Bai Juyi, Tang Dynasty
To the north of Gushan Temple and to the west of Jia Pavilion, the water surface is initially flat and the clouds are low.
Early orioles are vying for warmth in several places, while new swallows are pecking at the spring mud.
The wild flowers are becoming more and more charming, and only in Asakusa can there be no horse hooves.
My favorite lake is the east side of the lake, with its green poplar shade and white sand embankment.
[Reading Guide]
Qiantang Lake is another name for West Lake and is one of the famous scenic spots in my country. When talking about the West Lake, we will naturally think of Su Shi's famous saying, "If you want to compare the West Lake to the West, it is always better to put on light makeup and heavy makeup." After reading this poem by Bai Juyi, I seem to really see the smiling face of Xi Shi. The poem describes the beautiful and swaying spring scenery of the West Lake in early spring that the poet saw while riding a horse, showing the vitality of all things in the world bathed in the spring scenery, creating an image of the poet himself enjoying the scenery, and creating a pleasant and lively scene in spring. The artistic conception expresses the feelings of loving the early spring scenery, tranquility, leisure and contentment.
[About the author]
Bai Juyi (772-846), whose courtesy name was Letian and also known as Xiangshan Jushi and Mr. Zuiyin. His ancestral home is Taiyuan (today's Shanxi), and his great-grandfather Bai Wen moved to Xiagui (today's Weinan, Shaanxi), and he became a native of Xiagui and a great realist poet in the mid-Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi's poems have rich themes and profound contents, and their expressions are simple, relevant and fluent. There are nearly 3,000 white poems in existence, and his number should be considered the highest among poets in the Tang Dynasty. He once divided his poems into four categories: allegorical, leisurely, sentimental, and miscellaneous. What he is most proud of and has the highest value is his allegorical poems. In literature, he advocated "articles should be written according to the time, and songs and poems should be written according to the situation." He emphasized the inheritance of the fine tradition of realism in my country's classical poetry, and opposed works that had no other sustenance than "the tide, the wind, the snow, and the flowers and grass". The advocate of the New Yuefu Movement has an important position in the history of literature. Famous poems such as the long narrative poems "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" and "Pissing" represent his highest artistic achievements.
[Background introduction]
Bai Juyi was appointed as the assassin of Hangzhou in July of the second year of Changqing (822 AD), and in the first year of Baoli (825 AD) In March of the year), he took office as the assassin of Suzhou, so this poem "Spring Tour to Qiantang Lake" should be written in the spring of the third or fourth year of Changqing.
[Word annotation]
Spring Walk: Spring walk.
Gushan Temple: on Gushan Mountain in Baidi, West Lake.
Jia Ting: The Jia Gong Pavilion built by Jia Quan, the governor of Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty, no longer exists today.
Chu Ping: Looking from a distance, the water surface of the West Lake seems to be just level with the lake shore and the scenery on the lake shore.
Cloud feet: Ancient Chinese called drooping objects "feet", such as the lower part of falling raindrops called "rain feet". This refers to drooping clouds.
Warm tree: a sunny tree.
Indiscriminate flowers: refers to spring flowers that bloom in abundance.
Asakusa: Although there is a lot of grass in early spring, it is not very tall yet.
无(mò): disappear.
Hudong: Taking Gushan as a reference, Baisha Di (i.e. Baidi) is to the northeast of Gushan.
Insufficient travel: not enough sightseeing, that is, repeated sightseeing
[Hierarchical structure]
The first couplet focuses on the big picture and writes about the scenery seen at Gushan Temple . The first sentence is the location, the second sentence is the perspective. "Chuping" refers to the beginning of spring water, which is slightly level with the embankment. "Cloud feet are low" refers to white clouds hanging low, connected with the lake, and outlines the outline of early spring. The calm water below and the low clouds in the sky form a tranquil ink painting of the West Lake.
The chin couplet writes about Ying Yan, which the poet saw during his travels. The orioles are the singers of spring, and they all fly to the sunny trees to sing; the swallows are the messengers of spring, and they have begun to build nests with mud in their mouths, and they are full of vitality. Using "Zhao" to describe Huang Ying reflects Bai Juyi's sincere love for these vibrant little lives. The word "struggle" makes people feel how rare and precious spring is. Using the word "pecking" to describe the busy and excited expression of the swallow seems to bring the little swallow to life. These two sentences deliberately depict the dynamics of warblers and swallows, making the whole poem filled with the vitality and vitality of spring.
