Some sects of Buddhism have incantations and secret words, which claim to make people have what kind of magical powers. Of course, they are not convincing. Many religions and qigong believe in it. Reciting some sentences can make people's breathing and mood reach a certain level more easily. Because breathing and pronunciation have always been thought to have some magical effect. Although this can't be verified by science, it is undeniable that you will really feel comfortable after reading a beautiful rhyme. So in modern times, some people who call themselves new literati want to break the tradition of not keeping rhythm and think that rhyme is the indulgence of formalism in the old days. This is not entirely correct. The long-winded escort will indeed limit the growth of art to a certain extent. But poetry and other literary forms that need to be lightly sipped still really need rhyme.
Besides, rhyming makes the article easier to recite and sing. For example, if you hear a song that doesn't rhyme at all and a song that rhymes with every sentence, which one will you learn first? The answer is obvious. In fact, almost every lyric of Jay Chou's "Imperial Poet" Fang Zhouzi is a rhyme poem. This undoubtedly adds a lot of color to Zhou Tianwang.
As mentioned above, ancient people had to read rhyme books to write lyrics. The ancient rhyme is very different from the present rhyme. In fact, in 2005, the Chinese Poetry Society also formulated a new set of China rhymes. Since the questioner is interested, I attach its main contents below.
Xi China Yun Xin
(Promulgated by the Chinese Poetry Society in May 2005)
order
The Outline of the Development of China's Poetry in the Early 20th Century (2 1) by the Chinese Poetry Society points out: "In order to promote the reform of phonology and popularize new rhymes, we must organize scholars and experts to compile new rhymes as soon as possible. Xinyunshu can first publish a simplified version to solve the urgent need, and then publish a traditional version on the basis of the trial of the simplified version. "
Sun Yiqing, president of the Chinese Poetry Society, pointed out in the theme report of the 17th China Poetry Symposium in August this year and at the Liuyang Work Conference of the Chinese Poetry Society in September: "The Outline for the Development of Poetry in China in the 2 1 century proposes to implement phonological reform based on Putonghua. This is a necessary measure to obtain the greatest poetic effect from the current situation of language development and be welcomed by the masses. " China Poetry magazine published two short forms of phonological reform, which were tried out and listened to opinions, and prepared to synthesize a short form after careful study. "
On this basis, the editorial department of China Poetry organized forces to analyze, study, compare and summarize two published short forms and several short forms used in poetry circles, solicited the opinions of some poets, and sorted out the short forms of China New Rhyme (Fourteen Rhymes) through collective discussion. On this basis, famous linguists and phonologists from all over the country were invited to hold special discussions and listen to their opinions. Reference and draw lessons from the research results of modern phonologists on the phonology of Putonghua. Now officially announced the "summary" trial.
Below, I will give readers a brief explanation on several principled issues that I consider, refer to and base on when making this short list.
1. The basis of rhyme division-Putonghua
Mandarin is the basis of pronunciation, and the phonetic notation of Xinhua dictionary is the basis of pronunciation. The 35 vowels of Chinese Pinyin are divided into 14 rhyme: Ma Bo is elegant, Tang Geng is guqi. In order to facilitate memory, two seven-character poems can be used to represent 14 rhyme: Chinese poems celebrate the New Year, and Jiang Tao writes jade articles.
2. The standard of rhyme division-homophony
With the phonetic notation of Chinese Pinyin, vowels can be divided into three parts: initials, finals and finals. I, u and u at the beginning of a vowel are called rhyme; The vowel part behind the rhyme head is called the rhyme belly, which is the main part of vowel pronunciation; The consonant part behind the rhyme belly, that is, n and ng, is called the rhyme ending. Rhyme belly and rhyme ending are called rhyme style.
Some vowels don't rhyme, only rhyme. Some vowels have no ending, and the belly is the rhyme. Obviously, words with the same rhyme and pronunciation are harmonious and unified to read, so they rhyme.
The so-called "homophony" means that words with homophony belong to homophony department. In this way, the division of phonology has a clear and operable standard and scale, which makes it have a scientific basis. Considering the specific situation of using English letters in Chinese Pinyin, some specific situations are adjusted when judging the word "homonym".
With phonetic symbols, rhyme is called mother, without rhyme, rhyme is rhyme. It is more natural that the vowels are the same and the rhymes are the same.
3. The principle of distinguishing flat tones-only flat tones, regardless of tone.
Yin Ping and Yangping in each rhyme are flat-voiced characters; Words pronounced as rising or falling are falling words. No longer distinguish between input words.
In this way, each rhyme part is actually naturally divided into two parts: flat sound and flat sound. When rhyming epigrams and qupai are used, when new rhymes are used, they are changed to hyphens.
In order to use Pingshui rhyme more conveniently at the same time, the original entering tone words contained in Pingsheng words of this rhyme are marked after each rhyme. The original tone-entering words in the silent part are no longer marked.
4. The attribution principle of polyphonic characters-any sound, rhyme according to the sound.
For polyphonic words, according to their different pronunciations, they belong to the corresponding rhyme. In use, the pronunciation of the word is determined according to its specific meaning in the sentence, so as to determine its rhyme and its hierarchy and level division.
