Du Fu
In August and autumn, the wind roared and rolled up my three hairs. Hair flew over the river and sprinkled on the periphery of the river. The highest one hangs a long forest tip, and the lower one floats to Shentang 'ao.
The children in Nancun bully me. I can stand being a thief. I openly carried Mao into the bamboo forest, and my lips were so dry that I couldn't breathe. When I came back, I sighed on crutches.
The wind in Russia sets the color of clouds and ink, and the desert becomes dark in autumn. This cloth has been as cold as iron for many years, and Joule has been lying down and cracking. There is no dry place in the bedside table, and the feet are numb with rain. How can you get wet all night since you are in a mess and don't get enough sleep!
There are tens of millions of buildings in Ande, which greatly protect all the smiles of the poor in the world, and the wind and rain are as quiet as mountains. Oh! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone!
In the second year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (759), there was a famine in Guanzhong area, and people's lives were very difficult. In the autumn of this year, Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) and then to Sichuan via Tonggu (now Chengxian, Gansu). With the help of relatives and friends, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the western suburbs of Chengdu and lived a temporary and stable life. He felt happy and self-sufficient, so he sang spring rain, strolled for flowers, sent flowers to the river, and entertained himself with poetry and wine. However, this superficial lightness can not conceal his poverty, nor can it dilute his consistent feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Last autumn (76 1), a storm hit his cabin, which woke him up from his romantic seclusion again, made him face the reality and worried him, so he wrote this poem.
The poem itself is very interesting. Why "sing a poem" when the hut is broken by the autumn wind? What influenced the poet's poetry?
This poem begins with a description and is completely realistic. Write about the power of autumn wind first, "howling" is its momentum, and sweeping away the thatch on the house is its "record"; Write your own helpless situation again. In the face of this powerful nature, I had to let it do whatever it wanted, watching my thatch cross the river, hanging high in the treetops and sinking into the pond depression.
Faced with the violence of nature, the poet showed calmness and even had some patience to appreciate it. But in the face of the urchin's "robbery in the wind", he was really angry. It wrote down its own gaffes truthfully, so frankly. He is angry with himself, not with the children. He hates that he is old, helpless, and useless to his country and family. Perhaps I also deeply blame myself for my lack of self-cultivation and generally care about children. In short, after anxiety, he turned to silence and gradually thought hard.
After the strong wind, dark clouds gathered. Needless to say, the autumn rain came uninvited. The poet withdrew his sight, stopped paying attention to the changes of nature, and concentrated on the hut where he lived. After years of poverty and years of drift from place to place, he couldn't even make a quilt, but it was the cold quilt that made the children who slept dishonest push up. The house is full of rain, and there is no dry place, but the autumn rain keeps going regardless of the underground. What a life this is! The night was long and the poet lost sleep. And "self-pity", I don't know how many nights have passed, what's the use of tears?
Suddenly, the poet cheered up from his meditation and shouted, "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and all the poor people in the world are happy." At this time, the ideal overcame the reality, and the will overcame the sigh. Although he lacks a "safe house" now, if such a house that can warm the poor all over the world suddenly appears, he would rather live alone in a hut and freeze to death! What kind of feeling is this? This is a feeling of saving the world by enjoying the sufferings of people's livelihood and observing the changes of the world, just like Three Officials and Three Farewells he wrote in the war.
This is an ancient poem. The continuous rhyming transformation embodies the characteristics of "Song", and the patchwork of single-line loose sentences and even long and short sentences also reflects the dynamics of "line". It is precisely because of the touch of reality and the inner desire that poetry can naturally emerge from the chest without false modification. The whole poem narrates first, then talks about lyricism, which not only describes the poet's poverty and even embarrassment, but also expresses the poet's broad mind, which is sincere and touching.
