So in any case, it is very important to master the appreciation method of classical poetry. Professor Sun emphasized that analysis is to analyze the original unified object, not from unity, but from differences or contradictions.
So we should be good at seeing differences from works that look the same, and we should also be good at seeing similarities from works that look different. This is the basic skill of scientific abstraction, which needs long-term training.
Seeing contradictions and differences is the premise of analysis. Professor Sun Shaozhen interprets 27 ancient poems in the book How Sun Shaozhen Interprets Works.
In order to facilitate learning, the author tries to summarize his own interpretation methods. First, multi-angle query 1. Compared with other works on the same subject.
For example, when we interpret Song of Chile, we ask this question: It is not uncommon to write folk songs similar to grasslands. Why did this song become a classic and have high artistic achievements? 2. Questioning the evaluation of existing poets. For example, when we interpret the sentence "The north wind rolls the white grass and breaks it" in Bai Xuege's Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home, there is a passage: According to Yan Shigu's note in Hanshu's Biography of the Western Regions, white grass is a grass name in the northwest; Wang Xianqian added that it is hard and brittle after frost, so it may be broken.
This statement may be reasonable, but there is a contradiction: since it is tough, it is not easy to break. As for crisp frost grass, it is not the characteristic of northwest grass.
The grass is yellow when it is dry. If it is dry for a long time, it will rot, and when it is rotten, it will turn white. This is a common phenomenon in the north, not unique to a certain grass.
Why did ancient scholars spend so much effort to research the existence of northwest China? 3. Questioning from the perspective of poetry types. For example, writing lyric poetry and reading Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night ask: Why is poetry touching? After reading Wang's Lushan Waterfall, this paper puts forward: Where did we get the white feelings? 4. With the help of the evaluation of poetry critics, further questioning.
For example, reading the sentence "Lonely smoke in the desert, long river setting the yen" in Make it a fortress points out that everyone agrees, but fortunately, there have been so many poets for more than a thousand years, but few people can make it clear. By reading Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue, this paper points out that it is also a masterpiece that conveys feelings by painting. Poets and critics throughout the ages have consistently given high praise, but most of them are impressionist judgments and have not told the truth.
For example, if you read the Lotus Picking Song (the lotus leaf and the Luo skirt are cut in the same color), you can comment on Tang Yin: "This film is as fresh and charming as the late Tang Dynasty, but not vulgar." Professor Sun went on to write: Why don't you feel gaudy? This question has been raised for hundreds of years, and no one has answered it rationally.
In my opinion, this is because. Professor Sun emphasized that the ultimate goal of analysis is to grasp the characteristics of the work and pursue the style of the work or the writer's personality.
For example, when we interpret Xijiang Moon, we can directly ask: It has characteristics. What are its characteristics? 6. question with the same expression. For example, reading Li Qingzhao's "The Sound is Slow" (Looking for), most critics have concentrated on appreciating her 14-fold words.
Of course, the use of reduplicated words has its special effect, but in terms of rhetorical skills, the more such continuous reduplicated words, the better. Professor Sun then listed many unsuccessful examples, and then questioned: Why do others use reduplicated words, giving people a redundant and cumbersome feeling, while Li Qingzhao does not? So as to explore its deep roots: profound content and deep emotion. 7. Restore emotional logic, ask questions, understand according to conventional emotions, and put forward assumptions.
Then compare it with the emotional logic development of poetry. Contrast and question before and after.
For example, when reading three or four sentences in Sitting Alone in Jingting Mountain, Professor Sun explained that loneliness is associated with loneliness, depression and boredom. For people, this has a negative nature, and poets can completely vent their anguish and boredom.
But if so, it would be vulgar, and there would be no characteristics of Li Bai ... However, in such extreme loneliness, the emotion of this poem was reversed. In the face of the silent Jingting Mountain, I am not bored. On the contrary, I feel "never bored".
Isn't that unreasonable? No, it implies the logical characteristics of poetic emotion. ..... Here, the beauty of Li Bai is that it is both sudden and not too sudden.
