Yiwulu Mountain is inextricably linked with the ancient legendary Emperor Zhuanxu and agate. In 2013, Mr. Tang Wei wrote an article "On the Relationship between Agate and Jade" on Yachang Art Network, which discussed in detail that Yiwulu Mountain is the "Yiwulu" recorded in "Erya" and is the burial place of Emperor Zhuanxu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. The "Chizhang" that the emperor offered sacrifices to the Southern Fire Emperor was the "Yi Wulu Zhi Xun Yu Qi" mentioned in "Erya", which was also the red agate.
In the "Shidi" chapter of "Erya", the earliest monograph in my country that explains the meaning of words, it was recorded that "the beauties of the East are those who have medical treatment but no trouble." Guo Pu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty The annotation of "Yi Wulu" and "Xun Yu Qi" states that "Yi Wulu, the name of the mountain, is in today's Liaodong. Xun Yu Qi, belongs to the jade genus."
Zhang Hongzhao's "Shi Ya" pointed out: Agate "Fengtian" It is produced in Jinzhou and is commonly known as Jinzhou stone. "Erya·Shidi" says, "The beauty of the East is the beauty of Xunyou Qi Yan who has no trouble with medicine"; "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Dongyi Biography" says, "Fuyu Yilou produces red jade". Refer to this." Zhang Hongzhao believes that "Xun Yuqi" in "Erya" and "Red Jade" in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" both refer to "agate".
In the article "An Analysis on the Naming of Ancient Jade", Luan Bing'ao, based on Zhang Hongzhao's views and his verification, concluded that the "Liaodong" mentioned by Guo Pu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was not the modern Liaodong, but the Warring States Period. To the "Liaodong County" during the Wei, Jin, Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties (Northern Qi) periods of the Three Kingdoms. At that time, the area under the jurisdiction of Liaodong County was mainly in present-day western Liaoning, including Yiwulu Mountain annotated by Guo Pu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, which is now Yiwulu Mountain from Jinzhou to Fuxin. Yiwulu Mountain is located in the central part of Liaoning Province, east of the Daling River, in a volcanic rock area and is famous for producing "Jinzhou Stone" (agate). Therefore, "Yi Wulu Zhi Xun Yuqi" is related to red jade, Jinzhou stone or agate, but has nothing to do with Xiuyan amphibole jade.
Luan Bing'ao emphasized that "Xunyouqi" has nothing to do with Xiuyan amphibole jade. This is because some scholars mistakenly believe that "Xunyouqi" refers to ancient Liaodong, which is the current Liaodong region. Xiuyan jade.
Erya is the first dictionary compiled according to the system of word meaning and classification of things. Scholars have verified that its writing time would not be earlier than the Warring States Period or later than the early Western Han Dynasty. Agate appears in an early ancient book such as "Erya" with the text "玣玗奇", and "Yi Wulu" ("Huainanzi·Zhen Xingxun" calls "Yi Wulu") according to Luan Bing'ao and many others According to research by experts and scholars, Yiwulu Mountain in Jinzhou is now 34.8 kilometers away from Fuxin City. As we all know, Fuxin is China's main agate origin, processing place, and agate product distribution center. It has abundant agate resource reserves, accounting for more than 50% of the country's reserves. According to research by scholars, scrapers made of agate were unearthed from the Chahai site 7,600 years ago. The agate wine glasses, agate chess pieces, necklaces, etc. unearthed from the Liao tombs are of high quality, beautiful shape and exquisite craftsmanship, which amaze today's artists. By the Qing Dynasty, the agate industry in Fuxin had developed to a certain scale, and Fuxin agate had become a royal tribute. Today's Baozhuyingzi Village in Qijiazi Township, Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County was named after the local prince presented Buddha's Light Agate beads during Emperor Qianlong's 60th birthday. According to the "Palace Trivia" in "Records of the Qing Dynasty": Fuxin's agate industry "excavated sixteen caves, thousands of kiln workers, and a merchant town in the south." It is said that most of the carvings and agate ornaments used in the palace of the Qing Dynasty were made from In Fuxin, even processed in Fuxin.
Fuxin agate has excellent texture. It is not only rich in color but also magnificent in texture. It is exactly like what is said in "Erya": "The beauty of the East is the beauty of medicine but not evil."
