The Three Gorges was written by Li Daoyuan, a famous geographer in the Northern Dynasties and the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Three Gorges is selected from Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics and Rivers, which is a famous landscape work.
It depicts the magnificent scene of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Li Daoyuan's Three Gorges describes the natural features of the Three Gorges in less than 200 words. The full text describes the combination of dynamic and static, scene blending, emotion moving with the scene, concise and vivid.
original work
Three Gorges?
Li daoyuan
700 miles away from the Three Gorges (1), the two banks are connected by mountains, except (2). The rocks piled up together, blocking the sun and the sky. I haven't seen the sunrise for (xρ)(6) months since (4) pavilion noon (5) night.
As for Xiashuixiang (7) Mausoleum, it is blocked along (8) and (Si). Or (9) the king ordered an emergency announcement, and sometimes he went to Bai Di (10) and arrived in Jiangling at dusk (1 1), during which the journey was 2200 Li. Although (12) rode the wind, he didn't get sick at (13).
In spring and summer, the green pool is surging (14) and the reflection is clear (15). Cliff (y m 4 n) (16) is rich in cypress, hanging spring (17) waterfall and waterfall. At the same time, Junmao (18) and Liang (19) attract more attention.
At the beginning of every sunny day (20), in first frost, first frost, the forest is cold and cold, and there are often high apes whistling, which belongs to (zhǔ) and leads to (2 1) sadness, and the empty valley echoes, and the sadness turns leisurely (22). So the fisherman sang: "Badong (23) The Wuxia Gorge of the Three Gorges is long, and the ape sings three times (24) and tears (25) and clothes (cháng)(26)."
Statement annotation
( 1) From: In，From； Three Gorges: Qutang Gorge, Wuxia Gorge and Xiling Gorge between Chongqing and Hubei, two provincial administrative units in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The total length of the Three Gorges is actually only over 400 miles.
(2) Slightly None: None, not at all. Que: pass "lack", vacancy.
(3) ZHANG: A mountain that stands upright like a barrier.
(4) Self-denial: If not. Ego: If. No: no.
(5) Pavilion noon: noon. Night minutes: midnight.
(6) Sunrise (xρ): Sunlight, here refers to the sun.
(7) Xiang (xiāng): Up, here refers to overflow. Mausoleum: a big earthen mountain, which refers to the mausoleum here.
(8) Down the river. To run (a ship) against the current.
(9) Sometimes. Royal decree: imperial decree. Announce: to announce or convey.
(10) Chaobaidi: Depart from Baidicheng in the morning. Bai Di: The name of this city is in the east of fengjie county. Chao: Good morning.
(1 1) Jiangling: Jingzhou City, Hubei Province.
(12) Although: Even if. Ben: Mercedes-Benz's fast horse. Royal: Drive, drive.
(13). Compared with sailing boats, sailing against the wind is not fast, or it is wrong to say that "taking" is "similar" (See the mistakes in Zhao Yiqing's Notes on Water Classics in Qing Dynasty). Sick: Quick.
(14) Plain turbulence: white rapids. Sue: White. Green pool: green pool water.
(15) Clear reflection: The swaying clear waves reflect the reflection of (rocks and trees).
(16) Juelong (y m 4 n): a very high mountain peak. Absolutely: extremely. Ji: the peak
(17) Diaoquan: a Diaoquan waterfall. Shu Fei: The current is fast. Wash: swing.
(18) Qingrong Junmao: clear water, lush trees, high mountains and lush grass.
(19) Liang: Indeed, indeed, indeed.
(20) Early sunny days: when it just clears up (after rain or snow). Frost Dan: It's a frosty morning.
(2 1) Genus citation: continuous. Genus (zhǔ): verb. Connect. Introduction: Extension. Sad and weird: desolate and weird.
(22) Sadness turns to eternity: sadness is euphemistic, and the ape sound disappears for a long time. Never: disappear, stop. Turn: Call by "DuDu".
