorical words: the collapse of Geng Yishan and the collapse of the country.
(5) Part-time words: various ambiguous words.
How to answer every question well
3. Interpretation of notional words in classical Chinese: This question often examines knowledge points such as polysemous notional words, ancient and modern synonyms, interchangeable words, biased words, and flexible use of parts of speech.
Answer skills: remember: the real word comprehension question is not entirely about whether you remember the meaning of the real word, but more importantly, whether you can use the context to speculate. Master the common methods of understanding and inferring the meaning of notional words in the text;
■ The first type: discriminating the part of speech from the perspective of grammatical collocation.
■ Second: Inferring the meaning of words from the perspective of semantic collocation.
■ Third: Inferring the meaning of words from the perspective of context suggestion.
■ Fourth: Inferring the meaning of words from the perspective of the formation of glyphs.
Um (selling rice); Buy rice; (related to farming); (related to sacrifice); Hajj (visit).
■ Fifth, judge the meaning of words from the perspective of flexible use of parts of speech (ancient and modern different meanings)
■ Sixth: Infer the meaning of a sentence from the perspective of symmetrical sentence structure.
Symmetrical words have similar or opposite meanings to words in symmetrical positions in sentences.
For example: 1 "Loyalty is not needed, and sages are not needed." [to be]: (be) reused, appointed. Chasing the dead and driving north, north: refugees.
■ Seventh: Inferring the meaning of words from the perspective of phonetic symbols.
Using the relationship between sound and shape, we can infer from fallacy. College entrance examination questions: except locust friendship (meaning)
relevant knowledge
The generation of polysemy: ① the original meaning of the word. Such as "(solution) the fox is shot with a bow" (opening the bow). (2) The extended meaning of words. For example, "My King Gong Jing leads the way west" (stretching), and the idiom "Singing loudly". (3) The figurative meaning of words. Such as "Jincheng Tang Chi" (figuratively speaking, unbreakable). (4) Metonymy of words. For example, "it's just a matter of words" (not words). ⑤ Borrowing meaning of words. For example, "General, it is appropriate to fuck birds today" (through "capture").
120 Common notional words in classical Chinese as stipulated in the outline: (Remember according to the internal relationship between the above five meanings)
1 Ai 'an was investigated by soldiers from the north, and 2 resigned in good faith, which was at stake.
3 degrees is not to cover up the past, but to return to China. What do you hate about pain or illness?
If you have a wrong view, you can quote Kanke class. 6. Poor Mimonet, please move to the poor temporarily.
7 Persuade, but if good is less involved in winning knowledge, 8 make it suitable for the book, this is the rate, this is private.
9 Su Tang cried to death, Wang Wang looked at evil, 10 thanked Xin Xing Xing Xing Xiu Xu Xu Yang.
1 1 Yi Zuo, Yi Yin, Right Rebuild, Zhi 12 Control thieves.
(Focus on the meaning of bold words commonly used in ancient times but not common today)
The first category (ancestors, dead elders) category (urging) rank (official salary, ten years is one rank) escape (runaway horse, indulgence) and prohibit (the place where the emperor lives) from (answering or talking about) such as (going, going) (collectively referred to as ancient officials) workers (craftsmen, exquisite, good at). Tolerance) prison (lawsuit, case, prison) white (accusation) and (praise) more (praise) abrupt (haste, haste, fear), especially (sin, negligence, blame) to (eat) according to (check, check, check) support (abundance, supply, support) code (.
Fold (refute, accuse the other party of submission) (blush) Sit (finish, finish) (the crime is because ...
4. Function words in classical Chinese
Answering skills
1. Translate the function words in each group of sentences, and then put this meaning in another sentence to infer whether the usage of the function words is the same.
2. Specific analysis, on the basis of understanding the basic usage of 18 function words, using the five-point consciousness method:
(1) Consciousness of excess and deficiency:
(2) structural consciousness:
(3) sense of sentence position:
(4) Echo consciousness:
(5) Emotional awareness:
Attachment: 18 function words listed in the syllabus:
(1) and (1) conjunctions: table juxtaposition, table progression, table inheritance, table transition, table modification, table hypothesis, table causality, table purpose ("use").