What does "Xun Yuqi" mean? "Shuowen·Yubu" explains: "Yi Wulu's name Xun Yuqi is what "Book of Zhou" calls Yi Yu." Duan Yucai's note: "The combination of three characters Xun Yuqi is the name of jade...which means Yi Wulu, "Xun Yuqi" is Dongyi language. "Book Gu Ming" records that jade has "big jade and Yi jade". Kong Yingda quoted the words of Zheng Xuan of the Han Dynasty and explained: "Big jade is the ball of Huashan; Yi jade is the Xun of the East." "Yu Qiye." "Dongyi" and "Dongfang" here are relative to Zhou.
From this we can know that agate was called "Yiyu" and "Xunyouqi" in ancient times.
Yiwulu Mountain was the only place to go in and out of Fuxin at that time, so it was regarded as the origin of "Xunyouqi".
The "Great Wilderness Northern Classic" in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas" records: "Beyond the Northeast Sea, in the wilderness, between rivers, on the mountain of Fuyu, Emperor Zhuanxu and his nine concubines were buried." "Overseas Chinese" The Northern Classic says: "In the mountains of Wuyu, Emperor Zhuanxu was buried in Yang, and the nine concubines were buried in Yin." "Hainei Dongjing" also said: "On the mountain of Yuyu, Emperor Zhuanxu was buried in Yang, the nine concubines were buried in Yin, and the four concubines were buried in Yin. "Snake guards it." Based on ancient phonetics, scholar Ai Yinfan believes that "Fuyu", "Wuyu" and "鱼" are all pronunciation changes of "Wuyou", and infers that the place where Emperor Zhuanxu was buried is now. Medical Wu Lu Mountain. In the Han Dynasty, it was called "Wulu". It was near today's Beizhen City. In the Han Dynasty, it was called "Wulu County", which was named after Yiwulu Mountain. Scholars who hold the same view include Feng Limin, Wang Zhe, etc.
The words "Yi Wu Lu" in "Erya" and "Yi Wu Lu" in "Huainan Zi" are the same as "Fu Yu", "Wu Yu" and "鱼", both of which are "Wu Yu". The pronunciation of "Li" is changed, and like "Xunyouqi", it is "all Dongyi language". This language belongs to the Altaic language family and is the language of the Donghu and Shanrong people who occupied the Fuxin area during the Zhou Dynasty.
The "Book of Mountains and Seas" describes Zhuanxu's burial place "Fuyu Mountain" and mentions beautiful jade in many places. The original meaning of Zhuanxu's "Zhuan" is "round head and fat head", and the word "Xu" comes from "Yu" comes from "Ye", "Yu" refers to "Yu Sheng", that is, jade hair accessories, and "Ye" refers to the human head. Together they mean "the person wearing jade jewelry".
Therefore, Tang Wei believes that the name "Zhuanxu" itself constitutes a kind of evidence, and the agate is the "Xunyouqi" mentioned in "Erya", facing Ai Yinfan and Feng from the other side. The academic inference of scholars such as Limin and Wang Zhe that "Emperor Zhuanxu was buried in Yiwulu Mountain" constitutes strong support. It can be seen from this that Emperor Zhuanxu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, was a round-faced monarch who wore jade ornaments on his head. Dongyi was within his jurisdiction. The material of the headdress he wore was Fuxin agate, which was called "Xunyouqi" in the local dialect of Dongyi. ,
The real place of origin of "Xunyouqi" is today's Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County.
At this point we have a very clear and logical idea: Fuxin agate was mined in the Zhuanxu era and became the jade ornaments on the heads of the monarchs of the ancient Zhuanxu tribe. By the Zhou Dynasty, Fuxin agate entered the Zhou Dynasty. The area under the jurisdiction of the dynasty became the "Yi jade" favored by the emperor of Zhou and the nobles, and was recorded in the "Book of Zhou". The red "Xun Yuqi" is the red color of Zhenjiawobu Village, Laohetu Township, Fumeng County today. Agate, known as "Qiong" and "Red Jade", became the "Red Zhang" dedicated to the southern gods in the ceremonial activities of Emperor Zhou's sacrifice to heaven and earth. It was recorded in "The Rites of Zhou". Confucius respected the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty throughout his life, so he He highly admired the jade recorded in the "Book of Zhou" and "Li of Zhou", and used the various characteristics of agate to express the virtues of a gentleman. Only then did he give an important speech on the "Eleven Virtues" of jade.