Second, the concrete analysis of specific problems As Professor Sun said in the preface, all kinds of reduction methods and comparison methods are low-level operation methods, while the highest level, philosophically speaking, is the method of analysis, especially the method of concrete analysis of specific problems. He said: "If I have anything to praise, it is only that I have thoroughly and resolutely used this method, turned it into an operational method and systematized it."
The author is all thumbs, and he can't see its systematicness from the complicated analysis, but he does know how Professor Sun analyzes specific problems. 1. Grasp the characteristics of poetry creation, such as reading Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci", which leads to the question raised by the editor of "Ten Thousand Poems of Tang Poetry": "This poem is all about the Yellow River".
However, the chronicle of Tang poetry is written as' yellow sand goes straight up'. Yumen is a' river' in Dunhuang, far from the Yellow River Basin.
And the first sentence is about the scenery outside the customs, but seeing the endless yellow sand directly connected with the white clouds has made people feel desolate. Adding the emptiness of the second sentence to write it is even more embarrassing.
It is in this state that I suddenly heard Qiangdi play the song "Folding Willow", and I couldn't help complaining that the spring breeze didn't pass Yumen Pass. On the surface, it is a dispute over words, but in essence, it is a disagreement about realism or imagination of poetry.
Therefore, when reading this poem, Professor Sun grasped the characteristics of poetry creation and further explained: "The touching power of poetry comes not only from the real picture, but also from the visual realism. At the same time, as an art form, it relies more on assumptions and imagination than any other art form to transcend reality. If you stick to realism, the poet's feelings will be more difficult to penetrate into the landscape, and it will be more difficult to play freely. Only in hypothetical and virtual situations can subjective emotions penetrate into objective situations and get greater freedom.
2. Sun Shaozhen's appreciation of ancient poetry after reading Restore-Reading Sun Shaozhen's Works (1) is a firm test point in the college entrance examination, which has been the focus of teaching review for a long time, and improving the ability of appreciating classical poetry is also an important goal of Chinese teaching in senior high schools. So in any case, it is very important to master the appreciation method of classical poetry. Professor Sun emphasized that analysis is to analyze the original unified object, not from unity, but from differences or contradictions. So we should be good at seeing differences from works that look the same, and we should also be good at seeing similarities from works that look different. This is the basic skill of scientific abstraction, which needs long-term training. Seeing contradictions and differences is the premise of analysis.
Professor Sun Shaozhen interprets 27 ancient poems in the book How Sun Shaozhen Interprets Works. In order to facilitate learning, the author tries to summarize his own interpretation methods.
First, multi-angle query 1. Compared with other works on the same subject.
For example, reading "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home" in the sentence "The north wind rolls white grass", there is such a passage:
According to Yan Shigu's "Hanshu Biography of the Western Regions", white grass is a grass name in the northwest; Wang Xianqian added that it is hard and brittle after frost, so it may be broken. This statement may be reasonable, but there is a contradiction: since it is tough, it is not easy to break. As for crisp frost grass, it is not the characteristic of northwest grass. The grass is yellow when it is dry. If it is dry for a long time, it will rot, and when it is rotten, it will turn white. This is a common phenomenon in the north, not unique to a certain grass. Why did ancient scholars spend so much effort to research the existence of northwest China? 3. Questioning from the perspective of poetry types.
By reading Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue, this paper points out that it is also a masterpiece that conveys feelings by painting. Poets and critics throughout the ages have consistently given high praise, but most of them are impressionist judgments and have not told the truth.
For example, if you read the Lotus Picking Song (the lotus leaf and the Luo skirt are cut in the same color), the Comment on Tang Yin says: "This article is flattering like the late Tang Dynasty, but not vulgar." Professor Sun went on to write: Why don't you feel gaudy? This question has been raised for hundreds of years, and no one has answered it rationally. In my opinion, this is because ... 5. Questioning style restoration. Professor Sun emphasized that the ultimate goal of analysis is to grasp the characteristics of the work and pursue the style of the work or the writer's personality. For example, Xijiangyue's interpretation
Send xing, directly put forward: very characteristic, what are the characteristics? 6. question with the same expression.