(23) Badong: the name of Han County, located in Yunyang, Fengjie and Wushan in the east of Chongqing today.
(24) Three sounds: several sounds. This is not an exact number.
(25) Dip: wet.
(26) Shang (cháng): clothes.
Full text translation
Between 700 miles of the Three Gorges, there are continuous mountains on both sides, without interruption at all; Overlapping cliffs block the sky and the sun. If it weren't for midnight, even the sun and the moon couldn't be seen.
In summer, when the water rises, the river overflows the mountains, and the descending or ascending ships are blocked and unable to sail. Sometimes the emperor's orders need urgent communication. At this time, as long as you leave Baidicheng in the morning and arrive at Jiangling in the evening, there is 1200 Li in the middle. Even if you ride a Mercedes-Benz horse and drive a high wind, you are not as fast as it.
In spring and winter, you can see white rapids and spinning clear waves. The green pool reflects the shadows of all kinds of scenery. There are many strange cypress trees growing on the extremely high peaks, and there are hanging springs and waterfalls between the peaks. Clear water, brilliant trees, high mountains and lush grass are really interesting.
In autumn, every morning in Chu Qing or first frost, the Woods and mountains are cool and quiet. There are often high apes chirping with long voices, which are continuous and very desolate and strange. There is an echo of the ape singing in the empty valley, which is mournful and tactfully lingering for a long time. Therefore, the Three Gorges fisherman sang: "The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, the apes crow three times, and tears are spilled on their skirts."
Creation background
Li Daoyuan lived in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Northern Wei Dynasty. He was born in an official family in Fanyang County (now Gaobeidian City, Hebei Province) and was a hereditary Yongning Hou. I liked sightseeing when I was a teenager. Later, when he became an official, he traveled all over the country. Every time he visited places of interest, he also carefully surveyed the topography of the water surface and learned about coastal geography, landforms, soil, climate, people's production and life, and regional changes.
He found that the ancient geography book Water Mirror accurately recorded the ins and outs of large and small rivers, but due to the changes of the times and the rise and fall of cities, some rivers changed their routes and names, but they were not supplemented and explained in the book. Li Daoyuan then wrote Shui Jing Zhu according to Shui Jing Zhu.
Artistic feature
Li Daoyuan's Three Gorges (selected from Notes on Water Classics) is a famous landscape work, which only takes less than 200 words. The author described the natural features of the Three Gorges. The full text describes the combination of dynamic and static, scene blending, emotion moving with the scene, concise and vivid.
Starting with Seven Hundred Miles of Three Gorges, the author not only explains the description object, but also introduces its total length.
Then, the author writes about the mountains first, using "the mountains on both sides of the strait are connected, but there is no gap" to describe the "connection" of the mountains, and using "leaving the pavilion at midnight without sunrise" to make the "height" of the mountains as a side contrast, which makes people feel the narrowness of the Three Gorges, and vividly outlines the majesty of the Three Gorges in several strokes.
Water is the eye of the mountain. The author writes about water according to the natural seasons, starting from the summer when the water potential is the biggest and most urgent. The four words "Xiang Ling Xia, resistance along the back" are used to describe the sinister water potential, high water level and urgent water flow. "I was in the morning and arrived in Jiangling at dusk. Although riding against the wind during the period, he was not sick. " Through comparison and exaggeration, I highlight the disease of water flow after the river surges in summer. Then write about the spring and summer when the water potential decreases. At this time, the Three Gorges can be summarized by the word "repair". "Turbulence in the Plain" and "Green Pond", two colors and two modes, with dynamic and static interweaving and sharp contrast; "Qibai", "Hanging Springs" and "Waterfalls" are also quiet and moving, colorful, and mountains and trees meet in them, which is a spectacle. The word "Junmao" is written as follows: "Qing" is water, "Jun" is mountain, "Rong" is cypress and "Mao" is grass. "A lot of interest" is mixed with the author's aesthetic interest, which integrates poetry and painting. When the author was writing Autumn Water, he used the word "frost" to imply that he was writing about the coldness of the Three Gorges autumn scenery, and it was sad to set off the bleak autumn with the sound of apes.