(2) Pronouns: general "er" and personal pronouns ("you, yours"). (3) Form disyllabic function words (just, once, then)
(2) He ① interrogative pronouns: "what" and "where"; "Why" and "How" 2 adverbs: "How".
(3) Almost ① auxiliary words: interrogative tone, "mom" and "you"; Tabular measure, "column"; Expressing a sigh, "ah" and "ah"; Suffix.
2 Prepositions: Yu, Zai and Cong.
(4) It is an adverb, indicating commitment, talent and age; Table turning point, "but" and "unexpected"; Table to judge, "yes". Pronouns: "you" and "yours".
(5) Its ① adverb means quantity, "probably"; Expressing doubts and not translating; Table backchat, "don't"; Table million quotient, "or"; Expect, "can" and "want". (2) Conjunction, list selection, "Yes ... or"; Table hypothesis, "if" ③ pronoun: not only used in the second person; In which the demonstrative pronoun "that"
(6) and (1) adverbs, "will", "will" and "temporarily"; Table degree, "already" and "very"; 2 conjunctions, table juxtaposition, "again"; The table is progressive, "and" and "and"; Form selection, "or"; Table hypothesis, "if"; Table concessions, "even" and "still"; The table turned, "but" and "but".
(3) auxiliary words used at the beginning of a sentence.
Once if pronoun, the second person; Demonstrative pronouns, these two conjunctions, express hypothesis; Table selection, "or", "or" ③ Disyllabic function words.
(8) Auxiliary words: ① the word formation of "suo" and "person (thing) ………"; (2) Respond to "Yes", indicating passivity; (3) Used with "Lai" to indicate the reason, "The reason is"; (4) Used with "to" to indicate means, means, methods ... (means).
⑼ is a preposition: ① indicates the object, "Xiang, dui"; Table substitution, "substitution"; Table purpose, "for, for"; Table reason, "because, because"; The table is passive, "yes". (2) interrogative mood auxiliary words.
(10) Yan ① pronouns: three-person interrogative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, where, where, how(2) modal auxiliary words: state exclamatory interrogative mood (3) and the word "Yu Zhi"; (4) As an adjective suffix (5)
(1 1) is also used at the end of a sentence to express a positive tone; ② Indicates interrogative tone; (3) Used in sentences to indicate the relief or pause of mood; (4) used at the end of the sentence, indicating the judgment tone.
(12) Take the preposition: it means to rely on, rely on, use, rely on and follow; Table reasons, "because" and "because"; Table objects, AND and AND;
Table time and place, "Yu". (2) Conjunction: similar usage of "er" (table juxtaposition, table progression, table acceptance, table purpose, table cause and effect, table modification.
(13) Because ① the preposition "by virtue"; "according to"; "Take advantage" and "just stay"; Because; "from" and "by"; Conjunction, "so" and "then, just".
(14) Preposition (1) indicates time, place, scope, object, etc. "Being", "Arriving", "Slave", "Arriving" and "Cause";
(2) Table comparison, "ratio"; (3) passive, "being".
(15) and ① prepositions, "and" and "; Prepositions, "give" and "replace"; Preposition, "compared with"; 2 conjunctions, "He" and "He";
(3) Pass "one", modal particles, expressing doubt or exclamation, (4) verbs (giving, making friends and participating).
(16) then ① adverb: indicating judgment, "yes"; (2) Conjunction: indicating inheritance, "JIU", "Bian" and "Ben"; Table hypothesis, "if" and "hypothesis";
Table juxtaposition, "just"; The table turned, "but" "but" and "yes".
(17) zhe ① auxiliary words: attached to verbs to form the word "zhe" structure, "people (things, things); (2) used in the sentence, table teton ".
③ Time-dependent words have no practical significance. (4) After counting words, it is translated as "item".
(18) ① auxiliary words: auxiliary syllables; Cancel sentence independence; Structural auxiliary word ("de"); The sign of attributive postposition, the sign of prepositional object.
Pronouns: substitute things for others; Demonstrative pronoun (this, this).
5. Character expression questions (sentence questions, ancient and modern different meanings questions):
Answer skills: six sentences and three points review: whether the first trial is direct or indirect; The object of the second trial is to see whether it is the person mentioned in the title; The nature of the third trial depends on whether it is the nature and characteristics mentioned in the title. Finally, use the exclusion method to choose.