For example, reading Li Qingzhao's "The Sound is Slow" (Looking for), most critics have concentrated on appreciating her 14-fold words. Of course, the use of reduplicated words has its special effect, but in terms of rhetorical skills, the more such continuous reduplicated words, the better. Professor Sun then listed many unsuccessful examples, and then questioned: Why do others use reduplicated words, giving people a redundant and cumbersome feeling, while Li Qingzhao does not? So as to explore its deep roots: profound content and deep emotion. 7. Restore emotional logic and question it
According to the conventional emotional understanding, make assumptions. Then compare it with the emotional logic development of poetry. Contrast and question before and after. For example, when reading three or four sentences in Sitting Alone in Jingting Mountain, Professor Sun explained that loneliness is associated with loneliness, depression and boredom. For people, this has a negative nature, and poets can completely vent their anguish and boredom. But if so, it would be vulgar, and there would be no characteristics of Li Bai ... However, in such extreme loneliness, the emotion of this poem was reversed. In the face of the silent Jingting Mountain, I am not bored. On the contrary, I feel "never bored". Isn't that unreasonable? No, it implies the logical characteristics of poetic emotion. ..... Here, the beauty of Li Bai is that it is both sudden and not too sudden.
3. Interpretation of ancient poetry: The life of the valley is not for the mo fu but not for the square, and the boat of the river and the sea is not for the mo ride, but it does not float out of Liu An's "Huai Nan Zi Shuo Shan Xun"
Lan: Vanilla name. Valley: A secluded valley. Don't wear clothes and don't ride: no one wears clothes and no one rides. Righteousness: practice benevolence and righteousness. Stop if you don't know: don't stop just because no one knows.
Orchids grow in uninhabited valleys and will not be fragrant because no one looks at them; The boat on the river won't float on the water because no one drives it; A gentleman doesn't stop doing things just because no one knows.
It is a metaphor for a gentleman who does justice, does not seek fame and fortune, and does not avoid human feelings.
The first sentence is translated into "Confucius' Family Language": "Lan Zhi lives in the valley and is not without people. "Aquamarine gentleman, emphasizing the cultivation of mind. The second sentence uses a boat to compare people, emphasizing the integrity of life when it is ups and downs.
4. Wang Ximing: Is there a standard answer to the appreciation of ancient poetry? When it comes to ancient poetry in middle school Chinese teaching, many people will think about a question: Is there a standard answer to the appreciation of ancient poetry? In my opinion, some questions, especially knowledge questions, naturally have standard answers.
The key to the problem lies in whether the connotation of ancient poetry is determined and whether the process and result of aesthetic acceptance are consistent. Although personal imagination of poetry text can only come from personal life experience and cultural accumulation, the aesthetic taste and experience of the recipients are different, and the life experience is individual, so poetry appreciation is bound to have a high degree of individuality.
However, some ancient poems have definite contents and emotional types, so their meanings are relatively certain. For example, some words of Xin Qiji reflect that there is no way to serve the country.
This kind of poetry, no matter who the appreciator is, can arouse similar emotions. Generally speaking, the appreciation of these poems can have standard answers.
But for more ancient poems, this is not the case. First, some words are inherently fuzzy.
For example, Li Shangyin's "Jinse": "I wonder why my Jinse has fifty strings, each with a youthful interval. Zhuangzi daydreaming, a saint, was bewitched by butterflies, and cuckoo crowed in the imperial spring.
Mermaids shed pearl-like tears on the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathed their jade to the sun. A moment that should last forever has come and gone before I know it. "
In this poem, the situation that the author wants to express may be certain, and the emotion conveyed is also certain. The text presented to readers is very vague, and emotions are conveyed by metaphorical symbols, so readers can only feel the emotions flowing in it roughly, but can't really implement them concretely.
It is impossible to give such a poem a standard explanation. Therefore, Yuan Haowen, a poet in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, lamented that "poets always love Quincy, and wish that no one could write about Jian Zheng".
For this kind of poetry, it is impossible to find a definite answer in the sense. At most, it is to ask questions at the knowledge level, such as allusions and technical levels, such as techniques, and seek definite answers.
As a highly concise language material, ancient poetry contains a lot of ellipsis, which is "unsatisfactory". However, Chinese grammar is relatively free, and compared with languages with different word forms (such as past tense and future tense), Chinese lacks the change of word forms.
