The workers' movement in France developed in the late 1970s. 1879, the first real French workers' party was founded, which put forward the idea of socialism and adopted the party program drafted by Marx, Engels, Gade and lavr Gaye. However, due to the influence of bourgeois reformism, opportunism, anarchist unionism and other opportunism also appeared in the workers' movement, and a long-term, complex and sharp struggle was launched. After the 1990s, many major international events (the activities of the Second International and the 1905 Russian Revolution) had a great influence on the French workers' movement and the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people.
Before Zola finally established his naturalism theory, in 1960s, two brothers, Edmund Goncourt (1822~ 1896) and Yule Goncourt (1830~ 1870) wrote "Rilmini Laside".
The expression of naturalism in poetry is the barnabas School which began to form in 1960s. Barnabas advocates the supremacy of art and does not ask politics; They flaunt "calmness", "objectivity" and "selflessness" in their poetry creation, advocate art for art's sake, only pay attention to art form, and deliberately pursue aesthetic feeling of modeling. The founder of the barnabas School is Legont Deryl. Another important representative poet is Rossi Maria de Elidia (1839~ 1907).
Symbolism, as a literary movement, published the Manifesto of Symbolism written by John moria (1856~ 19 10) in le figaro in 1886, but before that, the basic spirit and creative principles of symbolism were in Willem. Wei Lun regards poetry as a direct expression of personal feelings and senses. Bo Han regards poetry as a magical means to understand the unknown world; For Malamei, poetry is to reveal the "ideal world" hidden behind everything, that is, the "pure" state of things. They all regard the objective world as a symbol of the subjective world, and develop Baudelaire's mysticism view that the universe is a symbolic forest. This creative method of subjective idealism fully reflects the decline of the bourgeoisie.
At the end of 1980s, the famous novelist Paul bourzeix (1852~ 1936) thought that to revive the French nation, we must educate young people with monarchism and Catholicism. Maurice Bells (1862~ 1923) started his creation with a trilogy of "self-worship" which promoted decadent individualism (1888 ~1). Later, he became an advocate of "national rejuvenation" and one of the leaders of the reactionary camp in the Dreyfus incident.
An energetic optimist praised by him in the second trilogy "The Novel of National Ability" (1897~ 1903) is actually a typical figure who believes in narrow nationalism. Pierre loti (1850~ 1923) is a representative writer who preaches colonialism. He inherited the tradition of negative romanticism, and his novels describing the "primitive state" of distant countries (so-called exoticism) permeated with "eternal" themes such as love, death and pity. He wanted people to believe that people's fate was unchangeable, but in fact he concealed the real relationship between colonists and local residents. At the same time, he described the "primitive state" of distant countries as "civilized people" in Europe, which contributed to the expansion policy of colonialism.
In the era when various literary schools were active, the Paris Commune literature sharply opposed naturalism, symbolism and reactionary literature, which reflected the upsurge of proletarian revolutionary struggle, showed the belief that international capitalism would win, carried forward the excellent tradition of French literature, and provided a brilliant model for literature to serve the revolution. At the same time, some progressive writers are trying to get close to socialism and the workers' movement. In their works, they sharply criticized the governments of third countries in the form of polemics, among which French and romain rolland were the representatives. In the struggle against various negative, decadent and reactionary literary schools, Marxist literary critic Laferger made outstanding contributions.