As a description of landscape, it is not a simple description of scenery, but an emotional description of scenery (such as "fun" to show the beauty of spring and summer scenery, "ape whistling" and "sadness" to show the coolness of autumn scenery), which means that feelings enter the scenery (such as the first few sentences reflecting the overall feeling of enjoying the Three Gorges for the first time, making people feel majestic and strange, which are divided into four seasons: fear, joy and sadness).
All landscape words are sentimental words. Beginners should write their own characteristics, which are consistent with their thoughts and feelings.
"Three Gorges" uses simple and vivid pen and ink to write the magnificent, steep and beautiful scenery of the Three Gorges. The author describes the scenery by grasping its characteristics. Write mountains, highlighting the characteristics of continuity and covering the sky. Writing water depicts different scenes in different seasons. In summer, rivers flood all over the mountains and rivers, and ships are blocked. "In spring and summer, the green pool is surging and the reflection is clear. Duoqibai, hanging springs and waterfalls, flies in it. " Snow-white rapids, green pools, rolling waves and beautiful reflections make the author admire "endless fun". In autumn, however, "the forest is cold and cold, and there are often high apes whistling", and the sorrow cries constantly, and in the empty valley, "the sorrow turns for a long time." The strange sight of the Three Gorges is vividly depicted. The author used a lot of stippling to write the scenery, just 150 words, and got the whole picture of the Three Gorges in 700 miles. Write the scenery of spring and summer, with "plain", "green", "clear" and "shadow" characters; Write the autumn scenery, and vividly show the charm of the scenery with "cold", "sad" and "sad" characters. The article describes mountains first, then water, with natural layout and clear thinking. Write about the four seasons of moisture. In the rhythm of the article, it is also a combination of static and dynamic, swaying. Towering peaks, surging rivers, clear waters, flying waterfalls, sad ape songs and sad fishing songs constitute a natural and harmonious picture with different styles, which left a deep impression on readers. The quoted poems show the characteristics of outstanding mountains and high waters, and at the same time, they render the sad atmosphere of the Three Gorges autumn scenery.
Make an appreciative comment
This article is a note in "River Water" in Shuijing Note that "(River Water) flows eastward to the south of Wuxian County, and salt water flows from the southeast of the county". Describing the magnificent wonders of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River can inspire people's feelings of loving the great rivers and mountains of the motherland.
"In the 700 years since the Three Gorges, the mountains on both sides of the strait have been slightly vacant. Rocks piled up and the sky was covered by the sun. I haven't seen the moon since midnight. " Always write about the characteristics of the Three Gorges: the mountains are connected and the middle is narrow. "700 miles away from the Three Gorges" means that the gorge is long, and then it is pointed out that the characteristics of the mountains on both sides of the strait are "even". "Nothing is lacking", and there is nothing incomplete. Write "Lian" further. Next, write the height of the mountain. The peaks overlap and are built on the mountain, which means the mountain is high. The mountain is hidden, hiding from the sun in the sky, and writing the height of the mountain from another angle. "heavy" and "overlapping" are written in the state of the mountain itself, which is obtained from overlooking; "Concealed" and "concealed" are to compare their height with the sky and the sun, that is, the height you can see when you look up. The following two sentences comprehensively demonstrate the above characteristics with scenes under specific conditions. The sun and the moon can only be seen at noon and midnight. If it were not for the "two sides" connecting mountains, even if there was only one shore connecting mountains, this situation would not have formed; If there are no mountains, you can see the sun and the moon at other times; If the mountain is not high, you don't have to wait until then to see the sun and the moon; If the Three Gorges is not narrow, the sun and the moon can be seen at other times. Watching the sun at noon and the moon at midnight fully shows the characteristics of the Three Gorges through specific conditions.
