Argumentative essays
Argumentative essays are a style of writing that analyzes and comments on a certain issue or matter, and expresses one's own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and opinions. . There are three elements in an argumentative essay, namely arguments, arguments and arguments. The basic requirements for arguments are: correct viewpoints, careful summary, practical significance, and appropriate comprehensive use of various expressions; the basic requirements for arguments are: true, reliable, and sufficiently typical; the basic requirements for arguments are: reasoning must be logical.
When writing an argumentative essay, you need to consider the argument, what arguments to use to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. It can first put forward a general argument, then discuss it separately, analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; it can also first quote a story, a conversation, or describe a scene, and then analyze the facts layer by layer. The truth is summarized and a new conclusion is drawn. This way of writing is called the total fraction form, which is a composition method often used by middle school students. You can also ask a question that people are concerned about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, going deeper layer by layer. This is a question-and-answer style of writing. It also means that the author deliberately puts forward two different things in an opposite way to compare and contrast, and then draws a conclusion. This is a contrastive writing method.
An argumentative essay is a style of writing that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and opinions. This type of article either puts forward certain opinions and propositions from a positive perspective, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers and periodicals, essays, or reflections on daily life, etc., all belong to the category of argumentative essays.
Argumentative essays are also called argumentative essays. It is a style of writing that analyzes things, discusses affairs, expresses opinions, and puts forward claims. The author establishes or denies a certain proposition by presenting facts, reasoning, and distinguishing right from wrong. Argumentative papers should have clear viewpoints, sufficient evidence, concise language, reasonable arguments, and strict logic.
Details the three elements of an argumentative essay: argument, argument, and demonstration.
Argument: It is the author’s opinions and opinions on the issue being discussed, and is the soul of the argumentative essay.
1. Argumentative papers generally have only one central argument. Some argumentative papers also propose several sub-arguments around the central argument. The sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as the relationship between these arguments is studied, You can distinguish the master from the slave.
2. How to find the central argument. An argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's opinion, and should be in the form of a complete sentence. The positions can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some require readers to summarize.
Arguments:
1. Factual arguments: Facts play a very obvious role in arguments. Analyze the facts, see the truth, and test whether it is logically consistent with the article point.
2. Principles and arguments: Principles used as arguments are always familiar to readers or generally recognized by society. They are the result of abstraction and generalization of a large number of facts.
Argument: The arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized through arguments. Argument is the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments. It is the logical link between arguments and arguments. The argument is to solve "what needs to be proved", the argument is to solve "what to prove", and the argument is to solve "how to prove".
There are the following methods of argumentation:
1. Demonstration with examples: citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;
2. Reasonable argumentation : Use incisive insights from Marxist-Leninist classics, famous sayings of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign celebrities, and generally accepted theorems and formulas to prove arguments;
3. Comparative argument: use arguments or arguments for and against the West as Contrast, prove the argument in comparison;
4. Metaphorical argument: Use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refuting, the refuting method of "using your spear and attacking your shield" and "reductio ad absurdum" are often used. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.
2. Argumentative essay structure
1. The basic structure is to raise a question (introduction), analyze the problem (thesis), and solve the problem (conclusion).
2. Can be divided into two major categories
a. Vertical style: a layer-by-layer in-depth discussion structure
Example 1. "Layer-by-layer in-depth" type, first After putting forward the argument, first demonstrate it from the negative side, and then further discuss it from the positive side.
Example 2. "Record and transfer" style: break the topic at the beginning and introduce the discussion issue; then continue the beginning and elaborate on the discussed point Problem; "turn" means proving the argument from all angles; in the end, it comes down to "combination".
b. Horizontal format: Parallel development of argumentation structure
For example:
There is a "General Introduction - Sub-themes - General Introduction" formula, which is proposed first The argument is then elaborated from several aspects, and finally summarized;
There is a "general conclusion-part argument" style, which first puts forward the argument and then demonstrates it from several aspects.
There is a "partial conclusion - general conclusion" formula. What is to be discussed is always analyzed from several aspects, and then a comprehensive conclusion is drawn.
In short, to analyze the structure of an argumentative essay, you must first understand the internal connections between the levels of the middle paragraphs, and also pay attention to the transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words in the article that serve as a link between the previous and the following.
How to write a good argumentative essay in the examination room
1. Write good handwriting
An article with good quality but hateful handwriting will often get unsatisfactory scores. Why? First, if the wording is different from the paper surface, points will be deducted according to the scoring requirements. Second, the "face" of the test paper controls the emotions of the markers to a certain extent. Beautiful and neat writing is the best "coat" for an article, and it is directly and effective in forming the grader's scoring impression: First, the strokes must be clear. Clear handwriting and correct font will leave a good impression on the graders. On the contrary, the dragons and phoenixes dance wildly, but it is difficult to identify. Even if the article is well written, it is difficult for people to appreciate it. Secondly, the font should be moderate. The font size is too large and the scroll surface looks crowded and messy, which is unsightly. The font size is too small, making it difficult to read. Again, make as few corrections as possible. If you want to make corrections, you must make corrections in a standardized manner. Avoid scribbling and leaving eye-catching ink dots on the roll surface, creating a messy feeling.
2. Prepare a good title
The title is the eye of the article and an important part of the article to convey important information. Since it ranks first in the article structure, the quality of the article title will also directly affect the grader's first impression of the article. The basic requirement for formulating a topic for an argumentative essay is to strive to be eye-catching and comfortable on the basis of accuracy. Specifically, it can be bright, vivid, concise, unique, neat, and so on. In short, it is best to arouse the readers' interest in reading or make them feel refreshing.