In addition to the red agate from Zhenjiawobu Village, Laohetu Township, Fumeng County, the green agate and water gall agate from the front mountain of Meiliban Village are all precious varieties of Fuxin agate (some scholars believe that "jade "Liquid Qiongjiang" refers to the natural water in water gall agate). These Fuxin agates, which were called "Xunyouqi" by Donghu and Shanrong people and "Yiyu" by Zhou people, were still included in "Huainanzi" during the Han Dynasty. "Zhen Xing Xun": "The beauties of the East have the medical skills of Wu Lu Zhi Xun You Qi Yan."
By the Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the famous Liu Bowen, wrote in his poem "Song Xing·Two Ghosts" It also writes: "Pick the osmanthus seeds by hand and scatter them into the sea, scattering them with clams and turning them into pearls, or turning them into pearls among the fallen rocks in the valley." This poem talks about the osmanthus tree seeds turning into pearls when they enter the sea. , when it falls into the mountains, it turns into "玣玗奇", and Chinese people have always compared natural pearls with agate. Some people analyze that the reason why the ancients often compared pearls with agate, which is hard and wear-resistant and difficult to process and shape, as rare things. This is because in many cases the production of large, round natural pearls is limited and difficult to obtain.
Liu Ji’s poems further clarified that "Xun Yuqi" is the ancient name of agate.
Why in Liu Ji’s poems, pearls and agate are both derived from the seeds of the cassia tree? Tang Wei believes that this is related to the moon and its symbol, the laurel. The ancients admired pearls and agate because they were both shining treasures. At the same time, they thought of the moonlight in the sky, and then thought of the laurel tree in the middle of the moon.
In addition to the laurel tree, the toad is also a symbol of the moon. Interestingly, in the Chahai ruins in Fuxin, there is a There is an image of a toad painted on the pottery. Mr. Ai Yinfan believes that the shape of the toad is "similar to the combined character of '大' (which Guo Moruo read as '天') on the bronzes of the Shang Dynasty." Analysis suggests that it is the character "奄" in Shang Dynasty ． Represents the group of people with frog as their totem. That is, the *** workers and their descendants.
"Huainanzi" of the Western Han Dynasty records: "In the past, Gong Gong and Zhuanxu fought for the throne. In anger, they touched the mountains of Buzhou. The pillars of heaven were broken and the earth was still intact. The sky tilted to the northwest, so the sun, moon and stars moved Yan; the earth is not satisfied with the southeast, so the water and the dust return to Yan." This story recorded in "Huainanzi" is the very famous Chinese myth of "Anger touches Mount Buzhou", and its background is the relationship between Gong Gong and Emperor Zhuanxu. war.
Historical records indicate that Emperor Zhuanxu’s surname was Ji and his name was Gaoyang. He was “the ancestral god of the tribes in the northeast”. Many old records say that he “kingdomed the world with his water virtues” and “died with the water virtues of the north.” "Emperor", listed as one of the Five Emperors, is the grandson of Huangdi Xuanyuan and the son of Changyi. His mother and daughter Shu were born due to the feeling of "Yao Guang". Yaoguang refers to the light of Qiongyao jade. It can be seen that Emperor Zhuanxu according to ancient records had a natural affinity with agate.
Emperor Zhuanxu ascended the throne at the age of twenty. He reigned for seventy-eight years and lived to be ninety-eight years old. During his reign, he created Kyushu and gave China territory boundaries for the first time; he established ruling institutions, prescribed marriage, and established In marriage, he studied the differences between men and women and arranged order between elders and younger ones; in view of the prevalence of witchcraft, he ordered the people to ban witchcraft; he reformed the Jia calendar and set the four seasons and twenty-four solar terms. Later generations praised him as "Li Zong". As one of the main founders of Chinese civilization, Zhuanxu had a significant impact on ancient civilizations in Northeast Asia and America. Judging from the characteristics of his governance, he was an intelligent leader who clearly set out various systems. He is a typical figure among Confucius's "Eleven Virtues" of "Being careful, careful, and wise".