"As for launching Xiangling, it is blocked along the back. Or the king ordered an emergency notice, sometimes going to Baidicheng and going to Jiangling at dusk. During this time, although he was riding the wind, he was not sick. " Write the scene of the Three Gorges in summer: the water speed rises and the traffic jams. In summer, the flood flooded the mountains, and the boats up and down were blocked. What is written here is a general example of water potential and water velocity. Give a special case to further prove the water speed. There will be ships only when the urgent orders of the dynasty are to be transmitted to all places. On the one hand, it takes care of the situation of "blocking along the back" under normal circumstances, and it can also be written as fast boat. Worship Baidi, arrive at Jiangling at dusk, and make up "1200 Li in the meantime", with a speed of about 100 Li per hour. In addition, the contrast between galloping horses and high winds gives people a more vivid and profound feeling.
This section is a continuation of the previous section. The characteristics of the Three Gorges Mountain described in the previous paragraph set the conditions for writing water in this section. When the mountain is high and the water drops are big, the mountain will naturally rush. If the mountains are connected, he can't drain the water. It must be in the trough. If the canyon is narrow and the cross section is small, the water flow per unit area is also large. The factors of water "rising" and the characteristics and conditions of the canyon constitute the speed of water flow. The author makes a note for rivers, focusing on water, which is abundant in summer, so he writes "summer water" first. To write about the water potential, write about the mountain potential first, which can not only reveal the reason of the water speed, but also make the rapids and mountains set each other off and form a steep and magnificent picture.
"In spring and summer, the green pool is green and the reflection is clear. There are many strange cypresses, hanging springs and waterfalls, flying in the meantime, clear and brilliant, very interesting. " Write the scene of the Three Gorges in spring and summer: the water recedes and the scenery is beautiful. Starting from "The Turn of Spring and Summer", the description object naturally changes, and when it is relaxed, the scene is different, and another scene is shaking in the camera. The white rapids reflect the clear light, and the green pools reflect the shadow of the scenery. Let's write down what we can see from the river. Turbulence is dynamic and pool is static. Decorate "turbulence" with "elements", the water is as white as white, bright and light, with clear light on the top, green in white and changeable water and light. Deep water is a pool, and decorating the pool with "green" is conducive to seeing the deep and seeing the quiet. If there is a shadow in the water, such as a mirror, and the reflection enters the pool, the scenery is more beautiful. The rapids are sparkling, the deep pools are beautiful, the movements are mixed, and the colors are different, which makes each other interesting. The following can be seen from the bottom of the gorge to the foot of the mountain. Writing cypress trees with "unique" mountains and "strange" shows the local natural characteristics. The rocks are steep and towering, so they are "unique". The cypress trees on the mountain are supported between rocks, and the sun can only be seen at noon. It should be bent to the sun, and narrow canyons and strong winds will naturally distort its branches. And it will naturally become a "strange" shape after a long time. In this inaccessible place where birds and animals are scarce, "strange cypress" shows exuberant vitality and strong will, and injects a stream of life into the landscape, making people feel full of business. The author wrote this just to outline a background for the "Hanging Spring Waterfall". The mountain is quiet, the spring flies, the birch, the water is strange, there is movement in the quiet, the sound is endless, and the mountains and rivers are in contrast, which constitutes a tall and detached picture, which is quite different from the "Bichi, Qingying". Finally, the author concludes that the water is clear, the wood is glorious, the mountains are steep and the grass is lush, which is really interesting. Four kinds of scenery are described by four concise words, each with its own characteristics, and the author's artistic conception comes from the scenery.