The neck couplets describe flowers and plants, focusing on expressing the poet's feelings. The horse walks very briskly on the shallow grass. If you look at the flowers for a long time, your eyes will be filled with colorful flowers, which will make people dizzy and make you feel confused. This couplet and the first couplet are the core part of the poem, and they are also the finishing touch in Bai's poem describing the spring scenery, especially the description of the spring scenery in the West Lake. This is a description of scenery that is full of emotion and vitality, which fully demonstrates Bai Juyi's meticulous observation of the objects he describes and his ability to accurately grasp their characteristics.
The last couplet describes the scene of the Baisha Embankment, expressing his heart directly and expressing the poet's joyful mood. "The action is insufficient" means that the poet cannot see enough, which means that the poet forgets to leave.
[Poetry translation]
From the north of Gushan Temple to the west of Jia Ting, the spring water on the lake has just leveled with the embankment, and the white clouds overlap with each other, connecting with the waves on the lake. Into one piece.
In several places, the early orioles are vying to fly to the sunny trees, while the newly arrived swallows are building nests with spring mud in their mouths.
The numerous and colorful spring flowers are gradually enchanting people's eyes, and the shallow spring grass can just cover the horse's hooves.
I love the beautiful scenery on the east side of West Lake the most and cannot visit enough, especially the white sand embankment under the shade of green willows.
[Poetry Appreciation]
From the north of Gushan to the present Pinghu Qiuyue and Baidi, the poet has walked all the way to report the news of spring to people: the spring water on the lake is reborn, and the trees are full of spring water. The spring orioles are chirping, the spring swallows are carrying mud in the air, the spring flowers are blooming on the embankments, and the spring grass is just turning green. The poet's sharp and delicate brushstrokes allow people to realize that the West Lake is stretching out its spring clothes. The poet praised the spring scenery of West Lake and pointed out that he loved walking on the white sand embankment most. There is water on both sides of the Baidi, and both sides of the embankment are filled with willows and peach trees. Walking on the Baidi in spring, the meandering lake water is at your feet, and you seem to be walking on the water; the willow branches in early spring are like smoke, like mist, like threads, floating on your face, making your heart surge. Born with infinite tenderness and infinite love, you feel like you are in a dream or a fairyland. When walking on Baidi in spring, you can better appreciate the feeling and mood of the poet when he wrote this poem.
The title of the whole poem is mainly based on the word "行", which is linked to the word "春行" to describe the scenery. However, the area of ??West Lake is too large and the journey is too long, so the poet only cut out one section to write - starting from the north of Gushan Temple and ending at Baisha Embankment. Reading this poem, we naturally have the feeling of enjoying the early spring scenery of West Lake with the poet.
[Characteristics of Poetry]
The whole poem has a strict structure, rigorous meter, neat dialogues, fluent language, vivid and natural tone, and a simple tone, which reflects the characteristics of popular and smooth. The poet described the flourishing spring on the lake from an overall perspective, and was good at describing the scenery during the journey. He selected typical types and combined them with classification and arrangement: in the middle, he wrote the four most beautiful spring scenery: orioles, swallows, flowers, and grass. The selected combination of animals and plants is unique. He is also good at grasping the characteristics of scenery and using the most expressive words to describe and render them.
[Innovative Appreciation and Reading]
An idle pen is not idle (Article/Zhang Yusheng)
Poems are precious and exquisite, and there is no room for idle pens. It is really idle writing and should be deleted. However, some words seem to be idle, but they are not idle at all. If you read them carefully, another meaning will appear in the idle writing. The deep poetic flavor is often found not by reading, but by tasting.
