Xiangyang sits at the pass of Nanxiang Pass, which is also the northern Jin garrison of Chu. The city was built along the Han River Delta, with the Han River in the north, east and south, and the steep Yanghu Mountain and Fenghuang Mountain in the west. The average width of the moat is more than 180 meters. It is known as "Iron-Forged Xiangyang" and "The First City in China". It has the reputation of being a strategic town since ancient times. Since the Chu Dynasty came out of the Han River to destroy Shenxi, Deng and the Three Kingdoms and established the county, Xiangyang has become world-famous for the bloody battles between the north and the south during the repeated regime changes, leaving the footprints of countless influential figures.
Jingshan Mountain, Hanjiang River and Yanying are the places of nirvana for Chu people and the birthplace of Chu culture. ?In the past, my late king, Xiong Yi, established his empire in Jingshan Mountain, and the road was blue and blue. Xiangyang reaches Luoyang in the north, connects Sichuan and Shaanxi in the west, and flows eastward along the Yangtze River to Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It has been a "thorough of seven provinces" and a "ship from the south to the north" since ancient times. Scholars and scholars came here in droves and lingered here, and the cultures of the north and the south merged here. root. From Song Yu, the poet of the Chu State, to Wang Yi, Wang Yanshou and his son of the Eastern Han Dynasty, to Zhuge Liang in Qiangu Longzhong, to Du Yu of the Western Jin Dynasty, Xi Chizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xiao Tong, the prince of Liang Zhaoming, until the Tang Dynasty with Du Shenyan, Meng Haoran, Zhang Ji, Pi Rixiu and other dozens of local poets. Therefore, in addition to the "Hometown of Three Kingdoms Culture", Xiangyang, a famous historical and cultural city, also has another city cultural business card: the City of Tang Poems.
1. Which famous poets came out of Xiangyang during the Tang Dynasty
In the first year of Zhenguan (AD 627), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty divided the world into ten realms based on the shapes of mountains and rivers. Xiangzhou (Xiangyang), the administrative center of Shannan Province, governed more than 30 states in today's four provinces of Hubei, Henan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, bordering Jingchu in the east, Longshu in the west, Dajiang in the south, and mountains of Shanghua in the north. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty divided Shannan Road into Shannan East Road (governing Xiangzhou) and Shannan West Road (governing Liangzhou). In the Tang Dynasty, Xiangyang had a high political status, a developed economy, and was a national water and land transportation link, showing a scene of cultural prosperity! Mou Fasong pointed out in "Economy and Society in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River in the Tang Dynasty": Incomplete statistics show that there were 52 prose writers and 62 poets in the Jingchu area in the Tang Dynasty; there were more than 2,000 poems from the Jingxiang area, second only to the capital Chang'an. .
(1) The group of native poets in Xiangyang who are as bright as the stars
In the Tang Dynasty, there were a total of 28 Jinshi scholars in Hubei and 13 in Xiangzhou. "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" contains poems by more than 2,000 writers. Almost all of the poets from Hubei are from Xiangyang. They have written a profound and indelible mark on the history and culture of Hubei! There are at least 25 people whose native place is Xiangyang: Zhang Jianzhi, Liu Hun, Zhu Pu, Du Fu, Meng Haoran, Pi Rixiu, Zhang Ji, Zhang Zirong, Du Shenyan, Du Wei, Du Yijian, Meng Jian, Zhu Fang, Xi Yu, Bao Fang, Liu Shi, etc. What cannot be ignored is that it also includes poems by Xiangyang monks, such as Fa Lin and Shanhui; there is even a poem written by a Xiangyang prostitute, and a poem by a Xiangyang traveler and funeral director. In the Tang Dynasty, poetry creation in Xiangyang not only involved all social strata, but also what was particularly rare and valuable was the emergence of a family-like group of writers, a group of like-minded poet friends.
1 Three Poem Prime Ministers of the Tang Dynasty: Zhang Jianzhi, Liu Hun, and Zhu Pu
The famous prime ministers in the early Tang Dynasty were Zhang Jianzhi, his younger brother Zhang Jingzhi, and Zhang Jianzhi’s grandson Zhang Zhen. The whole family has poems passed down from generation to generation. Zhang Jianzhi was recommended as prime minister by Di Renjie and Yao Chong. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong (705), Zhang Jianzhi, Huan Yanfan, Jinghui and others took advantage of Wu Zetian's illness to launch a coup and restore the title of Tang Dynasty. His representative works include "Song of the Shrike Flying to the East" and "Please Dismiss Yaozhou Tunxu Biao".