The author writes winter and spring together, taking into account the characteristics of the two seasons. When there is no water in winter, there will be a "green pool", and when things are fresh in spring, there will be "glory" of vegetation. What is written in this section is completely different from that described in the previous section. Summer water is fierce, spring water flows; Water in summer is dangerous, and water in spring is interesting. The author thinks that the scenery of the Three Gorges is "very interesting", which is quite different from the feudal literati's thoughts and feelings about the Three Gorges.
"Every sunny day, first frost, Lin Hanjian sad. There are often high apes howling, leading to sorrow, empty valleys spreading, and sorrow turning leisurely. So the fisherman sang:' The Wuxia Gorge in the Three Gorges of Badong is long, and the ape cries three times and tears his clothes!' Write about the Three Gorges autumn scenery: The water is dry and the air is cold, and the apes are bleak. The "frost" of "frost" means autumn, and the style of writing is changeable. And then use real scenes to make up for the meaning of the former, while between Jennie Wang, it is cold and solemn. At this time, there is no noise of the river, and there is no glory of vegetation. Instead, it is full of a desolate atmosphere. The writing of Qiuxia is represented by apes, which are divided into two layers, one is direct narration, and the other is citing fishing songs as evidence. The description of apes revolves around the two key points of "mountain" and "mourning", thus showing the characteristics of summer and autumn. "Gao" is used to describe an ape, indicating that it is an ape on a high mountain, and "Chang" is used to describe a long whistle, indicating that it is in a long canyon. "Empty valley echoes", to put it bluntly, in the mountains. "I haven't seen you for a long time" and responded that "the mountains on both sides of the strait are indispensable." Writing fishing songs is also a word of "gorge length" and a word of sorrow. From the singing of apes, people can further realize that the mountains are high, the mountains are connected, the gorge is narrow and the water is long. At the same time, the ape moaned and played up the bleak atmosphere in autumn. It also makes people realize the hardships of fishermen and the hardships of life from this fishing song.
Although this article is an excerpt, the full text is rigorous in structure, ingenious in layout and seamless, especially the author's skill of painting mountains and waters. Because the author has "visited this place" and has specific feelings, he can grasp the characteristics of the Three Gorges and the scenery in different seasons. First of all, the author adopts the method of "first big and then small, first general and then subdivided", which is divided into different levels according to the season. The writing style is clear from beginning to end and has its own characteristics. Secondly, he is good at selecting distinctive things, and shows the realm completely with only a few strokes, so that readers have an immersive feeling. For example, "White Emperor in the morning, Arriving in Jiangling at dusk" represents the swift current, "Green Pond in the Plain, Reflecting in the Qing Dynasty" describes the clear water and charming scenery, and "The empty valley spreads, and the sorrow turns to eternity" renders the sadness and empty valley of Mingyou simple and harmonious. Thirdly, each part has its own emphasis, which sets off each other and complements each other, and writes the characteristics of the Three Gorges from different angles. The last three parts are all written around the overall characteristics of the Three Gorges in the first paragraph. Finally, the author's brushwork is full of changes, including positive writing, side contrast, bold outline, meticulous description, straightforward writing, metaphorical suggestion, panoramic bird's eye view, close-up, looking up at the distant view, overlooking the close-up, drawing and writing, copying and recording, self-statement, and replacing words with people. Although it is only a few hundred words, it is summed up.
Brief introduction of the author
Li Daoyuan (about 470-527) is good at writing. Han nationality, Fanyang Zhuozhou (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province). Northern Wei geographer and essayist. My career was bumpy, but I didn't do my best. He has read many rare books. When I was young, I went to Shandong with my father to seek waterways. Later, he traveled the Qinling Mountains, north of Huaihe River and south of the Great Wall, inspected rivers and ditches, collected relevant customs, historical stories and myths and legends, and wrote 40 volumes of notes about water mirrors. The writing style is meaningful and vivid, which is not only a colorful geographical work, but also a collection of beautiful landscape prose. It can be regarded as the pioneering work of China's tourism literature, which has a great influence on the development of later tourism prose. In addition 13 local chronicles and 7 appointments have been lost.