Note: If we want to analyze and summarize the views and attitudes of classical Chinese, we must adhere to the following points: (1) Historical materialism, and we should pay attention to the positive significance of the evaluators' views and attitudes as well as the limitations of the times; (2) We must adopt a realistic attitude, properly analyze and evaluate, and we can't exaggerate infinitely or deliberately belittle. (3) It can be considered from the following aspects: look at the evaluator's attitude towards the people; Look at the evaluator's attitude towards the ruler; See if the work has any progressive significance in history; See if the work has practical significance today.
Different meanings in ancient and modern times:
The narrowing of the meaning of (1). (2) Semantic expansion. (3) the transfer of meaning. ④ The emotional color of the word meaning changes. ⑤ Ancient and modern homographs have different meanings. For example, the word "indicate" in the sentence "Please indicate the king" was two monosyllabic words in ancient times: "point out" and "indicate".
Common ancient and modern meanings are as follows:
1 relative 2 wife 3 China 4 so 5 no matter 6 change clothes 7 diligent 8 stingy.
9 Actually 10 Spring and Autumn Period 1 1 Late Period 12 Constraint 13 Zhongyuan 14 Martyr 15 Sacrifice 16 Although
17 is not good 18 is not good at all 19 scholar 20 places 2 1 22 county officials in Shandong 23 greetings 24 calm down.
25 Cheap 26 Stories 27 South 28 Poverty 29 Thoughts 30 and 3 1 As for Grandfather 32
33 doesn't have to be 34, so 35 intelligence 36 goes forward 37, even 38 goes forward 39 because 40 is the boss.
6. Content induction problem
Answer skills: find out the sentences corresponding to the options in the paragraph, and correspond one by one. Errors in the description or analysis of options are only at one point, mainly:
(1) Individual real (empty) words are intentionally translated incorrectly;
(2) the deeds of the characters are crowned with glory;
(3) The time and place of the incident were misplaced;
(4) Improper representation of characters;
5] out of nothing, out of nothing;
(6) imposing causality.
7. Classical Chinese sentence breaking and translation problems
(1) On the basis of reading the full text and understanding the general idea, the following methods are adopted:
1. function word marking method: there are often function words such as "Gai, Fu, Wei, Fan, Therefore, Today, Ruofu, Qifu, As for, Zhiruo" at the beginning of a sentence; At the end of the sentence, there are function words such as "Ye, Hu, Yan, Yi, Er, Zai, Yu".
2. Nominal word marking method: dialogues and quotations are often marked with "yue", "cloud" and "speech", and generally they have to pause; Predicate in classical Chinese can be used to find the subject in front of it and the object behind it.
3. Rhetorical annotation: In order to achieve the effect of neat sentence structure and coherent tone, the ancients often used rhetorical devices such as duality, parallelism, authenticity, layering and repetition when writing articles. If based on this feature, its accuracy will be higher.
4. Nouns and pronouns are often used as subject (the beginning of a sentence) and object (the end of a sentence) to break sentences. You should also know the common sense of ancient culture, such as age, appellation, chronology, official position and so on.
5. Structure marking method: Use the paired collocation of fixed structures (see common fixed structures later) and the relative fixity of positions, such as some related words.
They can connect the past and the future, usually preceded by a sentence, such as "Yes, therefore, then yes, make".
(2) Classical Chinese translation questions:
Methods: Do a good job of "modification, retention, deletion, supplement and adjustment". Be sure to translate it literally, not casually, and be faithful to the original.
Assign points:
1. Correct translation of word meaning: notional words (including flexible use of parts of speech, vague meaning, rhetorical sentences), function words and fixed structures.
2. Correct translation of sentence patterns (passive sentences, judgmental sentences, ellipsis sentences, inverted sentences).
3. Accurately translate the mood of sentences (stating questions and lamenting imperative mood) and the relationship between sentences (juxtaposing and turning causal and other complex sentences).