The title of the argumentative essay must conform to the stylistic characteristics and be clear, so that people will know its purpose after seeing the title. Articles with clear viewpoints are most popular among graders because they have a sense of clarity and transparency and can convey the general content of the article, making it easier for graders to accurately and quickly grasp the basic content of the entire article.
3. Get off to a good start
Gorky once said: "(The beginning) is like setting the tone in music. It gives the tone of the whole song, and it is where the author spends his time. "The beginning of the argumentative essay should be "short, quick, and beautiful." It should be short, that is, it should be concise. It is best to form a paragraph of three or two sentences to introduce the main theory. The beginning is short to avoid redundancy, and the short sentences are divided into paragraphs to highlight the importance of the content in space. Be quick, that is, enter the topic quickly. It is best to point out the basic point of the article or the topic of discussion in a few words. Because there are "centrally clear" details in the scoring criteria. Determining the center at the beginning is helpful for the graders to score equally, and it is also helpful for the author to start the discussion, so as to avoid such taboos as unclear subject matter and changing topics midway. Beautiful means wonderful. This is also what is called "crested head" in traditional literary theory. The most prominent effect of a wonderful beginning is to attract the markers and leave a good impression on them. The beginning of the article should be exciting, using metaphors, analogies, parallelism and other rhetorical figures to introduce arguments. You can also quote famous quotes and tell fables to introduce the topic.
4. Write the first and last sentences in the middle paragraph
Whether the structure of the argumentative essay is rigorous, the organization is clear, the argument is rigorous, and the arguments are typical, the key lies in the writing of the middle paragraph. . Structure, organization, argumentation and arguments are important details for scoring argumentative essays. Therefore, writing argumentative essays should try to comply with these standards.
The common argument pattern is: the first sentence is a small argument or a transitional sentence that connects the previous and the next; the middle is centered around the small argument, using appropriate facts, theoretical arguments, or analyzing and reasoning based on certain phenomena in real life; Finally, write one or two sentences of summary based on the discussion content. Among them, the writing of the first and last sentences is the most important. It can directly outline the context of the article and show the discussion ideas of the whole article. In addition, the overall argumentation structure of the article often uses positive and negative contrasts. As long as many truths are explained from both sides, they can basically be discussed rigorously. If you skillfully use this composition mode in the examination room, you can start writing quickly, reduce mistakes, and save time. At the same time, it allows markrs to easily score at mid-range or above according to the scoring standards, avoiding personal scoring factors that are not conducive to candidates.
5. Typical and vivid arguments
The argument is the soul of the argumentative essay, the sub-points are the skeleton that supports the soul, and the arguments are the flesh and blood of the argumentative essay. For a person to be plump and colorful, it is unimaginable to have a soul and a skeleton without flesh and blood. Similarly, an argumentative paper cannot be called an article if it only has a central argument and sub-arguments. It must also have typical and vivid arguments.
Typical arguments refer to representative examples and famous sayings that can fully reflect the essence of things. It first requires authenticity and relevance to the topic. Secondly, the arguments used must abandon the old and use the new, and emphasize the present over the past. Some students write by remembering several classic arguments, such as Sima Qian, Marie Curie, and Zhang Haidi, and use them from different angles, treating them as Wanhuayou. In fact, even if these arguments are typical, they are not eye-catching. On the contrary, it will be better to choose new arguments and reasoning that people do not have and I have, so that the markers will have a fresh feeling when reading. In addition, some students are accustomed to using ancient examples to explain things. The entire article fails to connect with reality, has no living water of the times, and cannot achieve the purpose of sufficient reasoning. It is best to quote fashionable remarks and examples that are currently widely concerned by the media to assist in reasoning, to strengthen the pertinence and sense of the times in the reasoning, and to make the article more convincing.
6. Make a good ending
The ending is the inevitable result of the development of the full text content and an important part of the article structure. The famous modern writer Shi Tuo once said: "No matter how long or short an article is, you must first consider the ending. With the ending, how to start and how to arrange the middle will be easily solved."
"A good ending should be like a leopard's tail, loud and powerful, alarming and inspiring. For example, Lu Xun's "On the Fall of Lei Feng Tower" ends with only two words: "Deserve it!" "Just two words, it can be said to be concise and powerful.
In fact, the end of an article is sometimes more important than the beginning. Since the grader starts grading after reading the end, its quality is directly It affects the marking psychology of the graders. Li Yu once said: "At the end of the chapter, you should use charming words to attract the soul, so that it will linger while holding the paper, and it will be difficult to say goodbye. "If the ending has this effect, the whole article will be more colorful. The writing at the end of the argumentative essay should wrap up the full text and highlight the central argument; it should reflect the compact and complete structure of the full text, and should not be hasty or superfluous; the language should be Crisp and powerful, clear and resonant, inspiring and inspiring
7. Expressive language and imagery
The language of argumentative essays must be accurate and clear. , vivid and vivid. When some students write argumentative essays, they often use the posture of explaining philosophical principles and dialectics in order to make their reasoning full and thorough, but the effect is counterproductive.
There are a thousand ways to say a truth. Try to use vivid and vivid expressions. In addition to using metaphors, analogies, examples and other argumentative methods, vivid and even beautiful language is essential. The language that modifies the argumentative essay. , pay attention to the use of metaphors, parallelism, parallelism, repetition and other figures of speech to make the article become gorgeous and smooth; pay attention to the use of hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or whole sentences to make the article more irrefutable.
Although the ability to modify language cannot be achieved overnight, as long as you develop a habit over time, you will naturally make progress.
Reference: Baidu