The middle four sentences of Bai Juyi's "Spring Tour at Qiantang Lake" are: "A few early orioles are vying for warmth in the trees, and the new swallows are pecking at the spring mud. The wild flowers are gradually charming the eyes, and the shallow grass can be free of horse hooves." Some poetry critics pointed out: There are too many idle strokes in the four sentences. The idle writing he mentioned refers to "several places", "whose home", "gradual desire", and "talent". After deleting it, the poem is "Early orioles compete for warm trees, and new swallows peck at spring mud. The random flowers are charming to the eyes, There are no horse hooves in Asakusa. "As far as the chanting scene is concerned, all the images and pictures of the original poem come out. However, the poet writes about "spring journey", not "spring scenery". He wants the spring scenery of West Lake to flow with his "spring scenery". Without these eight words, the spring scene would be static; with these eight words, the still picture would flow.
"Several places" is a quantifier. "Early orioles vying for warm trees" is a very beautiful picture. If it is named "several places", this beautiful picture is not one, but multiple. There are them here, there are them there, and there are them in the distance. "Wearing Orioles in the Willow Waves" is a scene from West Lake. In fact, in spring, you can hear orioles everywhere around West Lake. "Whose" is a question word. The poet did not intend to describe "the spring swallow pecking at the mud", but deliberately asked: "Whose spring swallow is pecking at the mud?" With this question, the poet may speed up his pace, stare at the spring swallow, and look at the spring swallow. Which house did it carry the spring mud to build its nest? Thinking about it in this way, isn't it much more interesting than just depicting the picture of "spring swallows pecking at the mud"? "Gradual desire" and "talent" are the same as "several places" and "whose home". They do not provide images or form a picture, but when added to the poem, they expand the image and the picture, and the natural things will follow the poet's " "OK" and flow.
Reciting aloud is reading poetry, pondering it carefully is tasting poetry, good poetry can be read and endured. Some poems are not very wonderful when you first read them, but when you read them slowly, they are full of wonderful energy. The poetic flavor that is directly read mostly comes from the intuitive image; the poetic flavor that is tasted indirectly is mostly hidden in the "idle pen" outside the image.
That poetry critic should be a poetry critic, never an editor, let alone editor-in-chief. Otherwise, if the poems of Bai Juyi and others were put into his hands, he would say that he was cutting off the "idle strokes" with a big stroke, but in fact it would be a serious injury, and the fate of the poems would be miserable.
Translation: < /p>
Walking around Gushan Temple and Jia Pavilion, the spring water of the West Lake has just risen and is level with the shore. The clouds in the sky are hanging low, and the color of the water and the light of the sky are connected. In several places, the orioles that came out of their nests early flew to the warm trees facing the sun to crow. I don’t know whose swallows had just returned over there, and they were busy building nests in their mouths of mud. All kinds of flowers are gradually blooming, which is dazzling. The newly grown grass can cover the hooves of horses. The white sand embankment on the east side of the West Lake is shaded by green willows, which makes people love it and forget to leave!
Huanxisha
Yan Shu
Time has always been limited, it is easy to say goodbye and the soul is easily lost, and wine feasts and songs are infrequent.
The mountains and rivers in our eyes are far away, and the falling flowers and wind and rain hurt the spring even more. It is better to take pity on the people in front of us.
Appreciation
Yan Shu was a proud official throughout his life, living a life of "never a day without feasting" and "must accompany it with music and music" (Ye Mengde's "Summer Escape") . This poem describes his feeling that life is short, and he wants to use the joy of singing and feasting to relieve his sadness of longing for spring and being sentimental about the time. The first two sentences of this poem are written from a broad and distant perspective. They point out the great regrets that life is limited, partings are common, mountains and rivers are vast, and good scenery never lasts. It contains a sigh of infinite life.
The last sentence is explained by drinking wine, listening to songs, and loving the lover. The words are small but full of profound philosophical thoughts, reflecting the author's understanding of the present and transcending sorrow. "Time" comes from time, "mountains and rivers" comes from space: "Shangchun" comes from "eliminate the soul", and "take pity on the people in front of you" corresponds to the phrase "wine feast and song feast". The front and back pieces are integrated and fit together seamlessly. His language is clear and his tone is harmonious.
Jiangshui·Three Gorges (Li Daoyuan)
Shui Jingzhu (Li Daoyuan)
Jiangshui
The river is eastward and winding Guangxi Gorge is the head of the Three Gorges. There are Qutang and Huangqian Beach in the gorge. The gorge cover was dug by Yu in the past to connect the river. Guo Jingchun said that the Badong Gorge was opened after the Xia Dynasty.
