Although the Tang Dynasty followed the old system of the Han and Wei dynasties - twenty-one levels of "formal uniforms" for ministers, among them, the ones that truly reflected the authority of the state and the ranks of officials and were the most distinctive of the times were Only official uniforms. Below is the list of the most famous poets of the Tang Dynasty that I helped you sort out. I hope you like it.
Li Bai
Li Bai (701 AD - 762 AD), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi, also known as "Exiled Immortal". He was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty and was hailed as the "Immortal of Poetry" by later generations. Together with Du Fu, he is called "Li Du". He is cheerful and generous, loves drinking, writing poetry, and making friends. At the beginning of Tianbao's reign, when he entered Chang'an, He Zhizhang met him and called him a banished immortal. He recommended him to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and awaited imperial edicts.
The overall style of his poems is bold and elegant, fresh and elegant, majestic and full of atmosphere. It not only reflects the prosperity of the times, but also exposes the dissoluteness and corruption of the ruling class. It shows contempt for the powerful, resists the constraints of tradition, and pursues freedom and ideals. It is a very romantic sentiment.
Song people have biographies of his poems and poems (such as the first volume of Wenying's "Xiangshan Wild Records"). In terms of its pioneering significance and artistic achievements, "Li Bai's Ci" enjoys an extremely high status. Although he only has a few lyrics whose copyright is doubtful, if the world's best lyricist is selected, Li Bai will undoubtedly be elected as the "King of Ci" by unanimous vote.
1. Main Achievements
1. Representative works of poetry: Going to Wine, Difficulties on the Road to Shu, Sleepwalking Heavenly Mother Says Farewell, Traveling as a Knight, Spring Thoughts, Autumn Songs
< p> 2. Ci Fu: There is still no unanimous conclusion on whether Li Bai composed Ci, but there are about 20 works that are attributed to Li Bai today, regardless of their authenticity and whether they can be classified into Ci style, such as " "Autumn Wind Ci", "Knotting Socks", "Bodhisattva Man", "Recalling Qin E", etc.3. Calligraphy: "Tie to the Balcony" is Li Bai's own four-character cursive poem, and it is also his only authentic calligraphy handed down from generation to generation. Paper, length 28.5 cm, width 38.1 cm. 5 lines of cursive script, 25 words. The inscription is "Taibai, Li Bai's "Up to the Balcony Post"". It is preceded by the four-character inscription "Qinglian Yihan" in regular script written by Hongli, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, and the seven-character inscription "Li Taibai of the Tang Dynasty went to the balcony" in the upper right corner of the text, written in gold by Zhao Ji, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. On the back are inscriptions and inscriptions by Zhao Ji, Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Zhang Yan, Du Ben, Ouyang Xuan, Wang Yuqing, Wei Su, Zou Lu of the Yuan Dynasty, and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The seals on the front and back of the volume include "Zigu" and "Yizhai" by Zhao Mengjian of the Song Dynasty, "Qiuhe Book" by Jia Sidao, "Zhang Yan's Private Seal" and "Ouyang Xuan Seal" of the Yuan Dynasty, and Xiang Yuanbian of the Ming Dynasty, Qingbiao, Anqi, and Nei of the Qing Dynasty. Mansion, seal collected by Zhang Boju and others in modern times.
4. Swordsmanship: Li Bai was not only brilliant in literary talent, but also very skilled in swordsmanship. He has "fifteen good swordsmanship" and "has mastered swordsmanship by himself". Li Bai's attainments in sword dance are extraordinary. Li Bai's poetry, Pei Min's swordsmanship, and Zhang Xu's cursive script are collectively known as the "Three Wonders" of the Tang Dynasty. Although Li Bai's swordsmanship is not among the "Three Wonders", his swordsmanship is only lower than Pei Min, ranking second in the Tang Dynasty.