The characteristics of language increase the fuzziness of poetry and make multiple interpretations coexist. For example, whether the first article "Guan Luo" and the last article "My Fair Lady, Bell and Drum Music" in the popular book of the Book of Songs are established facts, or whether the protagonist's fantasy of "tossing and turning leisurely" or dreaming day and night is just a dream is actually uncertain.
If this kind of poem is translated into a language with morphological changes, it will be forced to choose one of them. For example, arthur waley, a famous British sinologist, translated this sentence as "This noble lady is shy/we will beat drums to make her happy." This is the future tense, and the result has not been predicted yet; Scholar Gu translated it as "a lovely girl is always slim/she always wins with gongs and drums", claiming that the hero finally won the lady's heart.
If this kind of poem retains the possibility of various interpretations, it can greatly increase the reading pleasure. For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Huang Fusong wrote "Picking Lotus Seeds": "The boat moves in the lake, and when you see a teenager believing in the boat, you are greedy.
People will be ashamed for a long time if they throw lotus seeds into the water for no reason. The last two sentences omit the subject, so it is impossible to judge who threw the lotus seeds or who the "person" to know is.
If you use your imagination, you can at least get the following situations: (Lotus Picker) throws lotus seeds over the water for no reason, which makes people (the teenager she looks at) feel ashamed for a long time. The girl who picked lotus seeds threw lotus seeds into the water for no reason, and others (other women who picked lotus seeds) were ashamed for a long time.
People (passers-by) will be ashamed for a long time if they throw lotus seeds over the water for no reason. (The companion of the girl who picked lotus seeds) threw lotus seeds into the water for no reason, and (the girl found herself) was known by others (her companion) (she was greedy for teenagers) for a long time.
People (teenagers) have been ashamed of throwing lotus seeds into the water for no reason. In fact, no matter which one is adopted as the standard answer, it will hurt the interest and aesthetic feeling of this poem.
Some people may think that because the living environment has changed from ancient times to modern times, both at the material level and at the cultural level, it has led to our misunderstanding of ancient poetry. In ancient times, ancient poetry should be able to find an accurate "standard explanation". In fact, standard answers may not exist at all.
Quite a few poems not only have many solutions, but also the most acceptable interpretation methods are often constantly changing. Take Guan Ju as an example.
Since the Han Dynasty, this poem has been dominated by the theory of "the virtue of empresses" in Preface to Mao Shi. Specifically, it means being virtuous and not jealous. Later generations of Confucius' Justice of Mao Poetry and Zhu's Biography of Poetry all agree with this point. In addition, there is the saying that Shi Mao Zhengyi Queen "thinks about talents and things".
Since Ming and Qing Dynasties, many scholars have advocated new ideas. For example, Cui Shu's "Occasionally Reading Style" thinks that this poem is about "a gentleman seeks a good marriage for himself". For these statements, modern and contemporary scholars are unconvinced and believe that this is a love song.
Like Selected Poems, which is widely circulated in Yu Guanying, people think this poem is about the love between men and women. If such a poem wants to provide a standard answer, should the author provide the most authoritative theory of "the virtue of empresses" in ancient times or the most authoritative theory of love today? If the standard answer is in line with the original intention, then the latter is not necessarily more in line with the author's original intention than the former.
On a deeper level, even those obvious misunderstandings are not necessarily worthless. In the 20th century, some literary criticism schools, such as British and American New Criticism, focused on the semantic analysis of the text and thought that works could be independent and self-sufficient.
Accordingly, even if it is not in line with the author's original intention, as long as the text can deduce this explanation, it can be recognized. However, in the history of China's national literary criticism, there is not only a saying that "poetry fails to express its meaning", but also a long tradition of "misreading".
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the way to express one's ambition by writing poems is "writing poems to make chapters and get what one needs" in Zuo Zhuan, and taking a chapter or even a few words or sentences from the Book of Songs in isolation to combine the present situation, regardless of the original intention. For example, in the eight years of "Xianggong" in Zuo Zhuan, to unite Lu * * * to win Zheng, it was arranged to "pull out Mei". The original intention of this poem is that women expect men to propose in time, but here.