The river flows eastwards to the Wu Gorge, which was dug by Du Yu to connect the river. The river flows east of the gorge and breaks into a new beach. The distance from beginning to end is one hundred and sixty miles, which is called Wu Gorge, named after the mountain.
In the seven hundred miles from the Three Gorges, there are mountains on both sides, with no gaps; the mountains are stacked with rocks, hiding the sky and blocking out the sun. At midnight, there is no bright moon in the pavilion.
As for Xia Shuixiang Ling, it was blocked along the way, or the king's order was urgently announced. Sometimes he would go to Baidi in the morning and arrive at Jiangling in the evening. During the period of 1,200 miles, even if he rode on the wind, he would not be sick.
In spring and winter, the green pool is green and the reflection is clear. The mountain is teeming with tamarisk trees, with springs and waterfalls hanging between them. It's clear, majestic, majestic and full of interest.
Every sunny and frosty day, in the cold woods and austere streams, a tall ape often cries out, which is very bleak and sad. Therefore, a fisherman sang: "The Badong Three Gorges and the Wu Gorge are long, and the apes cry three times and shed tears on their clothes!"
The river flows eastward and flows to the head beach. The water is steep and violent, making it impossible for fish and turtles to swim, making it difficult for travelers. His song says: "The white trees on the beach are standing firm, but they suddenly disappear without any hope." Yuan Shansong said: "It has been more than five thousand miles from Shu to this point; It takes five days to go down to the water and a hundred days to go up the water."
The river flows eastward, to the north of Yichang County, on the south bank of the county-governed river. The river flows eastward, passing by Langwei Beach and passing through Rentan Beach. The river flows eastward, passing by Huangniu Mountain. There is a beach at the bottom called Huangniu Beach. The river flows eastward, passing through the Xiling Gorge. Yidu records: "From the east of Huangniutan to the boundary of Xiling, to the mouth of the gorge for a hundred miles, the mountains and rivers are winding, and there are high mountains and heavy obstacles on both sides. The sun and moon are not visible except in the middle of the day and midnight. The cliffs may be thousands of feet long, and their rocks are colorful. It describes many things. The trees are tall and luxuriant in winter and spring. The sound of apes is clear, and the sound of the valley is endless. "This is one of the so-called Three Gorges. Shansong said: "I often heard that the water in the gorge was dangerous, and I was warned by the secretary and oral reports that I was afraid of it. I had never said that there was such beauty in the mountains and rivers. When I came to this place, I was so happy that I began to believe that what I had heard was not as good as seeing it with my own eyes. It is so many things. The strange structure and shape of Xiuxiu Peak are difficult to describe. The trees are deserted and the scenery is bright and clear. Looking up at it, you will feel the beauty of it. You will never forget it. Yes. Since you are delighted with this wonder and the spirituality of the mountains and rivers, you should also be surprised to know that it has been through the ages."
Three Gorges
In the 700 miles of the Three Gorges, there are no mountains on either side. At the Pavilion, there are heavy rocks and mountains, hiding the sky and blocking out the sun. There is no light or moon in the Feiting Pavilion at midnight.
As for Xiashui Xiangling, it is blocked along the way. Or the king's order was urgently announced, and sometimes the White Emperor would arrive in the morning and arrive at Jiangling in the evening, a distance of 1,200 miles.
In spring and winter, the green pool is green and the reflection is clear. There are many grotesque cypresses growing in the valley, with springs and waterfalls hanging down between them. It's clear, majestic, majestic and full of interest.
Every sunny day and the first frosty day, in the cold woods and austere streams, a tall ape often cries out, which is very bleak and sad. Therefore, a fisherman sang: "The Badong Three Gorges and the Wu Gorge are long, and the apes cry three times and shed tears on their clothes!"
Translation:
From the Three Gorges seven hundred miles away, there are continuous mountains on both sides. Absolutely, without any interruption; there are many cliffs, layers of cliffs, and if it is not noon and midnight, the sun and moon cannot be seen.
As for the summer when the river overflows the hills, both the downward and upward navigation routes are blocked. Sometimes the emperor had orders that had to be conveyed quickly. He would set out from Baidi City in the morning and arrive at Jiangling in the evening. The two places were more than 1,200 miles apart! Even riding a horse or riding a gale, it's not that fast.