Liu Hun (714-789), whose original name was Liu Zai, was a scholar of Confucianism. In the third year of Zhenyuan (787), Tong Zhongshu's family Pingzhangshi was added, and he formally paid homage to the prime minister. In the second year of Dazhong (848), the portrait of Lingyan Pavilion was painted. Liu Hun was good at writing and had ten volumes of collected works, which are now lost. "Complete Tang Dynasty" records his "Please ban Tian Ji Gao Huo Zhai Zou", and "Complete Tang Poems" records his "Peony". His elder brother Liu Shi is an essayist. He once served as a Tuntian doctor and a bachelor of Jixian Palace. He is good at writing and diction, and he often achieves the highest level of knowledge, practice, and theory. Although his interest is not extensive, the author at that time was very simple. "Quan Tangwen" contains eight articles.
Zhu Pu was alive around the first year of the Longji reign of Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty (889), and he gave advice to her husband about Tongping Zhang. He is the author of four volumes of poetry, one volume of miscellaneous works, ten volumes of New Tang Dynasty Calligraphy and Literary Records and Zhili Shu, and the "Tongkao of Literature" has been handed down to the world.
2 Three generations of the Du family created the pinnacle of realism in Tang poetry
After Du Shenyan, the famous prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty who planned the Ping Wu general plan and the general of Xiangyang's southern expedition, Du Shenyan (about 645~708) ), together with his cousin Du Yijian, his grandson Du Fu, and Du Fu's nephew Du Wei, this is another Xiangyang poetic family. Du Shenyan was one of the founders of rhymed poetry in the Tang Dynasty. The rules of modern poetry he formulated made a significant contribution to the maturity and shaping of Tang poetry. Most of his works are simple and natural, and his five-character poems have strict rhythm. Du Yijian wrote twenty volumes of collected works, "New Tang Shu Zhi and Old Tang Shu Biography" and five volumes of Yushitai miscellaneous notes, which have been handed down to the world.
Although Du Fu was born in Gong County and never visited Xiangyang, his ancestral home, he mentioned Xiangyang many times in his poems and had great admiration for Xiangyang. He once prided himself on the fact that "my ancestor's poetry is the most ancient" and earnestly warned his children that "poetry is my family's business". It cannot be justified if he is not considered a native of Xiangyang. His representative works include "Three Officials" ("Xin'an Officials", "Shihao Officials", "Tongguan Officials"), "Three Farewells" ("Farewell to the Wedding", "Farewell to the Elderly", "Farewell to the Homeless"), etc. During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, official Zuo collected the artifacts. Later he entered Shu. During the reign of Zhide, he and his nephew Du Wei of Xiangyang served as a staff officer in Shangshu Yanwu's mansion, and he was also a member of the school's Ministry of Industry and Engineering, Wai Lang. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
He was concerned about the country and the people, and had a noble personality. He wrote more than 1,500 poems in his life.
3Meng Haoran founded the landscape pastoral poetry school
During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there were two major poetry schools. One is the frontier poetry school, and the other is the landscape pastoral poetry school. The representatives of the landscape pastoral school are Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, collectively known as "Wang Meng". To be fair, Wang Wei's achievements are higher than Meng Haoran's, because Wang Wei not only writes about landscapes, but also about frontier fortresses; not only writes poetry, but also writes prose; he is not only good at literature, but also good at calligraphy and painting. But Meng Haoran was relatively older among the poets of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, older than Wang Wei, Li Bai, Cen Shen and Gao Shi. Because he is older and created earlier, he is the pioneer. Xiangyang's landscape and pastoral poets include not only Meng Haoran, but also many people around him, such as his family members Meng Xiran and Meng Yong, such as the poets Zhang Zirong, Wang Jiong, Ding Feng, Xin Zhi'e, Wang Shiyuan, etc. who sang with him, all of whom are natives of Xiangyang. . The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty includes a volume of poems by Zhang Zirong. After Meng Haoran's death, his collection of poems was compiled by Wang Shiyuan. This constitutes the Xiangyang landscape pastoral school.