This poem can be divided into three parts. There are five sentences in the first section, each of which rhymes, and there are bursts of wind from the five flat rhymes of "good", "wool", "intersection" and "depression". "In the autumn of August, the wind roared, and my family's three hairs." The momentum was rapid. The word "wind howling" is loud and loud, which reads like roaring in the autumn wind. A word "anger" personifies the autumn wind, which makes the next sentence not only full of action, but also full of strong feelings. The poet finally built the hut, and just settled down, but the autumn wind deliberately opposed him, whistling and rolling up layers of thatch. How can he not make the poet extremely anxious? The word "flying" of "Mao Fei crossed the river and scattered in the suburbs of the river" is closely related to the word "rolling" in the previous sentence. The rolled thatch did not fall beside the house, but flew over the river with the wind, and then scattered like raindrops in the suburbs of the river: "The highest one hangs on the top of the forest." It is also difficult to take back "those who go down float and sink in the pool". One after another, the dynamics of "rolling", "flying", "crossing", "falling", "hanging" and "drifting" not only constitute vivid pictures, but also touch the poet's sight and touch his heartstrings. The genius of the poet lies in that he does not express his feelings abstractly, but reflects his feelings in an objective description. When we were reading these poems, we clearly saw a thin old man with thin clothes and rags standing outside the house on crutches, watching the roaring autumn wind roll up the thatch on his house layer by layer, blowing across the river and scattered in the suburbs of the river; And his anxiety and resentment about the broken house caused by the strong wind can not help but arouse our hearts.
Five sentences in the second quarter. This is a development and supplement to the previous section. The thatch "sprinkled on the periphery of the river" written in the last section cannot be recovered. Is there anything on the ground that can be restored? Yes, but it was taken away by the "Nancun Group Children"! The word "bully me" should be focused. If the poet is not "old and weak", but strong and energetic when he is young, he will naturally not be bullied like this. "Being able to face a thief" means having the heart to be a thief before my eyes! This just shows the resentment of the poet who was bullied because he was "old and weak", and it is not true that "Quner" was accused of being a "thief" and wanted to sue the government for crimes. So "my lips are so dry that I can't breathe", and there is nothing I can do. In the words of the poet Matagoro, this is "it is better to have this than to be poor"! If the poet was not very poor, he would not be so worried about the wind blowing away the thatch; If "Tuaner" was not very poor, he would not have braved the wind to hold those worthless thatches. This is all over. The lofty aspiration of "owning endless buildings and protecting the faces of the poor in the world" is based on the reality of "being poor all over the world". "Come back and lean on the stick and sigh" always receives a paragraph or two. As soon as the poet heard the barking of the north wind, he was worried that the hut that was not strong enough would be in danger, so he went out on crutches and walked home helplessly until the wind blew the thatch of the house beyond recovery. "Leaning on the staff" is of course to take care of the "old and weak". The word "self" in "self-sighing" hurts! The poet's unfortunate experience was only his own sigh, which did not arouse others' sympathy and help, so the watering of the worldly wisdom was also intended to be outside the words, so the content of his "sigh" was very profound! When he was devastated by the wind, homeless and unable to get sympathy and help from others, he clearly thought of countless poor people in similar situations.
In the third season, eight sentences were written about the miserable situation of broken houses and continuous rain. The phrase "the wind will instantly set the color of clouds and ink, and the autumn is bleak and dark" uses a lot of pen and ink to render a gloomy and sad atmosphere, thus setting off the poet's gloomy and sad mood. It is expected that there will be dense raindrops sprinkled on the ground from the bleak autumn sky. The phrase "clothes are cold and iron for many years, jiao zi lies with her feet cracked" cannot be written by an author with poor life experience. It is worth noting that this is not only a worn-out cloth quilt, but also a preparation for later writing. In Chengdu in August, the weather is not "cold". It is precisely because "there is no dry place at the head of the bed, and the rain is endless" that I feel cold. "Since I can't sleep, how can I get wet overnight?" Two sentences, one vertical and one closed. First, from the present situation to all kinds of painful experiences since the An Shi Rebellion, from the stormy hut to the war-torn country; As soon as I closed it, I returned to the reality of "getting wet all night". Worrying about the country and the people, plus "getting wet all night", how can you sleep? "Why is there a car" and the previous "unbroken" concern show the poet's urgent mood of looking forward to both rain and dawn. And this kind of mood is inspired by the predicament of broken houses and iron clothes. Therefore, the personal hardship is linked to the similar situation of others, and naturally it comes to the end of the whole poem.
"There are thousands of spacious buildings in Qian Qian, and the poor in the world are happy, and the wind and rain are as calm as a mountain." Seven characters are used before and after, nine characters are used in the middle, and words such as "Guangsha", "Thousand Rooms", "Great Shelter", "Tianxia", "Happy Face" and "Anrushan" are used to express broad boundaries and happy feelings, and their voices are loud. This unrestrained passion and fiery hope, without singing, sighed, "alas! Suddenly I saw this house in front of me, and I froze to death alone! " The poet's broad mind and lofty ideals have been vividly demonstrated so far.