In spring and winter, the snow-white rapids and turquoise pools swirl with clear waves, reflecting the shadows of various scenery. In the high mountains, there grows many odd-shaped cypress trees, in the mountains, where there are many odd-shaped cypress trees, in the mountains, where there are also suspended springs and waterfalls. The water is clear, the trees are flourishing, the mountains are high, and the grass is flourishing. It is really interesting.
Every sunny day or frosty morning, the woods and mountain streams appear cool and quiet, and the apes in the high places roar loudly. The sound is continuous and extremely desolate, and can be heard from the empty valley. The echo of the ape's cry was sad and gentle, and it took a long time to disappear. Therefore, the fishermen in the Three Gorges sang: "The Badong Three Gorges and the Wu Gorge are long, and the apes cry three times and shed tears on their clothes!"
Fan Zhongyan's "Proud of the Fisherman"
Autumn comes under the barrier and the scenery is amazing , Hengyang geese left without paying attention. There are sounds from all directions, thousands of miles away. The long smoke sets and the lone city closes.
A glass of dirty wine can lead to a home thousands of miles away, but there is no plan to return home before it is too late. The Qiang pipes are covered with frost, people are sleepless, and the generals are white-haired and their husbands are in tears?
This poem by Fan Zhongyan, a famous official in the Northern Song Dynasty, was written when he led his troops to the northwest border to quell the Xixia rebellion. These are two works that are controversial in terms of evaluation. Ouyang Xiu once called him a poem about the impoverished leader. The general idea is that as a coach, he does not express his heroic and generous feelings, but writes about the desolate and melancholy scenes outside the fortress and his longing for home. is bad.
In "Guitian Poems", Qu You on the one hand used his own life experience to prove that this poem indeed describes the scenery outside the Great Wall, on the other hand he said: "It is appropriate for a commander-in-chief to utter this sentence, which means that morale is low and there is no success." It is an evaluation from the perspective of political education. Other critics praised it, saying it was written in a "serious and majestic way" and "has the potential to displace", and "to this day, I still read it with dignity and vitality". Mr. Xia Chengtao praised this poem for its "rich emotion and broad spirit."
The author believes that the aesthetic value of any poem is composed of multiple artistic functions. This song "Proud of the Fisherman" is not based on a military expedition, but is about the frontier soldiers' nostalgia for their hometown. Therefore, it cannot be measured rigidly by political standards, but should be measured by artistic standards. Its artistic function and artistic power lie in the lyrical depiction of scenery, but even if it is politically required, the meaning of this word is not negative. The sentence "Yan Ran has no plans to return without stopping" is the most essential ideological highlight of this poem. Yanran Mountain is now Hangai Mountain. During the Later Han Dynasty, General Dou Xian pursued the Xiongnu and climbed Yanran Mountain to carve a stele (stone) to commemorate his achievements. The old general with a frosty head in the poem has wiped away his tears of homesickness. In the conflict between loving his family and serving his country, he prioritizes border defense and military affairs. He fulfilled his duties faithfully and did not make any meritorious deeds on the frontier. Although he was homesick at times, he had no intention of returning. How can we turn a blind eye to such a loyal heart?
The top line of the poem focuses on the scenery. The scenery is different when autumn comes, and the wild geese leave without paying attention. This is an allusion of the wild geese returning to Hengyang to reflect people's longing for home outside the Great Wall. Why do you want to return home? Is it because you are disgusted with the frontier life and ignore the safety of the country? No. Instead, the shrill horns of the border guards and the howling of wolves and the wind all around were chilling. What's more, the sunset is thousands of meters high, the mountains are locked in long smoke, and the isolated city is closed. How can this scene not make people miss the warmth of their hometown? Human beings are not grass and trees, so who can be ruthless. It is natural for a veteran who has been guarding the border for a long time to miss his relatives and hometown. "Thousands of miles away, the long smoke sets and the sun sets over the lonely city." This sentence is the most successful. In just 10 words, it outlines a magnificent and vast dusk scene of the frontier fortress.
