Editing and Arrangement of Sikong Mountain Poetry Society in Yuexi County
Regional textbooks
The first lecture on zero foundation of poetry; rhyme
Poetry is an indispensable and important element in China's characteristic culture. The most striking difference from other literary genres is its strong sense of rhythm and beautiful rhythm. So how is its rhythm and rhythm formed? To understand this, we must first understand what is rhyme and what is level. First of all, let's talk about what rhyme is.
The rhyme in Chinese characters is also written in ancient times, which means comfortable and harmonious voice. In poetry, rhyme refers to the category of vowels in our language. For example, ang, iang and uang are three vowels, but they all end in ang, such as Yang Yang and Guang Guang. These three words all have the same pronunciation and ending in Mandarin. In poetry, we classify words with the same suffix into one part, which is called rhyme part. Because the pronunciation of modern Mandarin and many words pronounced by the ancients have changed greatly, it is easy for everyone to understand. I only explain the rhyme of Putonghua, which is also called Chinese new rhyme.
There are 14 vowels in Putonghua, which we call 14 rhyme. Choose a word from each rhyme as the rhyme name, and the order is: Yima, Erlang, Sanzhengsi, Wuwei, Liuhao, Qiyoubahan, Jiutiao, Shitang, Eleven Geng, Twelve Qi and Thirteen Fourteen Aunt.
The division rules of 14 rhyme are the same, so I won't explain them one by one. Just choose two and get to know them with you. For example, the horse stance just look is also called Yima because it ranks first. The vowels of A, ia and ua are summarized, such as A, Baba, Jiajia, Xia Xia, Guagua and shua shua.
Come to a poem:
As far away as Hanshan, the stone path is oblique, and people are in Bai Yunsheng.
Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
Oblique, read Xia and Xia Yin here.
Xie Xia, Jia Jia and Hua Hua belong to the same rhyme: a horse.
In a poem, the last word of each sentence is regularly used in the same rhyme, which we call rhyme.
Every rhyme is called rhyme. These are two concepts that we often mention. I hope you can understand them.
The oblique flowers in this poem belong to three rhymes respectively.
Next, let's find another rhyme: eight cold.
This rhyme has many vowels: An, Ian, An, Yuan, Han Han, Lian, Guan Guan.
Let's find a poem, too
The child is determined to go to the countryside, or he will not return if he succeeds.
Mulberry fields don't need to bury bones, and life is everywhere.
Guan Guan, Huan Huan and Shan Shan, the same vowel.
Looking at these two poems carefully, at least three rules can be found.
First, the rhymes of 14 don't need to recite their names. Whether it belongs to rhyme or not can be directly distinguished from vowels.
Hall, cold, sadness, teeth, injury
It is easy to judge that "Ai He Ya" is different from the other three songs in rhyme.
Second, our common poems are rhymed with words with upper sound and lower sound.
As we all know, every sentence we have has a tone.
Like you're tired of NiNi.
They are one, two, three and four respectively.
And Wang Wang looked at it.
When we read words with the first sound and the second sound, we use less energy and pronounce them more softly. The third and fourth notes are difficult. According to this feature, we call words with gentle pronunciation flat and words with difficult pronunciation flat. The original meaning of the word is oblique and narrow, and it also means abrupt and high.
It is very important to understand the meaning of poetry. If you don't know the exact meaning of words, you must find out clearly so that you can put them away at will when you use them.
Third: the third sentence of the poem doesn't have to rhyme. This is to highlight the rhythm and strengthen the sense of rhythm, just like leaving blank when writing and drawing, which we will talk about later.
These things don't need to be recited. Read more classic works and combine them while reading. Easy to master.
Second; The second lecture on zero foundation of poetry; Plane application
Hello, everyone, the above explains what rhyme is for everyone. This section explains the rules of using flat tones in poetry. Before that, let's learn about the development of poetry.
Poetry is a relatively narrow concept, which is included in poetry. The earliest poetry recorded in historical materials has been more than 3000 years ago. Most of them are a few sentences, with a single rhetorical device, a certain sense of rhythm and traces of rhyme, which are mostly used for taking notes.
For example, Yao Jie:
Tremble, once a day. People don't live in the mountains, but in the mountains.