Belinsky once said: "No poet can be great because of himself, by describing himself, whether describing his own pain or describing his own happiness. Any great poet is great because their roots of pain and happiness have been deeply rooted in the soil of society and history, because he is the organ and representative of society, times and mankind. " Du Fu described his own pain in this poem, but we didn't know until the last sentence that he didn't describe his own pain in isolation and simply, but expressed the pain of the "poor people in the world" by describing his own pain to show the suffering of society and the times. If you don't understand the content of "sighing" when reading "Looking Up at the Sky", then read "Alas! Suddenly I saw the house in front of me, and it was enough for me to freeze to death alone. "Always see, he is not just lamenting his misfortune, but insomnia, shout loudly! "In the autumn night when the wind and rain hit mercilessly, the poet's mind was not only troubled by' my hut was broken alone', but also by' human pity'. Du Fu's ardent feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his lofty ideal of urgently demanding to change the dark reality have been exciting readers' hearts for thousands of years and played a positive role. This old friend prepared a delicious meal and invited me to his hospitable farm. "The beginning seems to be a note in the diary. The old friend "invited" and I "arrived". There is no rendering in the text, it is simple and casual. This is just a possible form between friends who don't need to be polite. The invitation of "chicken and millet" not only shows the unique flavor of Tianjia, but also shows the simplicity of hospitality. It is this kind of hospitality without ceremony and ostentation and extravagance that makes the hearts of friends more open to each other. This beginning is calm and natural, but it is an excellent introduction to the content of life to be developed, showing the characteristics of the atmosphere, which needs to be further enriched and developed below.
"We look at the green trees around your village and the pale blue of the distant mountains." It is a fresh and pleasant feeling to walk into the village and look around. These two sentences are close to the border and surrounded by green trees, which seem to be unique and unique. The next sentence is light, accompanied by green hills abroad, which makes the village not lonely and shows a broad prospect. The village is located in Pingchou, far away from the green hills, which makes people feel light and quiet and never lonely. It is precisely because the "Old Friends Village" appeared in such a natural and social environment that the guests and guests raised their glasses at the window. "Let's open your window across the garden and fields and talk about Sang Ma with a cup in hand" is even more enjoyable. The word "open porch" here seems to be inadvertently written into the poem, but the above two sentences are written on the outer wall of the village. Here, the narrator drinks and chats in the house. The porch window is open, and the outdoor is reflected indoors, giving people a relaxed feeling. For these two sentences, people pay more attention to "talking about Sang Ma" and think that it is "meeting each other without miscellaneous words" (Tao Yuanming's Return to the Countryside). It's good to forget about farming. But there are threshing floors and vegetable gardens in front of the entrance window, surrounded by green shade, giving people a spacious and stretched feeling. Sang Ma makes you feel more rural. Therefore, we can not only appreciate the stronger local flavor, the flavor of labor production, but also smell the soil flavor on the nursery, see the growth and harvest of crops, and even feel the characteristics of regions and seasons. With the combination of these two sentences and the first two sentences, green trees, green hills, cottages, playgrounds and Sang Ma blend together harmoniously, forming a beautiful and quiet pastoral landscape, while the laughter of the host and guest and the words about Sang Ma seem to linger in our ears. It is different from the pure fantasy of the Peach Blossom Garden, but it is more realistic in the prosperous Tang society. It is in this world that poets who once lamented that "the Lord of the realm is harsh on us, and the people who handle affairs are not like us" not only forgot the setbacks encountered in political pursuit, but also forgot the gains and losses of fame and fortune, even the lonely and depressed mood in seclusion. It seems not hard to imagine that his thoughts are relaxed, and even his actions are flexible, from his view of mountains and rivers, from his * * * words about wine with friends in Sang Ma. The environment and atmosphere of the farm showed its conquest here, which made Meng Haoran seem to be converted.
Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I'll come back at chrysanthemum time. Meng Haoran was deeply attracted by farm life, so when he left, he told his master frankly that he would come back to see chrysanthemums on the Double Ninth Festival in autumn. A few simple poems, the enthusiasm of old friends to treat each other, the pleasure of being a guest, and the cordial harmony between the host and the guest are all on the paper. This can't help but remind people of Du Fu's "being drunk by Tianfu mud is beautiful, strict and sincere": "When will the bright moon start, I will stay, and I still want to be promoted." Du's father supports people, and he is in a hurry; Montessori made an appointment with an old friend again to soften his words. The difference between the stagnation and Meng's calmness may give us a glimpse of some news. Don't joke that the wine in the twelfth month is muddy, and there are a lot of delicacies to entertain guests in the harvest year.
There are many mountains and rivers, but no way is feasible. Suddenly, I saw a village with dark green willows and bright colors.
You play the flute, I play the drums and celebrate together. The Spring Festival is approaching, and the quaint ancient style remains.
Starting today, if I am allowed to wander in the moonlight, I, a white-haired old man, will also have fun in the dark and knock on Chai Men with a cane.
I think you should describe some details in more detail, such as the sentence "The mountains and rivers are difficult to recover, and there is a village full of flowers". You can decorate the mountains and rivers with some good words and sentences, and suddenly find the mountain village in front of you. You should describe the poet's psychology vividly. The word begins with the frontier fortress scenery. The frontier fortress in autumn night is even more desolate and bleak. The returning geese flew back to the south in droves, and seemed to have no nostalgia. Tragic military music and messy sidetones are mixed together, as if deliberately stirring people's feelings. Between the sunset and the smoky mountains, a lonely city closed early. What is the life of a soldier who guards the border in a lonely city? A heavy-hearted general, while drinking wine, thinks about his hometown far away, but the enemy has not been defeated. How can he say that he wants to go home? On the night of first frost, the flute sounds sad and no one can sleep. The general's hair turned white because of the protracted and arduous war, and the soldiers were injured and shed tears because of their long-term protection of the poor.
Obviously, this sentence is a lament for the inner repression of border guards. Depression is due to not breaking the enemy and making contributions to the country, not depression, so its style is gloomy and tragic.
The first thing that attracts people's attention is that the meaning of this word is like peeling a banana, and the deeper you peel it, the deeper it gets. In the last painting, the first sentence contains two meanings, which makes it seem desolate, especially in Qiu Lai. Before the goose noticed, people had to stay, which made the meaning of the first sentence deeper. The phrase "voices from all directions rise from the corner" further deepens the sense of sadness from hearing. The reader's feelings seem to vibrate with the sounds around him, and the words "thousands of miles away" intuitively depict the whole desolate scene, making the reader feel as if he were there. The same is true of the next lyric. A glass of wine is the best for Wan Li's family, from writing the details of people's lives to portraying the inner feelings of the characters. It is not easy for Wan Li to go home, and it is even more hopeless to go home without happiness. It' s really "a toast to eliminate sorrow." Time turns from dusk to late at night. What people see between the lines is the frost on the ground, and what they hear is the strong flute. Who can sleep? Going deeper, I finally forced out such a far-reaching and gripping statement that "the general is white-haired and tears for his husband".
Secondly, the artistic conception of words is typical and original. Let's talk about the sentence "thousands of miles away, a wisp of long smoke touches the sunset, and an isolated city is closed". Only these two sentences are worthy of the famous Song of Chile, although they are different. Du Fu, a great poet, once wrote a beautiful sentence "The lonely city closes early", but it seems that the momentum is not as strong as the model essay. If we have a full understanding of the last movie, we can really see the lonely city in the world as soon as we close our eyes. It was a sparsely populated frontier fortress, with bare peaks overlapping and plumes of smoke floating on it, and the solemn and stirring sound of horns and messy frontier fortress echoed in the fields. The sun has not put away its golden afterglow. From a distance, an isolated city on the mountainside has already closed its gates. Isn't this like artistic photography of medieval frontier fortress scenes? The artistic conception of the next film is equally touching. It is mainly composed of human activities. To put it simply, the white-haired general who takes the country as his home is lost in thought in the face of turbid wine. The soldiers wandered in the cold night, tears on their faces revealing their inner anguish. Such a state is typical in reflecting the special historical stage when the Northern Song Dynasty was timid and foreigners relied on the Mausoleum. This poem was written by Huang Tingjian.