The Zhuanxu civilization was highly accomplished in ancient astronomy and calendars. It also made great contributions to water conservancy and agriculture. One of its branch clans established China's first dynasty in the Central Plains - Xia, and in ancient times Many ethnic groups are its branches. Historical books and scholars of all ages have always positioned the origin of Zhuanxu civilization in Shanxi, Sichuan, Henan, Anhui and Zhejiang.
From the perspective of cultural anthropology, Mr. Ai Yinfan used archeology, mythology, folklore, language, writing and other disciplines to cross-check each other and proposed that this civilization originated in western Liaoning. Its archaeological background should be the Hongshan Culture and the pre-Hongshan Culture. And it has a deep connection with the Chahai ruins in Fuxin.
The ancient northern ethnic groups under the rule of Zhuanxu made great contributions to Chinese civilization and created jade culture and dragon culture. A 19.7-meter-long stone dragon has been discovered at the Chahai site in Fuxin City. According to the measured distance 7000 to 8000 years ago. After a detailed inspection of the cultural relics unearthed in Chahai, the famous archaeologist Professor Su Bingqi believes that this is the "first dragon in China" and Fuxin is "the hometown of the Jade Dragon and the birthplace of civilization". Mr. Ai Yinfan believes that the "Jade Dragon Culture" in Chahai, Fuxin belongs to the cultural relics of the ancient Zhuanxu tribe and is within the boundaries of the "Ruins of Zhuanxu". "The Miao Descendants of Emperor Gaoyang" in Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" just explains that the God Zhuanxu believed in by the Chu people in the south is far to the north. This shows that the Chu people originally lived in the north and were members of the ancient Zhuanxu tribe, and later went to the south. And "Jin" The "Xu" (meaning old place, site) of Zhuanxu's ruins recorded in "Book" is located in the Fuxin and Chaoyang area.
A diamond-shaped agate set composed of seven overlapping large and small pieces was unearthed in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County in recent years. The largest outer diameter is 7.4 cm, the inner diameter is 5.3 cm, the thickness is 0.6 cm, and the smallest outer diameter is 4.4 cm. The inner diameter is 2.6 cm and the meat thickness is 0.6 cm. Jue is a ring-shaped jade with a gap. It was first discovered at the Chahai-Xinglongwa cultural site in the early Neolithic period 8,000-10,000 years ago. Early jade jues were generally as round as abacus beads. By the Hongwen Culture period about 5000-5600 years ago, the jade jue developed into an animal-shaped jue, also known as a jade dragon. The author believes that the rhombus agate stone is flat and thin, with edges and corners, and a single shape. No matter where it is found, the shape of the vessel is basically the same, and even the later bone jue is similar to the agate jue. This shows that the diamond-shaped agate jue was produced by the largest ancient northern tribe at that time, and its leader was naturally the "Zongshen of the Northeastern Tribes." The identity of Zhuanxu does not belong to him.
Scholar Feng Limin believes that the Yellow Emperor family originally started in the Liaohe River Basin. Later, due to bad climate and other reasons, they continued to migrate southward and then moved to the Central Plains and the South. This migration was not one-way. Some people moved south, and some returned north. More than 4,000 years ago, Zhuan Xu led an army to return to his hometown of Liaoning, and integrated the scattered local Hongshan tribes. Zhuan Xu also distributed his sons throughout the Northeast, forming the later It was at that time that the blood genes of the Northeastern Yi and the Chinese nation began to take shape.
Among the agate products unearthed from the Chahai site in Fuxin, some are agate arrowheads. Such sharp weapons must have been used in major wars in ancient times, including the battle between the two great leaders Zhuanxu and the Communists. A fight to the death occurred. There are also some agate scrapers, which are tools for making wooden bows and arrows.
Zhuanxu is the grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and his background as a laborer is not ordinary. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas. The Classic of Seas and Seas" says: "The wife of Emperor Yan, the son of Chishui, Tingwo was born in Yanju, and Yanju was born in Jiehe. , the festival produces play implements, the play implements give birth to Zhurong, Zhurong descends to the river, and he gives birth to workers." It shows that workers are descendants of Emperor Yan's Shennong family. He is an expert in water conservancy, and water warfare is his strength. , and its sphere of influence rapidly expanded, approaching Zhuanxu's hometown, and the two sides launched a life-or-death sea battle.