5. What happened to the wonderful solution of teaching ancient poetry? Dai Jianye, a professor at the College of Literature of Huazhong Normal University, has a passionate interpretation of ancient poetry.
The following is the original news of the event for your reference:
Dai Jianye, a professor at the School of Liberal Arts of Huazhong Normal University, is on fire. Some people say that his Mandarin is not standard, which is a "mudslide" in college classes, but netizens have expressed their desire to hear it. ...
"Do you think Tao Yuanming is good at planting beans? In fact, there are more grass and fewer bean sprouts. If I grow to this level, I will never write poetry again. " Recently, the video of a professor's lecture at the College of Literature of Huazhong Normal University became popular on the Internet.
Let's take a look at some popular online lectures by Professor Dai.
Commenting on Tao Yuanming's poem "Returning to the Garden", the general teacher will comment from the rhythm and artistic conception of the poem. Teacher Dai's way is like this: "Plant a ghost domain" and "I will never write poetry again when I plant it to this extent".
Professor Dai, who is a gossip, also likes to dig into the privacy of celebrities: "Three people are untidy, and none of them is immortal. That is a generation of romantic people. "
"Once the sea is difficult for water, amber forever. Lazy looking back at flowers, half the sky is repaired, and half the sky is a gentleman. " This ancient poem mourning the death of his wife, after being interpreted by Professor Dai, suddenly changed its painting style. "This XX fell in love with someone else in less than half a month!"
6. Analysis of ancient poetry, the source This is the first song of the Han Yuefu, one of the eighteen songs of the Han Dynasty, called "Thinking". The author of "Si" in Han Yuefu is Si, who lives in Da Hainan.
Why ask Yijun (2)? Double beads, hairpin and jade. Wen Jun has his heart, pulling miscellaneous things to destroy it.
When the wind blows, it will be destroyed and burned. From now on, don't miss each other again! Acacia and Junjue 6! The cock crows and the dog crows. Brother and sister-in-law should know.
Princess, shout! Autumn wind calms the morning breeze, and the east needs to know in a flash. Note (1) Thinking: refers to the person she misses.
What's the use: why. Wei Wei: "Wen" and "Yi" are synonyms, which were used as couplets in Han Dynasty.
③ hawksbill (dài mào): namely hawksbill, which is a kind of turtle with smooth and colorful shell and can be used as an ornament. Hairpin: jewelry used by the ancients to connect the bun with the crown. The hairpin is in a horizontal bun, with both ends exposed outside the crown and white beads under it.
4 Shao Dazzled: Still "around", around. 5 miscellaneous: heap.
I heard that my lover was in love with someone else, so I piled up the body double, jade and double beads I had intended to give him, smashed them and burned them. 6 Acacia and Jun Jue: Cut off Acacia with Jun. ..
⑦ The cock barks and the dog barks: Jude said "disturb the cock and the dog". In ancient poetry, "the cock crows and the dog barks" is often used to refer to the tryst between men and women.
⑧ Princess (bēi) Hu Yi (xū xī): Princess, the training is "sadness" and Hu Yi, the training is "wandering". Pet-name ruby Sue: Sue, the wind.
Morning wind (sρSi): According to Wen Yiduo's Yuefu poems, the morning wind is a rooster, and pheasants often call for mating in the morning. When it comes to thinking, it means "longing".
Once said "morning breeze", the morning breeze is cool. Attending a moment: in a short time.
G: It is a loanword of "Bi" and "Hao", white. "The east is high", and the east is bright at sunrise.
In the early morning when the autumn wind blows gently, I feel even more uneasy when I hear the courtship of birds in the morning breeze. The sun will know my inner purity. Appreciate this is one of the eighteen songs in Han Dynasty.
This song "Yang Jianwei De, Advise Scholars to Irony the Enemy" turned out to be a military music. However, today's eighteen songs are complicated, including narrating wars, Ji Xiangrui, showing martial arts and writing about love. Zhuang Shuzuyun, a Qing man, said: "The song of piccolo and cymbals is military music, and its sound is different;" His words are not necessarily all about war. "
This article shows a woman's complex emotions before and after the ups and downs of love in the first person. The first five sentences are about her sincere and passionate love for a distant lover: the lover she misses is on the far south China sea.
What token can I give my lover to express my heart and mind when I leave Wan Li? Wèi is still a gift. After careful study, she finally chose "Shuangzhu".
"Bang" refers to the beautiful nail plate of the tortoise shell (an animal similar to a turtle). "Double beads" means hanging a pearl at each end of the hairpin.
It was an exquisite accessory at that time. But the heroine's heart is not enough, and it is more beautiful to decorate the hair clasp with jewelry.
From her unusual and tireless layers of decorations on gifts, we can measure the concentration and weight of her inner love and lovesickness. The writing of these few words always gets twice the result with half the effort. The expression is simple and rich, and the artistic conception is lingering.
Try "Why do you want to box?" On Fan Qin's love poems in the late Han Dynasty. A pair of gold rings on the arm. ""why just? Two pearls in the ear. "
"Why kindness? Yu Pei decorated Luo Yu. " "Why comfort separation? Words such as "behind the ear" are obviously inspired by this article, and they can also invent the beauty of the meaning of the three sentences "What's the use" in this poem.
It's a pity that the weather is unpredictable, and the sunny love appears stormy waves, and the pointer of love suddenly deviates. The following six sentences "I heard that a gentleman has a heart" wrote the storm and its serious consequences: she heard that her lover fell in love with someone else, which was like a bolt from the blue! Suddenly, the tenderness of love turned into the power of hate, and the sad heart ignited the fire of anger. In a rage, she smashed (messed up) the exquisite token with a cavity of infatuation, smashed (destroyed) it again and burned it three times. After being destroyed and burned, she still couldn't vent her anger and disperse it, so she raised its ashes in the wind.
"Pull, destroy, burn, lift", a series of actions, such as cutting the gordian knot, crisp and neat, how angry! "From now on, don't miss it!" Make a clean break, how to refuse! If not, it is not enough to describe it as "seeing deeply and complaining deeply". (Comment on Chen Ruoming's "Selected Ancient Poems of Caijitang") The following six sentences "Acacia Jun Jue" describe his complex mentality of contradiction and hesitation after he became calm from anger.
The sentence "Acacia" is more decisive than the above sentence "Stop Acacia", and the tone is like a spent force. Covering "lovesickness" is a long-term emotional accumulation, and "parting with you" is only a temporary resentment. The two are opposites and it is difficult to unify them. Therefore, this sentence is actually a sigh of ambivalence, which means "cutting constantly, reasoning is still chaotic"
Following this clue, we naturally have memories and worries that "chickens bark and dogs bark, and brothers and sisters should know". The metaphor of "cock crowing and dog barking" and "wind spreading."
("Poetry is better than a sword") "Yi Lin Sui Ji": "When I was widowed, I lived with (Yu); Cocks crow and dogs bark, and no one dares to ask. " That is to say, widowers and widows' night intercourse has alarmed chickens and moved dogs.
It is also said here that when women recall their tryst with Lang, they will involuntarily notice the secrets of their brothers and sisters-in-law. How can she meet people at home if she is disconnected now? Where are my brothers and sisters? As the saying goes, "If you don't wait for your parents' orders and the words of the matchmaker, you will drill a hole to spy on each other and follow each other over the wall, then your parents and people will be despicable." ("Mencius Teng Wengong") and the initial chaos and the serious consequences of being abandoned naturally worried and shaken her.
What's more, the tender and sweet moment of tryst in "Cocks crow and dogs bark" still stubbornly affects her old love and makes her reluctant to go! "The Call of the Princess" is a sigh that she can't help but give out in a difficult situation. In his Notes on China's Poems, the Tang Dynasty poet Chen said, "When the princess calls, everyone reads aloud. Look at the color tone carefully from top to bottom, and you will have a refreshing feeling. How can you read aloud? " Wen Yiduo's Yuefu poem also said, "The princess reads for sorrow, and calls for reading for sorrow."
Interpretation is the best way. The word "lament" is a connecting link in emotion and tone, which runs through the meaning of the last two sentences.
Su Su describes that the wind is bleak and tight; "Morning wind", that is, morning wind bird. Poem Qin Feng Morning Wind: "Morning wind makes you feel depressed in Beilin.
No worries, no worries