I feel deeply responsible and vigilant. People don't trip over mountains, only over small clods.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the length of poetry has been improved, giving freedom of emotional expression. By the later Chu Ci, the rhyme had been completely generated in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and many sentences were arranged more carefully. However, there is no specific hard requirement. We call this kind of poem an old saying.
In the Tang Dynasty, the development of poetry reached its peak, and the system of metrical poetry was complete and became the mainstream. The intervention of the national imperial examination made it quickly reach an insurmountable historical height. Poetry in the field of poetry refers to metrical poetry.
Grid can be understood as format, and law is rules and regulations. As the name implies, metrical poetry has its own format and follows its own rules. Among them, each eight-sentence poem is called a regular poem, and each four-sentence poem is called a quatrain. Seven words in a sentence are seven words, and five words are five words. Because quatrains, like the rules of metrical poems, seem to be intercepted from metrical poems, some people call them truncated sentences.
In order to facilitate understanding, let's take seven-character quatrains and mandarin rhymes as examples, and find one of my old works to analyze:
If there is smoke in the deep streets of the town, fresh tea just sleeps in the afternoon.
The noise is pure and natural, and the book window is half closed to realize Zen.
Last class, we said that the words with one tone and two tones in Chinese New Rhyme are flat and parallel, and the words with three tones and four tones are flat and parallel. According to this rule, let's arrange the flat tones of each word in this poem:
If there is smoke in the streets deep in the town,
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
Fresh tea stays awake in the afternoon.
Flat and light.
Noisy and quiet, return to nature.
Flat and light, flat and light.
A half-closed book window is conducive to understanding Zen.
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
Take a closer look at the straightforward description of this poem, and it is not difficult to find some rules:
First, in each sentence, the words are basically a group of two words, alternating with each other.
Second, the first sentence and the second sentence are basically in the opposite arrangement, just like the contradiction between convex and concave. We call this sentence pattern "Dui", which means opposition and relativity.
Third, the plane arrangement of the second sentence and the third sentence is basically the same, just like two identical items meet and stick together. We call this form "sticky", which means sticky.
Generally speaking, one or two sentences are "right", two or three are "sticky" and three or four are "right"
Why is this happening? What is the significance of this? Let's analyze:
Because the number of words in metrical poems and quatrains is fixed and arranged neatly, the length of each sentence does not change much when reading.
The pronunciation of flat and voiced words has a gentle airflow, and the airflow of flat and voiced words fluctuates. The biggest advantage of every two interlaces is that the pronunciation airflow is given proper priority, which is both labor-saving and rhythmic.
The alternation of "right" and "sticky" in the upper and lower sentences makes the tone change to the extreme without losing harmony. This is also the key to the beauty of vocal music in metrical poems.
Careful friends may ask:
The flat arrangement of quatrains we see every day is not exactly the same as this one, and the flat arrangement of some words seems to be irregular.
Why is this?
We will break it down in the next chapter.
In order to deepen everyone's understanding, leave an assignment this time.
Crows fell on the moon, crowed coldly, slept on maple trees, and slept in fishing lanes by the river.
In the lonely Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, the bell that rang in the middle of the night reached the passenger ship.
Please arrange the flat tones according to the pronunciation of Putonghua, mark the rhymes and point out the vowels of the rhymes.
Lecture 3: Plane Layout and Format
First of all, let's review the homework left over from last class. I believe everyone has a deep understanding of rhyme and rhyme. I won't go into details here. Let's just go flat. Please watch the video, I will read the poem, and everyone will read the flat tone:
A cold night
It is flat. It is flat.
River maple, fishing lamp, and eternal dark sleep
Very flat, very flat.
Outside the city wall, from Hanshan Temple
Flat and light, flat and light.
The midnight bell rang and the passenger ship arrived.
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
Compare it with the song that we gave an example last time:
If there is smoke deep in the town.
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
Fresh tea stays awake in the afternoon.
Flat and light.
Noisy and quiet, return to nature.
Flat and light, flat and light.
A half-closed book window is conducive to understanding Zen.
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
Maybe you have found that there are several different levels. Why?
Let me explain your question-
As we all know, in ancient times, poetry was used to sing with the beat. Because the number of words is regular, the beat is relatively fixed: after taking two words, the beat point falls on the second word, and people call this beat point a step. In the seven-character rhyme, the position of the word 2.4.6 is the step, and it is not allowed to change the level and level at will.
