As the most important part of China's classical literature and even China's culture, ancient poetry has a treasure-like existence, which makes people amazed.
So the
As the most important part of China's classical literature and even China's culture, ancient poetry has a treasure-like existence, which makes people amazed.
So there are many fans, including the author himself. What is fashionable is that there are many fans. I nicknamed it a running dog called ancient poetry. Long-term influence and infiltration of ancient poetry will have a certain degree of subtle influence on our character. Or sentimental, or sentimental, or Jin Ge Tiema swallowed Wan Li ... Yes! That's a feeling.
Especially when literary thoughts are surging and poems are in full bloom, we will imagine ourselves as a charming gentleman or a graceful daughter, and travel through ancient times to write poems and lyrics. At this time, suffering from a little knowledge of ancient poetry, I often can only send it at random, and I don't know if what I wrote conforms to the norms, which leads to many works with excellent artistic conception becoming soulless "doggerel" because of irregular rules and even words.
So I came up with the idea of writing articles to help "running dogs" understand and learn the entry rules of ancient poetry.
Ever since I had the idea of writing this subject, I have been on tenterhooks and hesitating.
As for the reason? On the one hand, this topic is not my major, and knowledge points are inevitably omitted. I am afraid that writing it will be ridiculous; Moreover, the content of this topic is complex and the knowledge system is vast. It is not easy to make it clear.
After much consideration, I decided to write a short essay that is universally recognized, easy to understand and can provide common sense help for non-professional poetry lovers. As for the content, it is mostly to collect and sort out the universally recognized knowledge, plus a little simple personal opinion to make it easier to understand and more logical. I also hope you can be simple and correct, and thank you sincerely.
1. What are meter, rhyme and flatness?
What is rice?
Metric refers to a series of unique rules in China's ancient poems, which should be followed in terms of format and rhythm.
China's ancient modern poems have strict metrical requirements, while others, such as ancient poems, modern poems and Europeanized poems, have no clear and strict metrical requirements. Generally speaking, there are four elements in the metrical form of poetry: rhyme (rhyme), level tone (up and down), duality and number of words. Lattice can be simply understood as format. Namely: antithesis, word count and other requirements; Law is rhythm. Including leveling, rhyming and so on.
Generally speaking, there are four elements in the metrical form of poetry: rhyme, flatness, duality and number of words.
What is rhyme? Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry meter. Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called rhyme.
Almost all poems from The Book of Songs to later generations are rhyming (also called rhyming and Ye Yun), that is, words with the same rhyme are put in a certain position.
The so-called rhyme is to classify words with the same vowels into one category, which is called rhyme. Words with the same vowel sound are used at the end of the sentence (even in the sentence) of poetry and fu to make the sound and rhyme harmonious. Usually used at the end of even sentences. Also called rhyme.
Yan Song's poem "Cang Lang Shi Hua" says: "He does many things without asking about interests; There must be a book for words and a book for rhyme. " Liu Yuanbiao's reclusive poem 3: "Poetry in the valley has rhyme risks, which is wonderful". Wang Qing's Notes on Poetry and Xiangzu, Volume 4: "Zhao Yue, assistant minister of the official department, said,' Although public poems are big, it is especially difficult to rhyme naturally.' "Hong Shen's" Reading Poems through Drama "V:" Rhyme is a means to strengthen the sense of rhythm; The more complicated the rhyme, the more urgent the rhythm. "
Sentence rhyme is not only easy to recite and remember, but also can make the work have rhyme beauty and homophonic beauty. Most people can tell whether a poem has rhyme or not, but it is not so simple to explain what rhyme is. However, today we have hanyu pinyin, and the concept of rhyme is easy to explain. All the words in the homonym are homophones. Any poem needs rhyme, no matter ancient or modern, Chinese or foreign. The difference is that there are more or less restrictions on rhyme, and there are strict and wide restrictions. This is also the biggest difference between poetry and other literary genres. More commonly used is "108 Pingshui Rhyme".
Rhyme is an important means to enhance the musicality of poetry. Modern poetry pays great attention to rhyme in order to make the tone harmonious and easy to remember. The ancients usually used official books that specially instructed the use of rhyme, such as Tang Yun, Guang Yun, Libu Rhyme, Peiwenyun, Integration of Rhyme and Combination of Rhyme. Among them, Wang Wenyu's New Publication Rhyme in the Southern Song Dynasty is the most popular, and Mr. Liu Yuan later compiled a book, Renzi New Publication Rhyme, which is now Renzi New Publication Rhyme.
It should be noted that it is not worth destroying the essence of poetry in order to accommodate rhyme. Unless you took the imperial examination in ancient times, even if a sentence or two rhymed occasionally, the ancients allowed it.
There are strict rules on the rhyme of modern poetry, which can be summarized as follows: [The first sentence can be pledged or not, and the next sentence must be tied and rhymed]
Even sentences rhyme.
There are 2468 rhymes in metrical poems and 24 rhymes in quatrains. Whether it is a metrical poem or a quatrain, the first sentence may or may not rhyme. For example:
Judge Han Zuo of Yangzhou (Du Mu)
There is water in the green hills, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River is withered in autumn.
Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night?
The first 124 sentence rhymes. Another example is:
Leyou Tomb (Li Shangyin)
In the evening, I was unhappy and drove to Gu. Sunset, infinitely beautiful, only near dusk.
The first sentence doesn't rhyme, but two or four sentences rhyme. Generally speaking, it is common that the first sentence of five-character poems does not rhyme, and it is also common that the first sentence of seven-character poems rhymes. For the rules of whether the first sentence rhymes or not, please refer to the "Flat Table".