Preparation knowledge 1: flexible use of common parts of speech in classical Chinese;
Flexible use of nouns: (1) Flexible use of nouns as verbs:). (2) The noun "make" means "make" into a verb, which means "act"; (4) nouns are used flexibly as adverbials: a. indicating characteristic state. B& gt； Attitude and manner of expression, C. expression tools, D. expression places, E. expression trends, F. table frequency,
(2) Flexible use of adjectives: ① Flexible use of adjectives as nouns, such as "being right and supporting its side" and "four beauties and two difficulties". Adjectives can be used flexibly as verbs, such as "the doctor in Shangguan lacks Qu Yuan to assist the king" and "the enemy is far away from me, so he wants to trap me with firearms". (3) Verb usage of adjectives: (4) Verb usage of adjectives: "The king can understand his virtue because he is unpopular." (make- obvious);
(3) Flexible use of verbs: ① Causative usage of verbs: "If you stay away from others, you will cultivate yourself." (make-come) ② Verbs are used flexibly as nouns,
Preparation knowledge 2: Common special sentence patterns in classical Chinese:
A verdict.
(1) Judging from the "Zhe, Ye" table: "Zhe, Ye, Ye, Ye";
(2) Use "Wei", "Nai", "namely" and "Ze" or negative words "Fei, Wei and Fu" to judge.
(3) direct expression judgment of nouns (2) passive sentences:
(1) Use Yu, Shou and Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei, Wei.
(1) Omit the subject: (2) Omit the object (3) Omit the preposition ".
Note: The five prepositions "I, Yu, Cong, Wei and Cause" often omit objects.
(4) Preposition object:
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. Interrogative pronouns (such as: who, he, earth, Hu, evil, security)
(2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
(3) Use "Zhi" or "Shi" to bring the object before the verb in advance to emphasize the object. (4) When locative words and temporal words are used as objects, they are sometimes prepositioned.
(e) attributive postposition:
(1) Zhe (3) ... Zhe: "(6) Preposition structure as adverbial postposition:
(1) The preposition "Yu" is used as an adverbial in translation. (2) The preposition "one" is used as an adverbial in translation. Future reference 3: Common fixed structures (1. query
(1) Why ... (Why ...? (2) Where ...? What is ...? (3) Why ...? (... what should I do? Why ...? (4) such as ... what; Barber ... what? How about ... (5) which one is related to ... And …, which is more …? ) 6 Alone ... Really? Don't ...? )
Second, rhetorical questions
(1) Why ... Yeah (also)? How can ... )
(2) Why ...? (... what are you doing? )
(3) Why ...? What ...? )
(4) As for why ...? (How come ...)
⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤ ⑤? ..... Where is it? )
6. Ann ... What? Where ...? )
All landowners don't do it ...? Isn't it ...? )
Today ... no ... (... not ...? )
⑨ Ning ... Really? Where ...? )
(10) Gu ... Really? Don't ...? )
(1 1) Dui ... really? Don't ...? )
Third, express sighs.
(1) How ... And! (How come ... Ah! )
(2) straight line ... ears! (just ...! )
(3) Only ... ears! (only! )
A what ... (how ...! )
(5) and ... yeah! (It's really ... Ah! )
6 ... How happy! (... what it should look like! )
Fourth, table conjecture.
(1) Nothing is ... almost (Beijing) (I'm afraid ...? );
(2) Is there (micro) ...? It's not really ...? ))
(3) its ... hey? Isn't it ...? ) (also a rhetorical question)
(4) Shu is an official ...? Maybe ...? )
Verb (abbreviation for verb) means to choose.
(1) instead of ... if ...? (instead of ..., about what ...? )
(2) ... Yi (yeah), I can't hold it any longer ... Yi (yeah)? (Is it ... or ...? )
(3) its...？ Its ...? (Is it ...? Or ...? )
Intransitive verb others
Otherwise: If not, then. He nai: just; Why? Then: Later, soon. Both ... and ...: and ... and ... Nell: That's true, that's true. However: this is; But ... however: in this case, then; If so, then. Although: even so, (but); Even so, the so-called: what you say, what you think. Call it: call him yes, call him yes; Call, call. There is nothing to use ... needless to say: no, no. No reason: impossible, impossible, impossible. Compared with: unexpectedly, together. Ambassador: If, if. What do you mean? What do you mean? -For: Compared with ...
Part II: Language Knowledge and Application (27 points)
High score formula: dry the exam questions, make clear the direction of answering questions, and respond to the implicit requirements of the exam questions.