5. The relationship with the ancient rhyme book-respecting the present and knowing the ancient, two-track parallel; Today might as well be ancient, but leniency does not hinder strictness.
When writing old-style poems, we advocate the use of new rhymes, but we are not opposed to the use of old rhymes, such as equality. However, in the same poem, different parts of the old and new rhymes should not be mixed. In order to facilitate readers' appreciation and editors' review, rhyming poems should generally be noted.
Generally speaking, the new rhyme is simpler, wider and bigger than the old rhyme, which should promote the prosperity of poetry creation. But this does not prevent the continued use of ancient rhyme, which is the principle of "today is not as good as the ancient". Moreover, even if you use new rhymes, you can also use rhymes that are stricter and finer than Chinese new rhymes. This is the principle that "width does not hinder strictness".
We believe that the reform of phonology is a major event and cannot be accomplished overnight. The summary is not perfect, and it needs to be revised and improved after a trial period. I hope that this "short list" can help the majority of poetry writers and lovers to a certain extent, and that a large number of good poems with new rhymes will emerge in the poetry world. This is the fundamental purpose of publishing this short list.
Interpretation of several specific problems
E rhymes with o.
The pronunciation difference between e and o in Chinese pinyin depends on the initial consonant. When it is spelled with B, P, M and F, it sounds like O, and when it is spelled with other initials, it sounds like E ... They are actually a vowel, but when spelled with different initials, the pronunciation is slightly different. "Ping Yun Shui" belongs to five songs, and "Thirteenth Street" belongs to "Sobo", which shows that the difference in ancient times is even smaller. ㄛㄜ and ㄜ are used in phonetic symbols, and two letters with similar shapes reflect the actual pronunciation. Therefore, classifying e and o as homophony does not violate the standard of "homophony" in actual pronunciation.
Eng rhymes with ong
The use of vowel ong is only a special treatment of Chinese pinyin scheme. From the phonological point of view, Weng He's rhyme is not O, but E, that is to say, it should be ueng and three eng, and their rhymes are both ENG. There is also a vowel, ueng, which is homophonic with ong, so it can be seen that ong and ueng are equivalent. In phonetic symbols, ong and ONG are ㄨㄥ and ㄩㄥ, respectively. The vowel is the same as ㄥ, so it is clear at a glance and rhymes with eng. Divided into one East, two Winter, eight Geng, nine Qing and ten Steams, thirteen tracks are unified in the Middle East, which shows that the ancients have realized that they can have the same rhyme.
The rhyme of ie and ue is not e, but Mi.
The standard of "homophones" is based on the actual pronunciation of words. For simplicity, the Chinese Pinyin scheme adjusts the use of individual letters. For example, the e in ie and ue should actually be ê, which is ㄝ in Athena Chu alphabet. For simplicity, it is easy to notice the sound by replacing it with e, but a mask is added to the rhyme. We must throw away the mask and rhyme according to its actual pronunciation. So ie and ue should not rhyme with E, but should form their own rhymes. In "Ping Yun Shui", these two rhymes are mixed with nine beauties and six hemp, and the "thirteen rhymes" begin to incline, reflecting the development and differentiation of pronunciation.
An and en rhyme differently.
Some of these two vowels sounded the same or similar in ancient times, so Ping classified them as homophony (thirteen yuan). Now some local dialects still retain this dialect, but it is obviously different from ordinary dialects. Although both vowels end in nasal n, the main vowel with rhyme is different, so the rhyme is different. According to the standard of "homonymy", it should not rhyme.
En and eng cannot be mortgaged.
In ancient times, the phenomenon of kindness and English was very common, especially in ci. Nowadays, in some local dialects, there is still a phenomenon that en and eng are indistinguishable, that is, the remnants of ancient sounds. In Mandarin, their pronunciation is very different, so they can't be called. Moreover, the new rhyme has only a dozen rhymes, with many words and plenty of room, so there is no need to relax the rhyme. Therefore, no matter from the standard of "same body and same rhyme" or from the scale of specific operation, these two rhymes should not be tied together again.
Note: For the sake of simplicity, the old rhyme mentioned in this article is only flat rhyme. According to the standard of "homophony", readers and users will solve their own rhyme attribution, so it is not redundant.
Rhyme table
I. Ma A, IA, UA
Second, Boa ㄛ, Ouㄜ, Ouㄨ.
Third, it's all ㄧㄝ, all ㄩㄝ.
Fourth, open AI, UAI
Verb (abbreviation of verb) micro ei ㄟ, ui(uei) ㄨㄟ
Sixth, Hao ao ㄠ, ao ㄧㄠ
Seven, Youou, Youou (IOU)
Eight, Leng An ㄢ, Ian ㄧㄢ, Ann ㄨㄢ, Ann ㄩㄢ
Ix. Wen, Wen (ien), Wen (uen), ü n (ü en) Wen.
X. Tang he, Huang he, Huang
Xi。 More English, English, English, English) English.
Twelve. Qi ㄧ, Er ㄦ, ü ㄩ
Thirteen, straight -I (zero vowel)
Fourteen Guxi University