Chu was an outstanding politician and patriotic poet at the end of the Warring States Period. His name is Ping, the word Ziyuan, and he is a descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Xiong Tong, from Danyang (now Zigui, Hubei).
Qu Yuan was the first great patriotic poet in China. He initiated a new era of poetry from collective singing to individual independent writing. He is the founder of China's positive romantic poetry tradition, and one of the "four famous people in world culture" (Copernicus in Poland, Shakespeare in Britain and Dante in Italy).
Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Shihuang is horizontal, and the king of Chu is vertical." Qu Yuan was born in a noble family and was good at dealing with chaos, so he was favored by Chu Huaiwang in his early years and was a leftist. In order to realize the great cause of reunifying Chu, Dr. San Lv actively assisted Chu Huaiwang in reforming the country. At one time, there was a situation in Chu that the country was rich and the people were strong, and the princes were hard to hope for. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a group of little people and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the 15th year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), Zhang Yi paid off Shanxi merchants, Zilan and Zheng Xiu as spies with a large sum of money. At the same time, he tricked Wang Huai into breaking off diplomatic relations. After being cheated, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. So Qu Yuan was ordered to send troops to Qi State to rebuild the good relationship between Qi and Chu. Here, Zhang Yi once again went from Qin to Chu.
In the thirty years of Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Ying Du. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache and was detained by Qin. Finally died in the state of Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was expelled again and exiled to Jiangnan, wandering between Yuan and Xiang. In the 21st year (278 BC), the state of Qin conquered Baicheng.
Qu Yuan's works include Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1), Nine Chapters (9) and Evocation, with a total of 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. It put forward 172 questions to the sky with questions, involving astronomy, geography, literature, philosophy and many other fields, which showed the poet's bold suspicion of traditional ideas and the scientific spirit of pursuing truth. Nine Songs is a set of music songs for offering sacrifices to gods based on folk songs. A large number of images of gods are created in the poems, most of which are love songs between man and god.
Qu Yuan's works record his persistence in the ideal of "beautiful politics" and his struggle against the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu. His ideal of "beautiful politics" is shown in his works, that is, "to cultivate talents and empower them, but not to be fully satisfied with them" (Li Sao). The so-called "cultivating talents and appointing talents" is to select truly talented people to govern the country and oppose the nobility and inferiority in the world. It shows that it is reasonable to select talents regardless of their status. The so-called "obeying the law without being fully satisfied" means perfecting the statutes, that is, the laws are not expensive and limiting the privileges of the old nobles. Qu Yuan's ideal of "beautiful politics" reflects his sharp opposition to the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu and expresses his progressive demand of getting rid of bad politics, with the ultimate goal of saving the motherland from peril and making Chu rich and strong. Related to this, Qu Yuan's works also profoundly reveal Chu. At the same time, he showed his determination to care about the country and people, love the country and devote himself to the motherland. Although Qu Yuan was exiled or even exiled, he always thought about the rise and fall of the motherland and the sufferings of the people, and hoped that the King of Chu would repent and turn over a new leaf, work hard and be the master of rejuvenation. He knows that loyalty to honesty and frankness will lead to disaster, but he always "bears it". Knowing that he was facing many dangers, he could have gone to other countries to find a way out in the era of "using Chu materials", but he refused to leave Chu, which showed his infinite loyalty to the motherland and his personality and will to "win glory with the sun and the moon".
Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan's spirit of loving the motherland and the people, persisting in the truth and dying, and his lofty personality of "glory for the sun and the moon" have inspired and nurtured countless Chinese sons and daughters for thousands of years, especially when the country and the nation are in danger. As a great poet, this spirit is even more obvious. It not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style, Chu Ci, has broken through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Later generations also called Chu Ci and The Book of Songs "wind and coquettish". Feng Sao is a poem by China.
In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the continuity of Sui Shu and geographical harmony, Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. From 1938 to 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the "Four Cultural Celebrities" in the world and was well received.
Main works:
Jiu Wen, Ai, Li Sao
Nine songs: nine songs Priestess of Death, nine songs Dong Huang Taiyi, nine songs Dong Jun, nine songs Guo Mourning, nine songs Hebo, nine songs Li Soul, nine songs Shan Gui, nine songs Shao Siming, nine songs Xiang Fu, nine songs Xiang Jun, nine songs Zhongjun.
Lisao
Chu Ci is the work of Qu Yuan, a Chu people in the Warring States Period. Regarding the title of the article, Sima Qian interpreted it as "leaving worries" in Historical Records and Biographies of Qu Yuan; Wang Yi interprets it as "Don't worry" in the Songs of the South; Approaching people is either interpreted as "complaining" or "another way to write the name" Lao Shang "in Chu State". About the writing age, some people think that it was written in the Chu Huaiwang dynasty, after the poet was alienated; Some people think that when the poet was released to Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty. So far, there is no conclusion. Li Sao is the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of China's ancient poetry. The poet described his life experience, moral character and ideal, expressed his anguish and contradiction in murder, and rebuked the king of Chu for his fatuity and small clique rampage, failing to show his persistence in "beautiful politics"
Ideal, attacking the dark reality, fighting spirit of not colluding with evil forces and patriotic enthusiasm till death do us part. Ancient myths and legends are widely used in the poem, and through imagination and association, a magnificent and peculiar fantasy world is formed, which also shows the poet's roaming in the fantasy world and his enthusiastic pursuit of ideals. The metaphor of "vanilla beauty" is widely used in the poem, and the profound content is expressed with the help of concrete and vivid artistic images, which is of great artistic charm. Li Sao has a profound and realistic positive romantic spirit, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
Li Bai (70 1-762), whose word is Taibai, is the most outstanding poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and also a great romantic poet in the history of China literature after Qu Yuan, and is known as the "Poet Fairy". He had a rough experience and complicated thoughts. He is not only a brilliant poet, but also a ranger, assassin, hermit, Taoist and counselor. Confucianism, Taoism and Rangers are all reflected in him. "Retire after success" is the dominant thought that dominated his life.
Li Bai left more than 900 poems to later generations. These brilliant poems show his mental journey all his life, and they are artistic portraiture of social reality and spiritual life in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was ambitious all his life, and he expressed his yearning for fame and fortune unabashedly. This is vividly expressed in Fu Liangyin, Reading Biography of Zhuge Wuhou, and Love Cai Sheren Bear. Li Bai liked Ren Xia since he was a teenager, and wrote many ranger poems, among which Knight Rider is the representative work. Three years of political life in Chang 'an had a profound influence on Li Bai's creation. There is a sharp contradiction between his political ideal and the dark reality, and unspeakable pain and resentment accumulate in his chest. Angry wrote good poems, so he wrote a series of nostalgic people, such as "Difficult to Go", "Antique" and "Answering the King for Twelve Nights". A famous sentence that is sad for a person's life and difficult to send away. Li Bai lived a wandering life for most of his life, traveled to many famous mountains and rivers all over the country, and wrote a lot of beautiful poems praising the great rivers and mountains of the motherland to express his feelings of loving freedom and yearning for liberation. In this kind of poetry, the strange mountains and rivers complement his rebellious and unruly character. This kind of poetry occupies a large number in Li Bai's poetry works, and has been passed down through the ages, among which "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is the most outstanding masterpiece. With dripping and carefree poems, the poet freely spread the wings of imagination, wrote various spiritual adventures and pursuits, and truly liberated the repressed soul in his dreams. And "Oh, how can I seriously bow and scrape to high-ranking people and people in high positions? They will never stand being shown an honest face!" Poetry also exposes the poet's pride and becomes an important basis for future generations to examine Li Bai's great personality.
Su Shi was a writer, painter and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty in China. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. A native of Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) in the Song Dynasty. His father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are both famous writers in ancient times, and they are called "Su San" in the world. Jiayou Jinshi, Ren Fengxiang signed a sentence, advocating the elimination of drawbacks. Zongshen opposed the political reform, but in Mizhou and Xuzhou, he fought floods and destroyed locusts, helped the poor and saved the orphans, and made many achievements. Later, he demoted Huangzhou by "slandering the imperial court". Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin at that time and knew Hangzhou, Ying, Yang and Ding. Huizong was pardoned for the first time. Poetry, ci and prose all represent the highest achievements of Northern Song literature.
Su Shi's poems mostly express the feelings of bumpy career, but also reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and expose the darkness of reality. The poetic style is bold and fresh, especially in metaphor. Also known as "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian.
Su Shi's ci has a wide range of themes, such as remembering the past, giving a reply, seeing off and reasoning, which also breaks through the strict rhythm and promotes the development of ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji.
Wang Yang's argumentative essay in Su Shi's prose is arbitrary and the narrative structure is rigorous and clear. For example, The Collection of Shi Zhongshan and The Collection of He Fangting are all works with the same fame as The Fu on the Red Wall and The Fu on the Later Red Wall. Also known as "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, he is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating in statutes and putting wonderful reasons outside the bold". After joining the promotion, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out.
Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong and Lu You, as well as Wu Kuan in Ming Dynasty and Zhang Zhidong in Qing Dynasty also learned from him, which shows the great influence.
Su Shi painted bamboo with ink in his paintings, which is more concise than literature and has the tendency of dancing. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange rocks. Mi Fei also said: Make dead branches and entangle them for no reason; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in its chest. "It can be seen that his paintings are very whimsical. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the likeness of spirit, advocating the feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, opposing the similarity of form and the limitation of procedure, advocating the unity of poetry and painting, artistry and freshness, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work. Poems include "Seven Chapters of Dongpo" and "Dongpo Yuefu". In Qing Dynasty, Wang Wenhao compiled and annotated Su Wenzhong's public poems completely.
Su Shi (1037-110/year), a native of Meishan, Sichuan, was an outstanding writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. With his father Su Xun and his brother Su Zhe, they are also called "Three Sus". Su Shi was already a scholar at the age of twenty-one. During the Zongshen period, he worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), Huangzhou was demoted as an assistant of Yong Tuan because of the Wutai Poetry Case. After more than four years in Huangzhou, he cultivated land in Dongpo, hence the name "Dongpo lay man". After Zhezong acceded to the throne, he successively served as a bachelor of Hanlin, a bachelor of attendance, and a minister of rites, and was well known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In his later years, he was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou. Amnesty returned to the north, died in Changzhou on the way, and was buried in jia county, Henan Province, chasing Wen Zhonggong.
During his tenure as local governor, Su Shi cared about the sufferings of the people and did many good deeds to benefit the people, which was deeply supported by the people. Su Shi is a well-read essayist and one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. His literary works mark the highest achievement of literary creation in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi is a famous poet, and he is also called "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian, a famous poet in Song Dynasty. Su Shi, an outstanding poet, created a bold style of ci, and was called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji, which had a great influence on later generations. Su Shi is a famous calligrapher. He, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called "Song Sijia". Su Shi is also a famous painter. In addition, Du Fu (7 12-770), a native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, has made great achievements in irrigation and water conservancy, education, music, medicine, mathematics, epigraphy, aesthetics and cooking. Grandfather Du was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty. In his youth, he traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hebei and Shandong, met Li Bai twice and forged a profound friendship.
In the fifth year of Tianbao reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (746), Du Fu came to Chang 'an. The following year, he took the imperial examination of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the obstruction of treacherous court official Li, none of the candidates were admitted. Since then, there is no way to make progress and live in poverty. It was not until the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755) that he got the position of "from Wei Ling to Fu" and was responsible for guarding the arsenal. In the same year, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Du Fu was visiting relatives in Fengxian County (now Pucheng, Shaanxi Province). In the second year, he settled in Qiang village of Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and defected to Su Zong, who ascended the throne in Lingwu (now Gansu Province). On the way, he was captured by the rebels and taken to occupied Chang 'an, during which he witnessed the killing and looting atrocities of the rebels and the suffering of the people. It was not until April of the second year of Zhide (757) that he ventured to Fengxiang (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province), the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was awarded the post of left. Soon after, he was demoted to join the army as secretary of Huazhou for helping to look after the house. Since then, he was very disappointed with the real politics, gave up his official position, moved his family to the west, and finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the west of the city, named Du Fu Cottage. Later, he was recommended by Yanwu as a clerk and Yuanwailang in the collating department. After Yanwu's death, he left Chengdu and his family lived in Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Sichuan). Two years later, from Kuizhou to Jiangling and Hengyang. In the fifth year of Emperor Taizong (770), the poet died in a boat on the Xiangjiang River.
His poems are famous for their richness and variety in art, sometimes bold and unrestrained, sometimes gloomy and sad, or colorful or plain. He is good at metrical poetry and the pioneer of the new Yuefu poetry style. His poems are harmonious in rhythm, concise in wording and sentences, and "obsessed with human kindness, words are not surprisingly endless", which is a true portrayal of his rigorous creative attitude. In the history of China literature, he is known as a "poet saint". More than 400 of his/kloc-0 poems have been handed down to this day. This is Du Shaoling.
Du Fu Caotang is one of the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, which is located on the Huanhua River outside the west gate of Chengdu. It is the former residence of Du Fu, a great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, when he lived in Chengdu.
Du Fu (A.D. 7 12-770), with a beautiful word, was named Shaoling Yelao, and was also called Du Gongbu because he was the inspector of the Ministry of Industry. A native of Gongxian County, Henan Province, lived in the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and had a bumpy life and eventually failed. Because of his brilliant achievements in poetry creation, he is known as the "sage of poetry" and has spread more than 400 poems/kloc-0.
At the end of winter in 759 AD, Du Fu went into exile in Chengdu to escape the Anshi Rebellion. The following spring, with the help of his friends, he built a small house next to the beautiful Huanhua River, which is the Chengdu Caotang, which is called "Wan Li Qiaoxi House, Baihuatan Beizhuang" in his poem. He has lived here for nearly four years, leaving more than 240 poems, such as Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Shu Xiang and other famous works, among which "The Hut is Blown by Autumn Wind" is an eternal masterpiece.
Du Fu lived and made friends in Chengdu, and his poems, paintings and calligraphy were endless. "Two orioles singing green willows, a line of egrets on the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " This poem "Four quatrains (the third)" vividly depicts the spring scenery of the Bo family that the poet saw in the thatched cottage. In 765, Yanwu died of illness, and Du Fu, who lost his only support, had to reluctantly bid farewell to Chengdu.
Today's Du Fu Cottage has been restored many times, covering an area of more than 240 mu, and it is one of the most concentrated tourist attractions in Chengdu. In the thatched cottage, nanmu towering, Meizhu forest, winding streams, staggered bridges and pavilions, Chai Men flower path, winding path leading to a secluded place, elegant and beautiful garden pattern. The building starts from the main entrance, followed by the Great Temple, the Hall of Poetry and History, the Chai Men and the Hall of Ministry of Industry. Among them, the Great Temple and Chai Men are the original buildings of the thatched cottage mentioned in Du Fu's poems. In the middle of the hall of poetry and history is a statue of Du Fu, and there are couplets and plaques inscribed by celebrities of past dynasties in the hall. There is a portrait of Du Fu in the shrine of the Ministry of Industry, accompanied by Lu You and Huang Tingjian.
1985, Du Fu Caotang was renamed Du Fu Caotang Museum, with a collection of more than 30,000 books and more than 2,000 cultural relics. Including fine engraving, photocopying, manuscripts of Du Fu's poems in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as various modern printed editions, as well as foreign language translations in 15 languages and more than 20 Chinese paintings published in Korea and Japan. Du Fu wrote more than 1000 poems in his life, among which "Three Officials" and "Three Officials" are famous. Du Fu's poems fully expressed his deep sympathy for the people and exposed the sharp opposition between the exploiters and the exploited in feudal society: "The drunken road in Zhumen froze to death!" This immortal poem has been remembered by the people of China for generations. "Dare to love death when saving, and be afraid when you are lonely!" This is the full expression of Du Fu's incomparable love for the motherland, and it is also the reason why his poems are so popular. Du Fu's patriotic hot pillow is also very rich in his masterpieces such as Spring Hope and Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", he praised the patriotic spirit of the broad masses of people who endured all kinds of pains, and even showed readers his childlike innocence of patriotism and love for the people. Out of love for the motherland and the people, it is bound to have a strong hatred for the extravagant and dissolute face of the ruling class and the crimes that bring disaster to the country and the people. This point has been vividly demonstrated in the immortal masterpieces "Car Shop" and "Two Ways". A great patriot's concern for the country and the people is bound to be expressed in other ways. Some of Du Fu's poems about things and scenery, even those about couples, brothers and friends, are permeated with deep feelings for the motherland and the people. In a word, Du Fu's poems are an artistic record of the decline of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu bravely, faithfully and profoundly reflected the extremely extensive social reality with the positive spirit of joining the WTO. No matter what kind of sinister situation, he didn't lose heart. In the long history of China literature, the cognitive function, reference function, educational function and aesthetic function of Du Fu's poems are unattainable.
The greatest artistic feature of Du Fu's poems is that poets often hide their subjective feelings in objective descriptions and let things impress readers themselves. For example, in Two Ways, the poet did not directly reprimand Yang's brother and sister for their debauchery, but the author's love-hate attitude has been fully revealed from their specific descriptions of clothes and diet.
Du Fu's poems are simple, popular and realistic, but they are very skillful. He also often uses monologues and proverbs to highlight the characters' personalities.
Du Fu's poems are especially good at describing details when depicting characters, such as a passage describing his wife and children in the Northern Expedition.
Du Fu's poetic style is changeable, but on the whole it can be summarized as depression and frustration. The cadence here refers to the deep meaning of the article, while the cadence refers to the ups and downs of feelings, tone and syllables.
All these have established Du Fu's supreme position as a "poet saint" in China's literary history of more than 3,000 years.