The purpose of writing scenes is to express emotions. Therefore, the beginning of Xiaqiu is "A cup of wine will destroy your home thousands of miles away, and you will have no plan to return before you stop." Maojiu is originally a milky white rice wine, and here it also implies a heavy mood. Why is my mood so heavy? Because I want to go home but I can’t. If the success of peace and chaos has not been achieved, how can one go to the court and meet the people? "There is no way to return" means that there is no possibility of having the best of both worlds. In this conflicting mood, the distant Qiang flute played loudly, which made it difficult for the soldiers to fall asleep. They had to think about their hometown thousands of miles away, and their relatives in their hometown might also be looking forward to the white-haired man. "When a man is sleepless, the general's gray hair and husband's tears" are gripping words, which express the complex feelings of deep concern and patriotism.
This song "Proud of the Fisherman" is by no means a word that demoralizes the fighting spirit. It truly expresses the true feelings of the border guards who miss their hometown, love their motherland even more, and are determined to defend the motherland. When he was young, Fan Zhongyan once advocated the lofty spirit of "worry about the world's worries first, and rejoice after the world's happiness" in his article "Yueyang Tower". Isn’t the white-haired old general in the poem a vivid portrayal of this noble spirit? Ouyang Xiu's negative evaluation of this poem is very unfair. Huang Liaoyuan said that it "reads vigorously and vigorously", which is quite interesting.
Bai Xuege sends Magistrate Wu back to the capital
Cen Shen
The north wind blows and the white grass breaks, and Hutian makes snow fall in August.
Suddenly a spring breeze came overnight, and thousands of pear trees bloomed.
The pearl curtains are scattered and wet, and the fox fur is not warm and the brocade quilt is thin.
The general's horn and bow cannot be controlled, and the protective armor is still cold.
The vast sea is covered with hundreds of feet of ice, and the gloomy clouds condense thousands of miles away.
The Chinese army prepares wine and drinks for returning guests, as well as playing fiddles, lutes, and flutes.
The snow falls one after another at the camp gate, and the red flag is blown by the wind and does not turn over due to the freezing cold.
I saw you off at the east gate of Luntai. When you left, the Tianshan Road was covered with snow.
You can't be seen on the mountain winding road, leaving a place for horses to walk in the sky above the snow.
Bai Xuege sent Magistrate Wu back to the capital
Cen Shen
The north wind swept across the earth and blew away the grass, and the weather in the Hu land was full of snow falling in August. Suddenly, it was like a spring breeze blowing overnight, and thousands of pear trees seemed to be in full bloom. Snowflakes scattered into the bead curtains and wet the silk curtains. The fox fur was not warm enough and the brocade quilt was too thin. The general's hands were too cold to draw his horned bow, and the guard's armor was still wearing ice-cold armor. The desert is frozen for hundreds of feet with cracks, and gloomy clouds gather in the sky. Wine is placed in the coach's tent to bid farewell to returning guests, and an ensemble of fiddles, pipa, and flutes is played to entertain the guests. In the evening, heavy snow kept falling in front of the camp gate, and the red flag was frozen hard and could not be pulled by the wind. Outside the east gate of Luntai I send you off to Beijing. When you left, the road to Tianshan Mountain was covered with heavy snow. You can no longer be seen on the winding mountain road, leaving only a string of horse hoof marks on the snow.
[Solution]
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This is a poem that praises the snowy scenery in the border areas and expresses the feeling of farewell. The whole poem is about snow, which evokes the strange cold of Tianshan Mountain. The chapter begins with a description of the snow scene in the wild, comparing the winter scene in the border areas to the spring scene in the South, which is a wonderful way of reviving spring. Then write from outside the tent to the inside of the tent, describing the strange cold of the sky through people's feelings. Then he moved outside the tent, sketched the magnificent snow scene beyond the Great Wall, and arranged a specific setting for farewell. Finally, I wrote to send him out of the military gate. It was at dusk when the snow was falling heavily. The mountains were blocked by heavy snow, and the mountains turned round and round, leaving no trace, implying the meaning of farewell.
The whole poem uses the word "snow" four times to describe four different scenes of snow before farewell, farewell, farewell, and after farewell. The scenery is diverse, the colors are gorgeous, and it is very moving. "Suddenly a spring breeze came overnight, and thousands of pear blossoms bloomed on the trees." The artistic conception is fresh and attractive, and everyone who reads it is in awe.