As we said last class, the pronunciation of Pingzi is gentle and relaxed, and the pronunciation of Pingzi is ups and downs. In order to facilitate reading and singing, the rhythm of poetry is flat and staggered.
If there is smoke deep in the town.
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
First Yinbu Town, Yinbu; The second step is deep and flat, contrary to the first step. According to this rule, the third step, if any, is flat, leaving a word smoke, accounting for half a beat, flat.
It came down smoothly.
Read it carefully in Mandarin several times and feel it. Is it piecemeal and easy to put away?
Let's try to change two words. Please see:
There is smoke in the deep ditch of this secluded town.
Ping, ping, ping, ping.
Read it again carefully, do you feel that the sense of language has not changed much? Let's take a look at the level tone, the first word of the first order and the first word of the third order. What does this mean? Does the relaxation in the first half of each step have little effect on the pronunciation rhythm of the poem? Is this 135, which is often said in poetry circles? We have questions for the time being. Look at the second sentence.
The second sentence is the opposite of the first sentence. According to this rule, it should be flush, but even-numbered sentences in metrical poems must rhyme and rhyme flush, so let's switch the position of the first word in the third step and the last half step:
Flat and light, flat and light. In this way, the beat point in the sentence remains unchanged, which conforms to the rhyme law.
The straightforward description of the third sentence and the second sentence is sticky. Because the third sentence is not allowed to rhyme, the last word must be the opposite of a flat tone, so it can only end in a flat tone without direct correction.
Flat and light, flat and light.
Just meet all the requirements.
The fourth sentence is the opposite of the third sentence and the same as the first sentence: even number, even number.
Some poets may ask: What you just said began with a flat voice. How to arrange it if it starts with a flat voice?
I tell you, the method is the same:
The first step is flat.
The second step is awkward.
The third step is leveling.
The last half step
Connection:
Flat and light, flat and light.
Because the first sentence of the poem can rhyme or not, it is convenient for teaching here, and we require rhyme, so we should exchange the first word in the third step with the last word in the poem, that is, even words.
On the contrary, smart you, say together:
Ordinary, ordinary, ordinary.
The third sentence is the same as the second sentence, but it doesn't need to rhyme.
Very flat, very flat.
The fourth sentence is the same as the first sentence.
Flat and light.
Let's practice and find a poem, or I'll read it. Suppose it is flat:
The Moon of Qin Dynasty shines on the Han Pass.
Very flat, very flat.
Our people haven't come back from the distant border yet.
It is flat. It is flat.
If Longcheng will fly in
Very flat, very flat.
No Hu Ma can cross the Yinshan Mountain.
Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping Pingping.
The first word in the second step of the first sentence is "Ming", and it is flat here.
The first word "person" in the third step of the second sentence should be "ping".
In the fourth sentence, the first word in the second step should be flat.
But we still read it catchily.
What does this mean?
Let's change the word:
If you let the ancient city fly
Very flat, very flat.
Step two, the first word "ancient" should be flat and replaced by "ancient".
If General Longcheng were here,
Even, even, even.
The third step is to be "big" and to be flat.
Although the rhythm has not changed, the airflow doesn't read smoothly.
What does this mean?
This shows that:
Seven-character quatrains, the first word of each sentence is in front, as long as the node of the step remains the same, there is little difference between the third word and the fifth word in flat voice, and only flat voice or flat voice can be used.
Let's make up a jingle to sum up:
Learning quatrains is very simple, and you can remember four formulas in your heart.
Don't worry about the first word of every sentence, be clear about these 246 words.
Three-five, three-five.
Our tutorials in these issues all take the four wonders as examples, so how should the levels of the five wonders or metrical poems be arranged? In fact, this rule of flat arrangement is the general law of poetry. This rule applies to five or seven words, quatrains, metrical poems, and even couplets and words. You can regard metrical poetry as an extension of quatrains, and five-character quatrains are only one beat less than seven-character quatrains. The two couplets in the middle of the rhyme are forced to confront each other in language form. We will explain this knowledge step by step in the future. (To be continued)
Speaker: Wu Jiachun, president of Sikong Shanshui Poetry Society.