Only bet on rhymes.
It is almost a dead rule that modern poetry can only rhyme. In fact, taking modern poetry as an example, it will be difficult to rhyme, so the ancients can consciously abide by this rule.
You can't change the rhyme in the middle.
Ancient poetry (ancient style) is allowed to change rhyme halfway, but modern poetry is not allowed.
The rhyme of the first sentence can be borrowed from the adjacent rhyme.
The rhyme of classical poetry can be mixed with the rhyme of neighboring rhymes, such as Dong Yi and Er Dong, Si Zhi and Wu Wei, which are called tongyun. However, the rhyming of modern poetry must strictly use only words with the same rhyme. Even if the rhyming words are few (called narrow rhyme), it can't be mixed with other rhyming words, otherwise it is called rhyme, which is a big taboo of modern poetry. But if the first sentence rhymes, you can borrow adjacent rhymes. Because the first sentence can be put or not, you can bend the rules. For example:
Drunk and drunk in the army to send Lu barbary;
Wine is thirsty for Qingjiang River, and I prefer to wash my stomach. Soft sand leans on the seat, and Leng Shi wakes up drunk.
Picnics are accompanied by accounts, and Huayin is happy. Several cups are missing. They have all been sent to Shen Ming.
This song "Ting Xing Ling Ming" consists of nine tones, but the first sentence borrows the word "Qing" from Ba Geng. This is called borrowing neighboring rhymes, which was popular in the late Tang Dynasty and even formed an atmosphere in the Song Dynasty.
Avoid rhyming
That is, the same rhyme word appears repeatedly in the rhyme of a poem, which is a big taboo.
Avoid synonyms.
For example, a poem uses "flower", "flower", "fragrance" and "fragrance" at the same time.
Avoid rhyming
Most ancient poems were written according to the official rhyme, and many words that we thought were homophones were included in different rhymes in the official rhyme, such as "winter" and "east". If you are juxtaposed in the same poem, it is rhyming. This is mainly because of the changes in ancient and modern pronunciation, and it is no longer necessary to emphasize this point.
When it comes to metrical poems, people like to say "No matter what the 135 is, the 246 is clear", which means that the first, third and fifth words in a sentence can be ignored, and the second, fourth and sixth words can't be vague.
In fact, the first, third and fifth words in some sentences can't be leveled at will, otherwise there may be some taboos such as "isolated leveling", "three leveling" and "three tails" in metrical poems. The appearance of loneliness is called "difficult sentence", which can be saved, and it is called "difficult to save"
1, Gu Ping: Gu Ping means that apart from rhyming, there is only one flat character left in the whole sentence. In a five-character balanced sentence, the first word in a flat sentence must be flat; If you use the word "slander", you are alone. Seven characters is the expansion of five characters, so if the third word is ambiguous in the sentence pattern of "seven characters, ping, ping, ping, ping", it is also called making a mistake.
Note: committing loneliness refers to the flat-footed sentence; Even if there is only one flat word in a lame sentence, it is not lonely.
2. There are three tones at the end of the sentence, which is called three tones. This is a special form of ancient poetry, and writing modern poetry should be avoided as much as possible and cannot be remedied. In a five-character flat sentence: in a flat sentence, the first word can be flat and the third word can't be flat. Similarly, in the seven-word style: flat and even, flat and even, the first and third words can be flat and even, and the fifth word cannot be flat and even.
The last three words of the sentence "three tails, three tails" are all squeaky. Five-character parallel sentence: In parallel sentence, the first word can be parallel and the third word can't be parallel. Seven-character sentence: In a flat sentence pattern, the first and third words can be flat, but the fifth word cannot be flat. Otherwise, there will be "three tails" in the first part of the report.
There are three kinds of redemption: this punishment, the opposite punishment and the concurrent punishment. This sentence is generally the first word, and the third word is saved; The third word is awkward, and the fifth word is provincial. Inter-sentence rescue refers to the rescue of the corresponding places up and down the sentence. The word "save with the same sentence" has the function of saving both this sentence and the last sentence. Some special sentence patterns can be omitted if they are awkward. Generally found in the third sentence of quatrains and the seventh sentence of metrical poems. It must also be emphasized that salvation can only save sentences from sentences, but not from sentences. The following "38 metrical poems" may help you understand the rhythm of poetry:
In metrical poetry, the relationship between tone and rhythm should be clarified.
Based on the ancient rhyme of ancient Chinese prose, we can get into it.
The horizontal lines in the sentence are staggered, and the horizontal lines in the couplet should correspond.
Stick two couplets together, and the rhyme should be flat.
Rhyme began to take over the merger, and the two couplets in the middle were opposite.
One, three, five, whatever, two, four and six are distinct.
There are only four basic sentence patterns, and one example can get twice the result with half the effort.
Plain, plain, plain.
Flat and light, flat and light.
Although the rules are strict, it is difficult to survive, but they are immune to it and avoid the heavy ones.
Between the two flat clips, we must save them according to law.
There are two kinds of loneliness and helplessness, and there are two kinds of this sentence.
This sentence is easy to save yourself, and it is also easy to step on your feet.
If the last sentence is flat, then the opposite sentence must be flat.
Minor depression can't be saved, and major depression is six or five.
Five words are rhyme, and two sentences in this book are all rhyme.
Special sentence patterns are full of tears, and the exchange of five or six words should be equal.
There are four basic elements in metrical poetry, and the rhyme must be clear.
After mastering the basic rules, you can learn from Du Li and enter the poetry city.
Literature reference: Baidu