Gothic architecture is an architectural style that originated in France in the second half of the 1 1 century and was popular in Europe from 13 to15th century. Mainly seen in Catholic churches, it also affects secular buildings. Gothic architecture is under construction with its superb technical and artistic achievements.
It occupies an important position in the history of architecture.
Gothic architecture first arose in France in the second half of the 20th century. At that time, some churches in France had already appeared the rudiment of ribbed vault and flying crib. It is generally believed that the first truly Gothic church was Saint Denis's church in the suburbs of Paris. The four-corner coupon of this church skillfully solved the problem of rib arch structure between arches. It has a large area of stained glass windows and was adopted by many churches in the future. The famous churches in the heyday of France are Lance Cathedral and chartres Cathedral, which, together with Amiens Cathedral and Beauvais Cathedral, are called the four Gothic churches in France. The towering Gothic architecture is to create a mysterious atmosphere and make people crawl at God's feet. Calmus, Archbishop of Constantinople, said: "The church is a paradise on earth, where the gods live and move." Since the church is the habitat of God, it is naturally different from the residence of ordinary people in the world, so it must be built tall, mysterious and abandoned. Heine, a famous German poet, once described the twin towers of Cologne Church in Germany, a winter fairy tale: "Look, that huge home.
Dude, show up in the moonlight! That's the cathedral in Cologne, towering and gloomy. "
Among them, Lance Cathedral was a famous building at that time and a special place for the coronation of the king. The top was changed from the round roof used in the Romanesque period to the pointed roof, so the space was wider and rose windows were used to decorate the church.
Enhance the light.
The rose windows of Reims Cathedral
2. Renaissance
Sullivan, a master of architectural decoration, wrote in the book:>-"Organic decoration should be updated on all decorations that come out first and then put on the stage". This is how Laroma was abandoned in the Gothic period.
In this way, the ancient European architectural culture has been updated and ushered in the Renaissance.
Renaissance is an important turning point in the history of Europe, which represents that Europe rediscovered the value of human beings from the Middle Ages with God as the sole center of gravity. The Renaissance first appeared in Italy and then spread to other parts of Europe. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, a new architectural design trend centered on Florence appeared in central Italy. In a series of churches and secular buildings, classical design elements were adopted for the first time, and a number of refreshing design works were created by using mathematical proportions. This man is brunelleschi (1337~ 1446), the first great architectural pioneer in the Renaissance. He led people to adopt large-scale human sculptures, ironware and murals in ancient Rome and ancient Greece, and drew human dimensions. By using some scientific analysis of mathematical geometry, he came to a new architectural theory ... Florence Cathedral, known as the representative of the early Renaissance, was designed with an excellent dome. In order to highlight the dome, a drum platform with a height of 12 meters was built, with a total height of 107 meters, which became the outline of the whole city. At that time, it was a great progress in the history of architecture, symbolizing the heroism of the creators of the Renaissance.
Then Leonardo da Vinci invented the perspective of our current sketch, and he also applied this transparent principle to Latin architecture. Our architectural sketch really began at that time. /kloc-In the second half of the 5th century, Italian artists built a famous palace in France. Although this palace is not as grand as Versailles and the vast Louvre, it is elegant and generous, giving people a feeling of tranquility and warmth. From the perspective of architectural art, Fontainebleau can be said to be one of the representative works of French classical architecture. The architectural styles of various periods have left traces here, among which Francois I and Henry IV have made the greatest achievements. When Francois I was in Italy, he was fascinated by Renaissance art and invited a group of artists and craftsmen. Besides French architects, Italian artists also participated in the construction. The interior decoration of Italian artists is even more amazing, and the design of this palace is even more chasing.
Bold and unrestrained, pay attention to comfort, luxurious decoration. In the later period of Renaissance architecture, because it is impossible to inject new styles, we can only decorate the appearance of the building, thus forming a "decoration" and gradually moving towards the next architectural art period-Baroque architecture.
3. The luxury, boldness and enthusiasm of baroque architecture
A kind of architecture after the Renaissance is characterized by free appearance, pursuit of movement, rich decoration and sculpture, strong red and yellow, with gold platinum and silver platinum, and some even use gold powder and silver powder, often interspersed with curved surfaces and oval spaces. The original meaning of the word baroque is "deformed pearl", which is used by classicists to refer to this architectural style that is considered deviant. This style has played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and has influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once popular in Europe.
Baroque Italian-Roman Jesuit church is rectangular in plan, with a shrine protruding at the end, which evolved from the Latin cross used in Gothic churches. The central hall is wide, and the vault is covered with statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used on both sides to replace the original side porch. A dome rises in the middle of the cross. The altar of the church is richly decorated and free, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style, making icons and decorating the lights. The facade of the church draws lessons from the treatment method of Santa Maria, a small Florence church designed by Alberti, an architect in the early Renaissance. The eaves and mountain flowers above the main entrance are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and inclined columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the front. These therapies were unique and were widely imitated later.
4. Boldness of Rococo Style
Rococo architectural style means rocks and shells, which means that European architecture changed from Italy to Paris in the18th century. Another explanation for Rococo first appeared in the dictionary of the French Academy, which refers to "the strange decoration, style and design from Louis XIV to early Louis XV". Some people associate "Rococo" with Italian "Baroque" and regard this "strange" Rococo style as the late stage of Baroque style, that is, the disintegration and decadence stage of Baroque. Comparison between Baroque architecture and Rococo architecture: The former pays attention to the sense of rhythm, quantity, space and varied three-dimensional sense of lines, which has the effect of painting. On the basis of the former, the latter pays more attention to the formal beauty of the wall, covers the wall with complex curves and decorative paintings, uses a large number of planes, has no three-dimensional effect, introduces a large number of plant grass leaves into the room, likes to use pink, pink, pink and rose red, and even hangs some chandeliers in the mirror and puts a wax table in front of the mirror.
A masterpiece of Rococo period is Versailles Palace, which was the main residence of French kings Louis XIV to Louis XVI and the political center of France at that time. Its layout and architectural style are the models of many royal palaces and gardens in Europe in 17 and 18 centuries.
The magnificent Palace of Versailles is located in the small town of Versailles, which is 0/8 km southwest of Paris, the French capital. It is an elegant and magnificent classical royal complex and a bright pearl in the treasure house of human art. It was carefully designed by famous architects Le Vo Haldouan and Le Nother. The palace is magnificent and the layout is compact and coordinated. Versailles Palace is magnificent in appearance, and its interior furnishings and decorations are more artistic. The decoration of the interior wall is mainly sculpture, huge oil paintings and tapestries. According to the French, you can't really visit France without visiting the Palace of Versailles, which shows the high position of Versailles in people's hearts. It was listed on the World Heritage List in 1979.
The architectural style, color, structure and materials in the above-mentioned period represent the development of European architectural history and a development and continuation of European culture. The architectural styles of different periods represent the culture and thoughts of a period, and also show the social progress at that time. The architectural styles in different periods have brought a kind of thinking and exploration to modern architectural culture, and also brought us an organic law to be found.