Tang Wei speculated that Emperor Zhuanxu once completely defeated the Japanese workers who used toads as their totems and were good at water warfare in the Bohai Bay of Jinzhou. The fundamental reason for his victory was to use agate to make arrowheads.
As the Japanese engineering fleet was approaching, affected by the sea breeze, Zhuanxu's bamboo bows and arrows made with agate scrapers were no longer able to withstand the enemy's army. At this moment, the agate arrowheads began to show their power. The *** workers will be "outraged" if they are completely defeated by this long-range and highly lethal weapon.
The so-called "Buzhou Mountain" has been researched by many scholars in the past dynasties, but there has been no conclusion. Tang Wei believes that "Buzhou" is also a "Dongyi" language, which belongs to the Altaic language family. There is a word in Mongolian today that is pronounced "baidag". This ancient word is translated into Chinese and means "all", and the Manchu language continues to use it. Many Mongolian vocabulary words were translated into Chinese in the Qing Dynasty. "baidag" once evolved into the word "Bozhou", which still inherited the meaning of "all" semantically. Today it is translated as "still universal", such as Wei Yuan's "Bo Zhou" in the Qing Dynasty. The "Xu" in "The Compilation of Dynasty Classics and Worlds" states that "the ancient kings used it to prepare for the recitation, to understand the affairs of the people, to gather considerations, to study a few details, and to study the extremes; the best and the best are not mysteries, and the knowledge of Zhou's ethics is not the end." , "Bozhou" in Wei Yuan's article is derived from the ancient Dongyi pronunciation "baidag", which is the "Buzhou" in "Shan Hai Jing".
"Anger Touched Buzhou Mountain" shows that after the Japanese soldiers were hit by agate arrows and damaged the attacking warship, they were forced to urgently seek an island landing in the Bohai Bay, repair and hide, because they needed to To prevent the pursuit of Emperor Zhuanxu, he began to travel east and west, fleeing in all directions. He landed on several islands in the nearby sea area, and Emperor Zhuanxu would definitely send people to comprehensively search the islands, so "baidag" means "all "The Dongyi vocabulary appeared, and it became "Buzhou" when it was written in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas".
Ancient books record that the Japanese workers were captured and exiled. Which island the Japanese workers finally hid on is where they were captured. The author thinks it is the current Bijia Mountain. Although Bijia Mountain is said to be It gets its name because it looks like a pen holder, but the author has seen it in person and it doesn’t look like a pen holder at all.
The pronunciation of "Bijia" is close to "buzhou". It should originally come from the sound of "baidag". Later, it was influenced by other "Beijia Mountains" in China and got its current name. Moreover, when the tide ebbs in Jinzhou's Bijia Mountain, "Bijia Mountain" will appear in the sea. "Overpass" wonder, the Japanese soldiers led the remaining soldiers to retreat at this time. Just as the tide was falling, Emperor Zhuanxu could directly reach the island with his troops and capture him smoothly.
Moreover, the shape of the peak of Bijia Mountain, which is "two long and one short", also seems to have been knocked down. This is not inconsistent with the view of some scholars who interpret "ill-thought" as "incomplete". , and it is also very consistent with the plot of the mythical story.
Beijia Mountain in Jinzhou should be the "Buzhou Mountain" in ancient legends.
The agate arrowhead defeated the Japanese army and saved his country and people. Therefore, Zhuanxu had a great affection for agate, so he wore agate jewelry when he ascended the throne, and most of his descendants Instead of calling him "Emperor Gaoyang", he was affectionately called "Zhuanxu" based on his appearance - which means "the young leader with a round head, a fat face and an agate on his head".
Emperor Zhuanxu hopes that he can forever guard the precious agates that have won him victory and honor, and will never allow foreigners to take away any of them. After his death, he was buried in Yiwulu Mountain, which was the choke point from Jinzhou to Fuxin, where agate is produced. Even though he has left this world, he still guards his beloved hometown and the magnificent treasures there with his soul.