In the Song Dynasty, when Huang Tingjian and Chao under Su Shi continued to move in the direction pointed by Su Shi, Yan, who was arrogant and domineering, still adhered to Xiao Ling's position and wrote sad feelings for men and women in accordance with the tradition of "flower room" handed down by his father Yan Shu. However, Yan's ci did not repeat the realm of flowers, but created a new artistic world.
The eroticism written by poets in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty is often a kind of generalized eroticism with no specific object of missing, while the eroticism written by Yan in Xiao Shan Ci has a clear and specific object of missing. The important thing is to show the joys and sorrows between him and his friends Shen and Chen's four singers, Lian, Hong, Ping and Yun. In his ci, he often directly writes the names of the actresses he loves: "Xiaolian is out of the jade pool", "earning a small eyebrow is also low", "remembering the first encounter", "hating Xiaoyun is also low" and so on.
Xiaoshan's Ci has both clear yearning objects and sincere feelings. Yan is obsessed with infatuation. Even though all four singers died, knowing that they would never see each other again, he still loved each other warmly. It is not to express the joy of having love, but to recall the lost love in the past and express the unforgettable love, and regards love as a pure spiritual pursuit, which has become a major feature of Yan's love words. Such as "Linjiang Xianzi" written in memory of the singer Xiaoping:
After the dream, the balcony is locked high and the curtains hang low after drinking. When hatred came last spring. Falling Flowers Independent, Swift Qi Fei.
I remember Xiaoping's first sight, and her focus was on the word se. Acacia is written on the string of pipa. At that time, the bright moon was there, and it had returned according to the colorful clouds.
The structure of Xiaoshan's love story is always based on warm memories of the past and depressed lovesickness of the present, which are two different emotional worlds.
The unremitting pursuit of love is almost the main spiritual sustenance of Yan's life. Although he is the son of Yan Shu, the prime minister, his family has come down, and he has only been a small official for a lifetime in Xutian Town, and he is as poor as a church mouse. However, he is aloof by nature and refuses to associate with powerful people. Even Su Shi refused to see him, and he was too poor to make a living. The real society is ruthless, and we have to find self-comfort and spiritual sustenance. He once talked about his creative psychology, saying that he was cautious and compromised, and sometimes he was condemned by others.
On the one hand, through the pursuit of love, he established an aesthetic emotional world completely different from real life, so as to dispel the loneliness and depression that he could not get rid of in real life. On the other hand, he pinned his bitter life experience on the joys and sorrows between men and women and women's frustration and depression, so as to get off his chest quickly and not be convicted. For example, a lonely and desolate singer who "doesn't want to marry" is a self-portrait of the poet, while "Dongye died without a beautiful sentence, and there are fewer relatives after leaving with you." It's good to remember the past with a towel. It is better to express your feelings after knowing the changes in the world.
In Where Are You Going, four singers in love miss each other, and Yan often dreams and relives the sweetness of past love. Or pursue the dream that "the dream soul is used to unrestrained inspection and still stands on Xie Qiao" or "seeing Iraq from time to time in the fierce". Gorgeous and dreamlike artistic realm is the remarkable feature of Xiaoshan's ci.
Simple language and deep feelings are the style characteristics of Xiaoshan's ci. He is good at using plain language, and common scenery shows unusual affection. Such as "Youth Journey"
What's more, things are different, and eventually they meet. Shallow feelings are like the end, the clouds are uncertain, and they are still in the dream.
The wishes of the poor are thinner than clouds and fresh water, and it is more difficult to be kind. I didn't think about it carefully, but many places broke my heart. I don't agree with that person.
Cloud and water are two very common images, but the poet vividly expresses his deep affection for his loved ones from different angles, knowing that the other side is shallow.
Shallow language can best express deep affection, often because it passes through a layer of syntax in the spiral sentence outside the word. The words are short and affectionate, and the feelings are deep.
In the late Northern Song Dynasty, in addition to Liu Yong and Su Shi, Huajianji was also an artistic model for poets to keep pace. Yan's words are colorful but not vulgar, shallow and deep. From the two levels of language accuracy and emotional depth, the art of poetic lyrics since Huajianji has been promoted to the extreme. Besides living in Liu, he is also unique, adding the same style to the ci circle in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Qing people commented on Xiaoshan Ci: Shallow Ci is full of charm and good.