4. Taoist scriptures: Since Li Bai was a boy, he often went to Daitian Mountain to find Taoist priests from Taoist temples to talk about Taoist scriptures. Later, he lived in seclusion in Minshan Mountain with a hermit named Dong Yanzi, and studied with great concentration. They raised many exotic birds and became animal breeders in the mountains and forests where they lived. These beautiful and docile birds, because they are used to being raised, fly here regularly to beg for food. They seem to understand people's language. With a call, they fly down from all directions and fall in front of the steps. They can even peck at grains from people's hands. Grain, not afraid at all. This incident was rumored as an anecdote, and eventually the governor of Mianzhou went to the mountains to watch the birds eating. Seeing that they could command the movements of birds, the governor thought that they had Tao skills, so he wanted to recommend them to take the Tao exam. However, both of them politely refused. Zhao Rui, a famous political strategist at that time, was also Li Bai's teacher. In the fourth year of Kaiyuan (716), he wrote ten volumes of "The Long and Short Classics". Li Bai was only fifteen years old at that time. Zhao Rui's strategist-style work studied the similarities and differences of the Six Classics, analyzed the world situation, and emphasized the rise and fall of chaos, which aroused Li Bai's great interest. In the future, he was determined to make great achievements and loved to talk about the ways of kings and dominators. It was also influenced by this book.
2. Influence on later generations
1. Li Bai has the highest achievements in Yuefu, song lines and quatrains. His song lines completely break all the inherent formats of poetry creation, with nothing to rely on, and various brushwork techniques, reaching a magical realm of unpredictable and swaying at will. Li Bai's quatrains are natural, lively, elegant and unrestrained, and can express endless emotions in concise and clear language. Among the poets of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Jue, and Wang Changling and other Qi Jue wrote very well. Li Bai was the only one who was good at both the Five Jue and the Seven Jue and reached the same extreme level.
2. Li Bai’s poems are majestic and elegant, with extremely high artistic achievements. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with a majestic and unrestrained style, handsome and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art. He was called the "Exiled Immortal" by He Zhizhang, and most of his poems mainly described landscapes and expressed inner emotions. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen falls in the storm, and the poem becomes weeping ghosts and gods", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature of his poems. Li Bai's poems are rich in self-expression and have a strong subjective lyrical color, and the expression of emotions has an overwhelming momentum. He and Du Fu are both called "Big Li Du" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Li Du").
3. In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor, personification and other techniques are often used comprehensively to create a magical, magnificent and moving artistic conception. This is why Li Bai's romantic poems give people a bold, unrestrained and elegant feeling. The reason for immortality.
4. Li Bai’s poems have had a profound impact on future generations. Famous poets such as Han Yu, Meng Jiao, and Li He in the mid-Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You, and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, and Gao Qi, Yang Shen, and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poetry.
Du Fu
Du Fu (712～770) was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. The words are beautiful. His ancestral home is Xiangyang (now part of Hubei), and he was born in Gong County, Henan.
Because he lived near Shaoling in the south of the city for a time when he was in Chang'an, he called himself Shaoling Ye Lao. When he was in Chengdu, he was recommended as a Jiedu staff member and a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering. Later generations also called him Du Shaoling and Du Shaoling. Ministry of Industry.
Throughout his life, Du Fu grew up in a family with a "Confucianism and officialdom" and a literary tradition. Du Fu's grandfather Du Shenyan was a famous poet during the reign of Empress Wu and a member of the official catering department; his father Du Xian was a former Yanzhou governor. Sima and Fengtian County Magistrates. He began to study poetry at the age of 7. When he was 15, his poetry attracted the attention of celebrities in Luoyang. His life after the age of 20 can be divided into four periods.
The wandering period lasted from the 19th year of Kaiyuan of Xuanzong (731) to the fourth year of Tianbao (745). Du Fu undertook two long-term wanderings. The first time was in the Jiangnan area. He visited Jinling and Suzhou, crossed Zhejiang, and boated on the Yan River to the foot of Tianmu Mountain. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi examination, but was not admitted. The following year, he started his second tour in the Qi and Zhao area. He recalled the scene in his later years: "The debauchery between Qi and Zhao, the horses were quite wild." ("The Grand Tour") During these two tours, he saw The beautiful and majestic mountains and rivers of the motherland have absorbed the culture of Jiangnan and Shandong, broadening their horizons and enriching their knowledge. In the 29th year of Kaiyuan, he lived at the foot of Shouyang Mountain between Luoyang and Yanshi. He may have married his wife Yang at this time. In the third year of Tianbao's reign, he met Li Bai in Luoyang. The two traveled around Qilu, visited roads and found friends, talked about poems and essays, and sometimes discussed current affairs, forming a deep friendship. In the autumn of the following year, Du Fu was about to go west to Chang'an, and Li Bai was preparing to revisit Jiangdong. They broke up in Yanzhou and never met again. Du Fu wrote many touching poems in memory of Li Bai.
At this time, the Tang Dynasty was still strong, and the warehouses were quite abundant. However, Xuanzong began to enjoy great achievements, open up frontiers, consume a lot of manpower and material resources, and there was already a crisis of instability lurking in the society. Du Fu had a premonition of this, but did not face it. He lived a romantic life of mountain climbing, wading, and singing about hunting. According to his own narrative, there may have been hundreds of poems he wrote during this period, but only about twenty have been handed down, mainly five-character poems and five-character ancient poems. Although there are extraordinary works like "Wang Yue" among them, generally speaking, they have not surpassed the level of famous poets of Du Shenyan's period.
Chang'an Period From the fifth year of Tianbao to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu lived in Chang'an for 10 years, and his life, thoughts and creations underwent tremendous changes. He went to Chang'an with the purpose of seeking an official position and making achievements. In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong ordered people with talents in literature and art to go to Kyoto to be selected. Du Fu took the exam, but due to the conspiracy of Zhongshu Ling Li Linfu, who was known for his "sweet talk and sword", no one was selected. During the ten years of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three grand ceremonies to worship "Emperor Xuanyuan" Laozi, the Ancestral Temple and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu wrote three "Da Li Fu" contributions, which were praised by Xuanzong. He ordered the prime minister to examine his articles and wait for distribution, but there was no follow-up. He kept writing poems and sending them to powerful people, hoping to get their recommendation, but to no avail. Finally, he got the position of right guard and led the governor to join the army. This was already the end of Du Fu's stay in Chang'an and the eve of An Lushan's rebellion.
In his later years, Xuanzong completely changed the good political style that he had worked hard to govern during the Kaiyuan period. The first prime minister was corrupt and arrogant, and his generals were militaristic, while he himself was enjoying himself in the palace. The people were increasingly cruelly exploited by taxes and levies. Du Fu was "starved for food and clothing". In order to make ends meet, he had to visit the nobles' mansions, act as a "guest", accompany them in poetry, wine and travel, and receive a small amount of funding. At the same time, he made some friends who were also poor like him and had relatively extensive contact with working people. His footsteps went from the poor alleys to the gardens of the nobles, from Qujiang, where the towers and pavilions competed with each other for luxury, to the Xianyang Bridge that must be passed by when recruiting people. The failure of the official career requirements enabled him to understand the system objectively
The corruption of the political class and the personal hardship forced him to understand the suffering of the people. These two completely different aspects of life are reflected in Du Fu's poems. Eleven years after Tianbao, he wrote such immortal masterpieces as "The Military Chariot", "The Beauty's Journey", "Out of the Fortress Before", "Out of the Fortress Behind", etc., and began to add new content and new expression methods to the poetry at that time. In the winter of the 14th year of Tianbao, Du Fu visited his wife who was living in Fengxian and wrote "Five Hundred Words of Odyssey from Beijing to Fengxian County", expressing his deep feelings of "worrying about Li Yuan in his poor years and sighing for the heat in his intestines", using "Zhumen" "The wine and meat stink, and there are frozen bones on the road" summarizes the sharp contradictions in society, and also depicts the family situation of "when one enters the door and hears the whistle, the youngest son dies of hunger". This is a summary of his ten years of Chang'an life, and also marks the Tang Dynasty. The final summary of the prosperous age. There are about a hundred poems handed down from this period, and most of the outstanding poems are ancient poems of five or seven characters.
His tenure as Zuo Shiyi and the period of exile lasted from Suzong to De Yuanzai (756) to the second year of Qianyuan (759). After An Lushan raised his troops, he drove southward and quickly captured Luoyang and Chang'an. Du Fu was in □zhou at this time. He heard that Tang Xuanzong fled to Xishu and Suzong ascended the throne in Lingwu, so he resettled his family in Qiang Village in the north of the city and went north alone to defect to Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was intercepted by the rebels and sent to Chang'an. . Du Fu was trapped by thieves for nearly half a year. He saw the desolation of the solemnly ordered capital city and the loss of life. Hearing the news that the Tang army had counterattacked twice and was annihilated in Chentao and Qingban, he was filled with grief and indignation and wrote "Sorrow for Chentao". , "Sad Qingban", "Spring Hope", "Aijiangtou" and other poems.
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Du Fu risked his life and escaped from Chang'an and went to Fengxiang, Suzong's temporary residence, and was appointed as Zuo Shiyi. Not long after, he offended Suzong because of his rescue of Fang, and he was interrogated. In August, he returned to □zhou to visit his wife, and completed the long poem "Northern Expedition", which is comparable to "Five Hundred Words of Ode to Fengxian County from Beijing", describing the desolate scene on the journey and the poverty of his family, and expressing his feelings for the country. Opinions on the current situation.
In September of this year, the Tang army regained Chang'an and Luoyang in October. Suzong returned to Beijing at the end of October. Du Fu also returned to Chang'an at this time, still serving as Zuo Shiyi. In May of the following year, Du Fu was affected by the struggle between the new nobles of Su Zong and the old officials of Xuanzong in the court. He was transferred to Huazhou Sigong to join the army, and he never said goodbye to Chang'an.
In the spring of the second year of Qianyuan, Du Fu went to Henan to visit his old residence. On his way back, he saw with his own eyes the suffering of the people under the cruel oppression of the officials, and wrote the famous "Xin'an Officials", "Tongguan Officials", "Tongguan Officials" and "Tongguan Officials". There are six poems composed of "Shi Hao Li", "Newlywed Farewell", "Elderly Farewell" and "No Home Farewell", which are later referred to as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
It was early summer when Du Fu returned to Huazhou. At this time, there was a great famine in Guanfu, Li Fuguo had exclusive power in the court, and Xuanzong's old ministers, Fang and others were excluded. Du Fu felt disappointed with politics. After the beginning of autumn, he resolutely abandoned his official position and went west to Qinzhou. After spending less than four months in Qinzhou, he went to Tonggu in early winter. He stayed in Tonggu for one month, walked on the difficult road to Shu, and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year.
The Anshi Rebellion was a turning point in the Tang Dynasty's rise and fall. Huge changes occurred in social politics and economy. Politically, the imperial court lost its centralized ruling power internally and could not resist the invasion of the Tibetan people externally; economically, due to years of war and natural disasters, the countryside was in depression, but the exploitation of the people by the ruling class only increased. Already, it has caused a sharp decline in population and reduced productivity. Du Fu also experienced very complicated changes: exile, being trapped by a thief, working as a scavenger for the emperor, being demoted to Huazhou, on the desolate Luoyang Road, living in Qinzhou, and entering Shu - whether it was human relations or the natural environment. , there are huge disparities. This kind of life experience was much richer and more difficult than that in the Chang'an period, which resulted in a variety of poems. More than 200 poems have been handed down, most of which are masterpieces of Du's poems.
The period of wandering in the southwest lasted from the first year of Shangyuan of Suzong (760) to the fifth year of Dali of Daizong (770). Within 11 years, Du Fu spent 8 years in Shuzhong and 3 years in Jing and Hunan. When Du Fu was in Kuizhou, he said that he was "wandering between heaven and earth in the southwest" ("Yonghuai Ancient Relics"). In fact, he lived in Chengdu for five years and his life was relatively stable. In the spring of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, he built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River in the west of Chengdu, ending his four-year wandering life and getting a place to live. He left the Central Plains, which was turbulent with wars and plagued by mourning, and saw a pastoral scene in front of him. The flowers, birds, insects, and fish all seemed to show their hospitality to him, which gave him a temporary rest after many years of hard work and worry. He also wrote countless poems with infinite love. Sing less poetry about nature. But he never forgot the people who were displaced and had no place to live. In "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", he sang the famous line "There are tens of thousands of mansions, and the shelter of the poor people all over the world will make them happy".
At the end of the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, Yan Wu came to Chengdu to serve as Chengdu Yin and Censor Zhongcheng, and gave Du Fu a lot of help. In July of the first year of Emperor Daizong's Baoying reign (762), Yan Wu was summoned to the court. Chengdu Shaoyin and censor Xu Zhizhi rebelled in Chengdu, and Du Fu went into exile in Zizhou and Langzhou.
In the spring of the second year of Baoying, the Anshi Rebellion that lasted for seven or eight years ended. When Du Fu heard the news, he was so excited that he thought there was hope of returning to Luoyang, so he sang "Wen Guanjun Takes Henan and Hebei" The seven rhythms burst out the inner joy. This is the happiest song in Du Fu's life. But the happiness was short-lived. The chaotic situation in the country had not yet been clarified. Tibetans from the West invaded again and once captured Chang'an in October. Du Fu expressed infinite concern about this: "Is Xijing safe? No one has come." ("Morning Flower") He wrote many poems stating his political thoughts.
In the spring of the second year of Guangde (764), Yan Wu was appointed Chengdu Yin and Jiannan Jiedushi, and Du Fu also returned to Chengdu in March. Yan Wu recommended Du Fu as a counselor of the Jiedu and a member of the Ministry of Inspection and Engineering. Du Fu lived in the shogunate of the Jiedushi shogunate in Chengdu for several months. Because he was not used to the life of the shogunate, he repeatedly asked to return to the thatched cottage. Finally, Yan Wu allowed him. ask. In April of the first year of Yongtai (765), Yan Wu died suddenly. Du Fu lost his support and had to lead his family to leave the thatched cottage in May and take a boat eastward. "Five years of traveling to Shu County and one year of residence in Zizhou" ("Going to Shu") ended the first half of Du Fu's "wandering in the southwest".
Du Fu arrived in Yun'an in September and was unable to move forward due to illness. He did not move to Kuizhou until his illness subsided in the late spring of the following year.
He lived in Kuizhou for less than two years and created very richly. He wrote more than 400 poems, accounting for two-sevenths of all Du's poems. The poems sung the praises of the poor working people in Kuizhou, described the dangerous mountains and rivers here, reflected the turmoil in Shu and the longing for Chang'an and Luoyang. There were also a large number of poems about remembering friends and remembering the past. However, his health is getting worse and worse, with malaria, lung disease, rheumatism, diabetes, etc. constantly bothering him.
Because of the harsh climate in Kuizhou and few friends, Du Fu set out to go out of the gorge in the first month of the third year of the Dali calendar (768). Arrive in Gangneung in March. He originally wanted to return north to Luoyang, but due to the war in Henan and transportation difficulties, he could not make the trip. He lived in Jiangling for half a year, moved to the police station for several months, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year, where he wrote "Sui Yan Xing", which vividly reflected the suffering of the people in Hunan.
The fourth and fifth years of Dali were the last two years of Du Fu's life. He had no fixed residence and traveled between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengzhou, and Leiyang. Most of his time was spent on ships. . He died in a boat on the Xiangjiang River between Changsha and Yueyang in the winter of the fifth year of the Dali calendar at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a long poem of thirty-six rhymes, "Lying on a Pillow in a Book in a Wind-Speed ??Boat," in which there is a line, "The blood of the battle still flows, and the sound of the army continues to this day." He still thinks of the country's disaster. After Du Fu's death, his coffin rested in Yueyang. 43 years later, in the eighth year of Yuanhe reign of Emperor Xianzong (813), his grandson Du Siye moved it to the foot of Shouyang Mountain in Henan Province.
In these 11 years, Du Fu wrote more than 1,000 poems, accounting for more than 73% of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are modern poems-quatrains and rhymed poems, as well as long-form poems.
Poetry Creation The most notable feature of Du's poetry is the close combination of social reality and personal life, and the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form. Du Fu's poems profoundly reflected the overall social picture of the Tang Dynasty for more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion, vividly recorded the journey he had traveled throughout his life, and reached the highest achievement of Tang Dynasty poetry in terms of art. His poems enable readers to "know people" and "discuss the world", and play the role of "enjoying, observing, grouping together and complaining".
Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry". However, as a "history of poetry", Du Shi's poetry is not an objective narrative, using poetic style to write history. Instead, it deeply reflects reality and expresses the author's mood through a unique style. Pu Qilong from the Qing Dynasty said: "Shaoling's poems reflect a person's temperament, and the affairs of the three dynasties will be reflected in him." ("Reading Du Xin's Notes to the Shaoling Chronological Poetry Catalog") Most of Du Fu's poems involve Xuanzong The major issues related to politics, economy, military and people's lives in the three dynasties of Suzong, Suzong and Daizong are all permeated with the poet's true feelings. For example, Du Fu's two masterpieces in his middle age, "Five Hundred Words of Empathy from Beijing to Fengxian County" and "Northern Expedition", contain lyricism, narrative, travel notes, reasoning, observation of nature, and social understanding. The revelation of contradictions includes inner conflicts, political ambitions and opinions, personal experiences and family misfortunes, disasters for the country and people, and hopes for the future. These two long poems contain so much rich content. The author's mood fluctuates and his language runs wildly, proving that he is keenly and strongly sensitive to various natural and social phenomena in this unfortunate era. Such poems are self-narrations of the poet's life and heart, and are also portraits of the times and society. The fate of an individual is closely related to the fate of the country and the people, and the two have also reached a high degree of artistic integration. Other poems such as "Ascending the Pagoda of Ci'en Temple with the Lords" and "Aijiangtou" are shorter in length, but they also have this characteristic.
Since the late Tianbao period, Du Fu has written a large number of political poems on current affairs, whether they are stating political opinions, such as "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "You Feelings" written in Zizhou; or exposing the debauchery and cruelty of the rulers , such as "Beauty's Journey", one of "Two Poems of Remembering the Past", and "Three Quatrains" written in Yun'an; or it is a fable and satire, such as "Phoenix
Phoenix Terrace" and "Sick Orange" , "Withered Palm", "Guests"; or sympathy and concern for the poor people, such as "The Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind" and "Wu Lang Again"; they are all combined with personal emotions and facts. There are also many long novels, some of which record the country's major events over the past ten years, such as "Kui Fu Shu Huai" and "Chang Zai"; some describe local events, such as "Thatched Cottage" and "Enter Hengzhou"; some recall the past. , such as "Zhuang You" and "Reminiscences"; and even more like what Pu Qilong said, "The world is still the body" ("Reading Du Xin and Interpreting Du Outline"), all contain strong lyrical elements.
War themes occupy a considerable amount in Du's poems. Du Fu held different attitudes towards wars of different natures. He was opposed to the imperial court's excessive use of military force and consumption of manpower and material resources, such as "The Troops of Troops", "Remembering the Heart" written in Kuizhou, and "Going to the Foot of Houyuan Mountain Again"; he supported quelling rebellions and resisting foreign aggression, such as "Two Poems on Watching the Western Soldiers Pass by Guanzhong" and "Guarding the Soldiers" written in the early days of the Anshi Rebellion, as well as "Sui Mu" written during the Tibetan invasion. What these poems condemn and praise are very clear. There are also poems about war, both praising and condemning. The famous two sets of poems "Leaving the Fortress Before" and "Leaving the Fortress Behind" repeatedly narrate the changes in the mood of the soldiers during their military service. In fact, they reflect the poet's different views on war from different perspectives. Both sets of poems praise the heroic scenes on the battlefield, how the soldiers are good at fighting, brave enough to sacrifice, and achieve victory; they also condemn the king's endless expansion of frontiers and the arrogance and extravagance of the general, which makes the achievements lose their positive significance. Both sets of poems summarize the unfortunate fate of countless heroic soldiers through the confession of a soldier.
Another example is "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", which more specifically express the author's inner conflict. On the road to Luoyang, Du Fu saw brutal police officers forcibly conscripting underage boys and lonely old people into the army. He filed accusations on behalf of these people and condemned the officers. However, when he thought about the lack of strong men and the huge enemy at hand, he changed his tune and tried his best to say a few words of comfort or encouragement to the conscripted people. Xian Yushu of the Yuan Dynasty wrote Du Fu's "War Chariots". Du Fu wrote many poems praising nature. The objects he sings about are often related to both himself and current events. Poetry talks and poetry reviews of the past dynasties have made many discussions on Du Shili's high degree of "situation blending". However, Du Fu's poems not only have a high degree of blending of scenes, but also a blend of emotions, scenery and current events. When describing scenes and expressing emotions, the author rarely leaves reality. For example, "Spring Hope" written when he was trapped in the occupied Chang'an and "Jianmen" written when he entered Shu are the most representative ones. This type of poems, Du Fu became more successful in his later years, such as the five-rhythm "Guest Pavilion", "On the River", "Jianghan", the seven-rhythm "Denglou", "Sufu", "Gate Night", "Eight Poems of Autumn", etc. They are all popular masterpieces that blend scenes and current events.
In addition, Du Fu also wrote some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also imbue the author's feelings and have the atmosphere of the times. They can be regarded as a vivid cultural history. . There are also some poems in Du Fu's "Eight Poems of Autumn Joy" written by Zhu Yunming in the Ming Dynasty. The atmosphere of the era is not strong, and the personal feelings are relatively indifferent. The most prominent ones are some poems written by Du Fu in the thatched cottage in Chengdu. After years of migration, Du Fu arrived in Chengdu, built a thatched cottage, opened up acres of land, and got a temporary rest. Therefore, he carefully observed the dynamics of flowers, plants, trees, birds, animals, insects, and fish, and felt infinite love and profound understanding. . For example, poems such as "Screen Traces", "For Farmers", "Field House", "Xu Bu", "Water Threshold Refreshing Heart", "Back Tour", "Spring Night Joyful Rain", etc., can imagine Du Fu's time at that time from the poem titles. state of mind. Of course, this type of poem cannot be compared with the poems discussed above, but it also represents another aspect of Du Fu's personality. He not only has a deep feeling of concern for the country and the people, but also has a hobby for tiny creatures. He "lives in seclusion and close to things" ("Screen Traces"), likes to see "fish coming out of the drizzle, and swallows slanting in the breeze" ("Water Threshold Reminds the Heart"), and feels that "flowers and willows are more selfless" ("Back Tour").
Du Fu wrote some poems in memory of his family members and friends, most of which were sentimental and affectionate. Among the many poems written in memory of his friends, the one written in memory of Li Bai is the most prominent. From the time Du Fu broke up with Li Bai until his later years, he wrote more than ten poems about Li Bai as a gift to Li Bai, in memory of Li Bai, as a gift to Li Bai, as a dream to Li Bai, as a letter to Li Bai, and as many other poems involving Li Bai. Almost all of them showed his deep friendship and warm concern for Li Bai. and heartfelt admiration. ?Du Fu regards poetry as his lifelong career and believes that "poetry is my family matter" ("Zongwu's Birthday"). He studied poetry at the age of 7 and never stopped writing poetry until the eve of his death. From the Anshi Rebellion to before arriving in Chengdu, he wrote the most profound poems with profound ideological content in the most difficult years; he was weak and sick in Kuizhou , the largest number of writings. He has rich life experience and is full of political enthusiasm for patriotism and love for the people. He also works hard on artistic skills. "Self-chanting" (seven of "Twelve Poems to Relieve Boredom") shows the seriousness of his creation. Du Fu also used poetry to discuss poetry. In "Six Quatrains of Drama" and "Twelve Poems to Relieve Boredom" (Parts 4 to 8), he expressed his idea of ??inheriting fine traditions and commenting on ancient and modern poets. ?Du Fu greatly expanded the field of poetry in both content and form. Hu Zhenheng in the Ming Dynasty said: "The use of current events in poetry begins with Du Shaoling." ("Tang Yin Gui Zhu") This sentence is not entirely consistent with the facts, because there were people who used current events in poetry before Du Fu, but people like Du Fu went deep into the folk and gained insight. It is rare for "Current Issues" to incorporate all major issues of social significance into "astonishing" poems. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, many Yuefu titles have imitated plagiarism, and Chen and Chen are the most disgusting. Zimei came out and was alone based on what he felt at the time. He pitied the country's calamity at the top and the people's poverty at the bottom. He set up the title at will and was completely free. "Get rid of the stereotypes of predecessors." (Volume 5 of "Du Shi Jingquan") Although this is a comment about "three officials" and "three farewells", it can also summarize most of Du Fu's important poems. Yuan Zhen wrote to Du Fu the "Inscription on the Tomb of Du Jun, a Foreign Minister of the Tang Inspectorate and Works Department" and said, "Since the time of poets, there has never been anyone as beautiful as Zi." This is not an exaggeration.
There are many forms of Du poetry. Du Fu is best able to control various forms of poetry, and can make each form achieve new development. In his ancient five-character poems, he is good at recording arduous journeys, social phenomena, people's lives, and many dramatic speech movements. His writing is very vivid, which makes people feel not the limitation of five-character poems, but the natural tone. The most remarkable thing is that Examples are "Qiang Village", "Gift to the Eight Immortals of the Guard", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", "Suffering Tian's Father to Drink Mud and Drinking the Beauty of Yan Zhongcheng", etc. He is good at expressing his bold or melancholy emotions and expressing his opinions on politics and society in his seven-character ancient poems, such as "Songs for Zheng Guangwen when Drunk", "Washing the Soldiers and Horses", "Seven Songs Composed While Living in Tonggu County during the Qianyuan Period" "First Song", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Sui Yan Xing", etc.
Du Fu's five- and seven-character rhymed poems were very powerful and reached a high level of achievement, accounting for more than half of Du Fu's poems. The five-character rhymed poems were already seen during Du Fu's wandering period, and most of the famous seven-character rhymed poems were produced after arriving in Chengdu. Du Fu's profound emotions are condensed in the Five Rhythms and fully developed in the Seven Rhythms. The five rhymes include "Looking at Spring", "Giving Li Bai at the End of the Day", "Back Tour", "Joyful Rain on a Spring Night", "Water Thrust to Heart", "Guest Night", "Nine Days to Climb Zizhou City", "Zhengfu", "Traveling at Night to Express My Feelings", "Staying in the Pavilion by the Riverside", "Climbing the Yueyang Tower", seven rhymes such as "The Prime Minister of Shu", "Ye Lao", "Hateful Farewell", "Wearing that the Government Army Takes Henan and Hebei", "Climbing the Tower", and "Sufu" , "Gate Night", "Five Poems on Ancient Relics", "White Emperor", "Five Poems on Generals", "Eight Poems on the Rise of Autumn", "Climbing High", etc. Very few Tang Dynasty rhythmic poems can surpass them. Du Fu also wrote many five-character rhymes and several seven-character rhymes, which greatly developed the rhymes. For example, "A Hundred Rhymes from Kui Mansion in Autumn to Zheng Supervisor Li Guest" is actually 1,000 words long. Except for a few relatively natural ones (such as "Send off Yan Gong to the Dynasty" in the fifth row, "Send off the envoy to Lingzhou Road to take office", and "Two Poems of the Qingming Festival" in the seventh row), most of them are piled with too many allusions and cover up. Inject rich emotions or fill the void in the content of social works. Most of the quatrains in Du's poems were written during the last 11 years of his wandering in the southwest. Due to Du Fu's great achievements in classical poetry and rhythmic poetry, his quatrains are often not noticed. However, Du Fu expresses emotions on the spot, discusses poems and cherishes friends, reflects the turmoil in Shu and people's lives, and absorbs the essence of folk songs. Du Fu still has great achievements in quatrains. Many times, when he was wandering in the southwest and had to deal with local officials for food and clothing, some of the poems he wrote included many five-character rhymes, using a large number of allusions to praise how wise the other party was and how he described himself. It is not in good taste to be poor and beg for mercy and gifts. "Collection of Poems of Du Gongbu" engraved by Chunxi of the Song Dynasty
Generally speaking, Du Fu always cherishes the ambition to help the world despite being hungry and cold, and has no world-weary thoughts despite being in poverty; in terms of poetry art, he is a collection of classical The culmination of poetry, innovation and development, has exerted a wide influence on future generations of poets. ?When Du Fu was alive, his poetry was not taken seriously by the people of the time. 40 years after his death, it became more important than that of Han Yu, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen and others. The New Yuefu Movement of Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen was obviously influenced by Du Shi in terms of literary and artistic thought. Li Shangyin's famous modern-style poems that allege current affairs have the essence of Du's poems in both content and art. Famous poets in the Song Dynasty, such as Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You, etc., all highly praised Du Fu, and their poems inherited Du Fu's tradition from different aspects. In the late Song Dynasty, the national hero Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan people and imprisoned. He collected 200 poems using Du Fu's five-character poems. In the "Preface to the Collection of Du Fu's Poems", he said: "Whatever I want to say, Zimei will speak for me first." The influence of Du's poems is not limited to the scope of literature and art. More importantly, the spirit of patriotism and love for the people in the poems has inspired readers for thousands of years, and it still has educational significance today.