1, Pronunciation and Font Analysis Question: (Note: Pronunciation does not take into account tone, and typos will not be raised separately this year. )
Pronunciation problem: The common polyphonic characters in answering skills (1) are more likely to be marked with "infrasound" and less likely to be marked with "constant sound". The label "homophone pronunciation" of pictophonetic characters is more likely to be correct, while the label "homophone pronunciation" is unlikely to be correct. It is unlikely that common words will be pronounced correctly. Unused words are generally not mispronounced. (2) It is difficult for Cantonese people to distinguish between the pre-pointed sound and the post-pointed sound, the aspirated sound and the unvoiced sound, and the "ie" and "uè" of the compound vowels, which must be corrected. (3) Make good use of the exclusion method.
Answer knowledge ① Grasp the pronunciation of pictophonetic characters correctly, use the function of pictophonetic characters to express pronunciation, and remember some difficult words, such as: xi Xi, Zhengzhen; Remember those words with inconsistent phonetic symbols and pronunciations, such as flattering Zen, trapping fairy, Yan Yan, etc. ② Pay attention to distinguish similar words, such as "thorn" and "thorn", "steep" and "shift", "victory" and "chop". ③ Pay attention to the pronunciation of disyllabic words. Polysyllabic pronunciation is the focus of the examination. Polyphony is often caused by polysemy, so it is an important method to read polyphonic words according to their meanings, such as reading ka when "Ka" is a transliteration morpheme, truck and carbine, and reading qia, checkpoint, hairpin and jam when taking the meanings related to "dredging". ④ Pay attention to the pronunciation differences between spoken and written language, such as "ha", reading ha in written language, and reading ha or ha in dialect or spoken language; Lu is read in written language, while Lou is read in spoken language. ⑤ Pay attention to the pronunciation differences between general words and special words, such as talking in the street, talking in the alley and talking in the alley.
The basic method of the glyph answer is to define "shape" by "meaning". (1) Start with the shape. Such as crossbows and horns, horns and blindness. (2) Starting from the meaning, such as "harmony" in "can't wait" means "wait", not "urgent". (3) Start with the structure of words. For example, "writing glosses over the wrong, hiding worries and hating", and coordinate words, "writing" and "decoration", "concealment" and "darkness" are mutually trained. Another example: poor appearance, good face and so on. (4) Starting with the origin of idioms. Such as: observing words and observing colors, sticking to the rules, etc.
(1). Understand the meaning of words
(1) distinguishes from different meanings. For example, three synonyms of "hope", "expectation" and "desire" are more important than one;
(2) Distinguish from the perspective of different meaning ranges. Such as "situation" and "scene"
(3) Differentiate the meaning from different emotional colors. Such as "protection" and "asylum"
(4) Distinguish words from different angles. (5) Distinguish from different angles of meaning.
(2). Distinguish and use
(1) collocation objects are different. Such as "communication" and "exchange", the former is often collocated with nouns expressing more "virtual" things, such as exchange experiences, ideas and feelings, while the latter is often collocated with nouns expressing "real" things, such as exchange places and objects.
(2) Part of speech and grammatical functions are also different, such as "birthday" and "birth", "originality" and "creation", "taste" and "taste". The former is a noun, which mainly acts as subject and object, while the latter is a verb, which mainly acts as predicate.
(3) Understanding the context
The use of words is closely related to the context. A word has its basic meaning, but in a certain context, it often has contextual meaning, that is, close-range meaning and temporary meaning.
3. Idiom analysis questions
Answer the experience (1) to find out the context of the idioms used and try to find out the relevant implied information in the sentences. (2) The more you understand idioms literally, the more you should pay attention to traps; (3) Idioms that are particularly unfamiliar are often correct.
Knowing the meaning of idioms (original meaning and metaphorical meaning) is the premise, and investigating the context is the basic starting point. Key point: (1) Pay attention to idioms that are easy to read. (2) Pay attention to idioms with two meanings. (3) Pay attention to whether idioms with the same morpheme are mixed. (4) Pay attention to the potential positive and negative colors of idioms. (5) Pay attention to the fixed statement object of idioms. (6) Pay attention to whether polite expressions are misused. (7) Pay attention to idioms that are only used in negative sentences. (8) Consider the grammatical features of idioms (part of speech, collocation and whether they are repetitive or contradictory to the context).
A. polite expressions: