An era in the history of western art is roughly17th century. Its earliest performance was in Italy16th century, but in some areas, mainly Germany and South American colonies, it did not reach its peak in some aspects until18th century.
The style of Baroque works is extremely complicated, but in general, it embodies the desire to try to integrate feelings into emotional forms. The most common features are majestic, vibrant, dynamic, tense atmosphere, emphasis on light and its effects, and a tendency to break various artistic boundaries. The solemn and noble characteristics of baroque art come from the essence and ethical concepts of classical ancient art carried forward during the Renaissance.
Regarding the origin of the word baroque, it is generally believed that it originated from the Portuguese word barroco, which means "unconventional", especially all kinds of pearls with flawed appearance. The French adjective baroque originated from Iberian and then moved from French to English intact. Originally used in art criticism before the end of 2008+07, it generally refers to all kinds of unconventional and bizarre. Therefore, it is also a deviant thing. In the18th century, it was used as a derogatory term, generally referring to practices that violated the laws of nature and the standards of classical art. Before the middle of the19th century, it was still used as a derogatory term rather than an artistic style name until Wolflin (Heinrich
Wolfflin) published Renaissance and Baroque (Renaissance und Barock,
1888), which systematically expresses the problem of baroque style.
There are all kinds of arts in the Baroque period, and we must explore their unified characteristics according to the extensive cultural tendency of this era. As far as the influence on art is concerned, three cultural tendencies were the most important at that time. The first is the emergence of the anti-religious reform movement, which is expanding in region and ideology. Many immortal works in baroque art, especially many works in Italian painting and architecture, may be directly related to the new propaganda attitude adopted by the church. Second, the consolidation of absolute monarchy produced a powerful middle class, which promoted the development of art. From the construction of Versailles Palace and Gardens by the French dynasty and the development of the painting market by the middle class, we can see the influence of some political and social development on art at that time. The third is under the influence of scientific development and exploration of the earth. People have a new interest in nature. These two activities have prompted human beings to have a new view of themselves. On the one hand, they feel insignificant (especially influenced by Copernicus' argument that the earth is not the center of the universe), on the other hand, they feel sacred and great because they have made great breakthroughs in knowledge. In short, these cultural tendencies, together with their reflections in art, formed Stecko, an art historian.
Stechow) the so-called religious forces and non-religious forces to maintain a basic optimistic new balance of power.
The emergence of baroque style is related to the abstract characteristics of academic opposition to "international stylism" Carazzi was the main Baroque painter in early Rome.
Karachi) and Caravaggio. Italian Baroque sculptors and architects founded bernini.
Louis XIV's style, that is, "the official style of the royal family", can be said to be the classical version of Italian Baroque, while Pu Sang (
Pu Sang was the greatest French painter in the17th century. His works are elegant, serious, logical and orderly, which faithfully embodies the ancient artistic style and forms the characteristics of French Baroque. To study the baroque style of Flanders, it is best to ask Rubens (Peter
Paul Rubens), he created large-scale altar paintings and mythological works, and designed a series of ingenious palace paintings and fable paintings.
In the Netherlands, a group of early masters like Rubens studied in Italy and got a first-hand understanding of Italian Baroque style. In addition, there are a group of realistic landscape painters, still life painters, seascape painters, portrait painters, home interior painters and church interior painters, as well as outstanding masters like Vermeer and Lyngbrant. In Spain, people like velazquez,
1599? 1660) Such an outstanding master.
English baroque style is most evident in Anthony Van.
A portrait of Charles I, his royal family and Sir Christopher Wren painted by Sir Dyke. 1632? 1723) and van buru (John
Wanbulu,
1664? 1726). Like British architectural art, the heyday of German Baroque visual art did not appear until18th century, that is, in Asam Brothers and Neumann (Balthasar).
Neumann, 1687? 1753) and zimmermann,
1685? Some magnificent palaces and churches designed by 1766 didn't appear until they were completed.
As far as music is concerned, the most important turning point in the history of art occurred in Italy at the beginning of17th century. Although the ancient style continued to be popular, it was later used only for religious music, while the modern style was gradually used for non-religious music. Due to the expansion of music vocabulary, the differences between religious music and non-religious music, vocal music style and instrumental music style, and ethnic groups are becoming increasingly obvious. Therefore, in the Baroque period in the music field, like other art fields, opera, oratorio and chorus are the most important new forms of vocal music, while sonatas, concertos and preludes are created for instrumental music.
Claudio monteverdi,
1567? 1643) is the first great composer of "new music". In Italy, Alessandro Scarlatti studied him,
1660? 1725) and paglesi (giovanni paglesi,
17 10? 1736) are all Italian baroque opera masters. Italian instrumental tradition is embodied in Colelli, the great baroque composer in Italy.
1653? 17 13), vivadi (1678? 174 1) and Giuseppe Tartini,
1692? 1770). Lu Li (giovanni Batista luli, 1632? 1687) and lamo (jean philippe rameau,
1683? 1764) is two masters of French baroque music.
In Britain, after the prevalence of the Stuart mask drama, there was the Han deer (1685? 1759) achievements in vocal music. Gandel was born in Germany and trained in Italian music. However, Bach (1685? 1750) then pushed baroque sacred music to a climax in Germany. Other famous baroque composers in Germany are Xu Ci.
Schutz, 1585? 1672), Dietrich Baxter Hood, 1673? 1707) and Teleman (George
Philip Telemann 168 1? 1767).
The representative work with baroque characteristics in literature is marino.
Martin), Spanish gongola and German Opitz.
Opitz) three works. English metaphysical poetry, mainly Dane (John
Many of Donne's poems are closely related to Baroque literature. The baroque period ended in the18th century, and its unique style changed into rococo style.
The Renaissance
Renaissance is an ideological and cultural movement that rose in Italian cities in the14th century and prevailed in Europe in the16th century. It brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opened the curtain of modern European history. It is considered as the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the modern times. Marxist historians regard it as the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism.
brief introduction
It is generally believed that the Renaissance originated in Italy in the14th century (the word Renaissance comes from the Italian word Rinascimento, meaning regeneration or revival), and then spread to western European countries, reaching its peak in the16th century. Vasari officially took it as the name of the new culture in his "Who's Who in the Art Garden". The word was translated into Renaissance in French. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, it was widely used in European countries. 19th century, western historians further regarded it as the floorboard of western European culture from 14 to16th century. Western historians once thought that this was the revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture and art.
develop
/kloc-in the 0/4th century, with the development of workshop handicraft industry and commodity economy, the capitalist relationship gradually formed within the European feudal system; Politically, the feudal regime caused widespread dissatisfaction, the national consciousness began to awaken, and the masses of European countries showed a strong desire for national unity. As a result, a new era began to appear in the field of culture and art, reflecting the interests and demands of emerging capitalist forces. The emerging bourgeoisie regards medieval culture as retrogression, while Greek and Roman classical culture is a model of bright development. They are trying to revive classical culture-and the so-called "revival" is actually an unprecedented liberation and creation of knowledge and spirit.
At that time, Italy was in a multi-city state, and each city was an independent or semi-independent country. /kloc-After 0/4th century, cities gradually moved from * * * harmony to dictatorship. Dictators indulge in pleasure and believe in neo-Platonism, hoping to get rid of the shackles of religious asceticism and vigorously protect artists' descriptions of secular life. At the same time, the religious radicalism of Franciscans tried to give up the scholasticism of orthodox religion. Praise the beauty of nature and the spiritual value of mankind. The Vatican is also moving towards corruption. The enjoyment of successive popes is even worse than that of secular dictators. They are also protecting artists and allowing art to deviate from orthodox religious dogma. Philosophy and science are gradually developing in a relatively relaxed atmosphere, and the prelude of religious reform is brewing.
Representative figure
The Renaissance originated in northern Italy, and Dante is generally regarded as the first representative. As the Divine Comedy, his works criticized and exposed the corruption and stupidity of medieval religious rule in an implicit way for the first time, and were written in local dialects instead of Latin, the official literary language of medieval Europe.
Another representative is Petrarch, who believes that the ancient Greek and Roman era is the most perfect era of human nature, and it is against nature to suppress human nature in the Middle Ages. Although he studied Latin literature deeply and extensively, he wrote a large number of lyric poems in the form of sonnets in Italian dialect, which was warmly welcomed by city and state rulers.
Another important reason for the Renaissance was 1453, when the Ottoman Turkish Empire fell to Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire perished. Influenced by oriental culture, a large number of talents who still retained the spirit of the Roman Empire fled to Italy, brought back many fresh ideas and arts, and set up schools in Rome to teach Greek, which promoted the formation of the Renaissance.
Thought of Renaissance Works
Renaissance works embody humanism: advocating individual liberation and opposing asceticism and religious views in the Middle Ages; Advocate scientific culture, oppose obscurantism, and get rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts; Affirm human rights, oppose theocracy, and abandon all authority and traditional dogma as the basis of theology and scholasticism; Supporting centralization and opposing feudal separatism are the main ideas of humanism. The representative works include Dante's Divine Comedy, Boccaccio's decameron, Machiavelli's The Prince, and rabelais's Biography of the Giant.
Renaissance art praised the beauty of the human body, claiming that the proportion of the human body is the most harmonious in the world, and applied it to architecture. Although a series of paintings and sculptures still focus on religious stories, they all show the scenes of ordinary people and pull God to the ground.
Humanists began to study the Bible by studying classical literature and translated it into the national language, which led to the rise of the Reformation.
Humanism eulogizes the secular contempt for heaven, flaunts rationality rather than divine revelation, affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyer of secular life, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, benefits people scientifically, educates and develops people's personality, liberates people's thoughts and feelings and wisdom from the shackles of theology, and advocates freedom of personality, which has played a huge role in historical development.
astronomy
In 1543, Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, published "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies", in which he proposed a Heliocentrism system different from Ptolemaic geocentric theory. Bruno, an Italian thinker, declared in his books "On Infinity, Universe and World" and "On Cause, Origin and Unity" that the universe is infinite in space and time, and the sun is only the solar system, not the center of the universe. Galileo Galileo Galileo+0638.1000060606 16 10 published the Star Messenger, and the dialogue between Ptolemy and Copernicus was published in 65438 +0632. German astronomer Kepler published "New Astronomy" and 1668 in 1609 by studying the observation data of his Danish astronomer Tycho.
mathematics
Algebra made great progress in the Renaissance, and the solutions of cubic and quartic equations were found. Italian cardano published a formula for finding the roots of cubic equation in his book The Tree, but the discovery of this formula should be attributed to another scholar, tartaglia. The solution of the quartic equation was discovered by cardano student Ferrari and recorded in The Great Book. In his book, Bombelli expounded the irreducibility of cubic equation and used imaginary. It also improved the algebraic symbols that were popular at that time. Symbolic algebra was established by the French mathematician Veda in16th century. He published "Introduction to Analytical Methods" at 159 1, systematically arranged algebra, and for the first time consciously used letters to represent unknowns and known numbers. In his other book, the Vedas improved three things about the identification and correction of equations.
Trigonometry also developed greatly during the Renaissance. On Triangle, written by German mathematician Reggio Montanus, is the first trigonometry work independent of astronomy in Europe. The book systematically expounds the plane triangle and spherical triangle, and also has a very accurate trigonometric function table. On the basis of redefining trigonometric function, Rhaticus, a student of Copernicus, made a more accurate trigonometric function table.
physics
In physics, Galileo discovered the three laws of falling body, throwing body and shaking through many experiments, which made people have a new understanding of the universe. His student Torricelli proved the air pressure through experiments and invented the mercury barometer. Pascal, a French scientist, discovered the law of pressure propagation in liquids and gases. British scientist Boyle discovered the law of gas pressure.
Physiology and medicine
Belgian doctor Vesaliua Uss published the book Human Body Structure, which challenged Galen's trinity theory. Spanish doctor Servit discovered the small circulation system of blood, which proved that blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs and reaches the left ventricle through a tortuous route. Harvey, a British anatomist, published the theory of blood movement through a large number of animal anatomy experiments, which systematically explained the law of blood movement and the working principle of the heart. He pointed out that the heart is the center and power of blood movement.
geography
There has been a revolutionary leap in navigation technology, and explorers from Portugal, Spain and Italy have started a series of long-distance navigation activities. The geographical discoveries of Columbus and Magellan provide strong evidence for the theory of the earth circle.
The rediscovery of European printing and the introduction of Oriental papermaking, compass and gunpowder (four great inventions of China) promoted the rapid spread of scientific ideas.
literature
Writers all over the world began to use their own dialects instead of Latin for literary creation, which promoted the development of popular literature and injected a large number of literary works into various languages, including novels, poems, essays, folk songs, plays and so on.
In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which Rebirth and Divine Comedy are famous. Petrarch is the founder of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea that "humanism" opposed "theology". Petrarch mainly wrote many beautiful poems.
In France, the Renaissance clearly formed two factions, one is optimates represented by Seven Star Poetry Society, and the other is Democrats represented by rabelais. The Seven Star Poetry Society, represented by Longsha and Dubbel, has made outstanding contributions to language and poetry theory. They first put forward the idea of unifying national languages, which promoted the development of French national languages and literature. However, they rejected folk poetry. Serve only a few nobles. Rabelais is an outstanding humanist writer after Boccaccio and a representative of the French Renaissance Democrats. The Biography of the Giant, which he created in 20 years, is a realistic work interwoven with reality and fantasy, and occupies an important position in the history of European literature and education.
In Britain, Thomas Moore and Shakespeare are the representatives. Thomas Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. Utopia, 2006+05 16, written in Latin, is the first work of utopian socialism. Shakespeare is a gifted playwright and poet. Together with Homer, Dante and Goethe, he is considered as the four greatest writers in Europe. Vivid plot, rich and refined language and outstanding personality of characters represent the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and have a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature.
Cervantes and Vega Cervantes are the most outstanding representatives in Spain. Cervantes is a realistic writer, dramatist and poet. He wrote a large number of poems, plays and novels, of which Don Quixote is the most famous, which had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is a dramatist, novelist and poet, the founder of Spanish national drama, and is known as the "father of Spanish drama".
He is one of the few prolific writers in the world. He wrote more than 2,000 plays in his life, and more than 600 of them have been handed down so far, including religious dramas, historical dramas, divine dramas, robes and mandarin jackets, pastoral dramas and other forms, which profoundly reflected the social reality of Spain and were deeply loved by the masses. The most outstanding masterpiece is Yangquan Village.
build
Renaissance architecture was born in Italy in the14th century with the cultural movement of Renaissance. Based on the criticism of the supremacy of theocracy in the Middle Ages and the affirmation of humanitarianism, architects hope to reshape the harmonious order of the ideal classical society with the help of classical proportions. Therefore, generally speaking, Renaissance architecture pays attention to order and proportion, with strict facade and plane composition and column system inherited from classical architecture.