Zhuge Liang's talent in governing the country and the army, his character of helping the world, loving the people, being modest and prudent, set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. Kings, ministers, intellectuals, and the people of all ages have praised him, praised him, and loved him from different perspectives. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's huge influence in history has exceeded his political and military practices in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life character, moral character, achievements, etc., it also exaggerates it infinitely, depicts him as the embodiment of wisdom, the representative of loyalty, and deifies him into a half-human, half-god superman. image. Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to that of a demon." Therefore, Zhuge Liang in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is not a real historical figure, but a historical novel character.
Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "He is generous and generous, knows people and treats people well, has the style of the great ancestor, and is a hero. He entrusts the whole country to Zhuge Liang, but he has the same mind and is loyal to the emperor and his ministers." The most important thing is the prosperity of ancient and modern times. The power of the government does not catch up with Wei Wu, so the base is also narrow." But he "will not give up, and will never be inferior." In "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the author describes Liu Bei as the representative of "benevolence" and the orthodox successor of the Han Dynasty's imperial power. Therefore, he focuses on describing Liu Bei's character traits of benevolence, generosity, and understanding of others. He is extremely exaggerated, but in highlighting the Although he is "benevolent", he falls into the "incompetent" side, giving people a feeling of "incompetence" and "hypocrisy". Liu Bei in the TV series often sheds tears. Although crying and crying show Liu Bei's "benevolence", they also give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is made up of tears, distorting Liu Bei's true image as a "hero" and "hero".
Guan Yu: Historically, Guan Yu was a tiger general who was "the enemy of ten thousand people". He was proud of his superiors but never regretted his inferiors. He had a clear sense of grudges and was famous for his loyalty. However, he was "strong but reserved", more than brave and lacking in wisdom. . After Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei, he was named General Pingxi. At that time, Guan Yu was in charge of Jingzhou, and Zhuge Liang asked Zhuge Liang to "ask him who can compare with super talents." When Zhuge Liang replied, he said that although Ma Chao was a great man, he was not as good as Guan Yu's "unparalleled elite". Show guests". This is a typical character of a military commander who is brave but resourceful. But in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", because he is a member of Liu Bei's camp and has the characteristics of loyalty, he is portrayed as the embodiment of "righteousness". He followed Liu Bei and did not avoid hardships. Xia Pi was captured and surrendered to Cao Cao, but he cared about Liu Bei and felt that Cao Cao treated him well. Therefore, before leaving Cao and returning to Liu, he killed Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang for Cao Cao to break the siege of Baima. However, in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", it is said that Guan Yu made three appointments when he surrendered at Xia Pi, and that Cao Cao treated him with generous gifts such as a small banquet every three days and a large banquet every five days. This is completely false. In short, in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the author spared no effort to portray Guan Yu as a "man with as much righteousness as a mountain", so his image has been seriously distorted.
Cao Cao: Cao Cao’s character in history was very complicated. Chen Shou believed that Cao Cao had the best strategy in the history of the Three Kingdoms. , each according to his own ability, let his emotions be reckoned with, and don’t think about old evils.” Cao Cao had been guarding the army for more than thirty years, but he never let go of the scrolls. He was good at poetry, cursive calligraphy, and Go. Live a frugal life and don’t wear fancy clothes. Discuss with others and laugh happily. "Any meritorious service should be rewarded, and no amount of gold should be spared; if there is no merit, no reward should be given." He is the first-class politician, military strategist and writer in Chinese history. However, in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", these good aspects of Cao Cao's character and moral character were ignored, while his cruel and cunning side was exaggerated. Therefore, Cao Cao in Luo Guanzhong's works is a typical villain who is cunning, cruel, willful, and suspicious.
Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu in history was "magnificent in nature", humble and convincing, and "elegant and noble". Liu Bei called him "a strategist in both civil and military affairs and a hero among thousands of people". Sun Quan praised him for having "the qualifications of a king's assistant". But in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Zhou Yu became Zhuge Liang's bottom figure. Writing about Zhou Yu is to promote Zhuge Liang. Therefore, Zhou Yu in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is narrow-minded and always inferior to Zhuge Liang in intelligence. He is not at all like the Zhou Yu praised by Su Shi who is "majestic and heroic, wearing a feather fan and turban, chatting and laughing, and his oars and oars were turned into ashes", and his "eternal romance" "Character" became the character who suffered the greatest injustice in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms".
Lu Su: If in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", although the characters and images of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others have been distorted, there is still some basis for it, then, what about Lu Su? Except for the names, almost everything in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is made up. Lu Su in history "though he was in the military formation, he never let go of the scroll", "thought far ahead" and "had extraordinary wisdom". When he first met Sun Quan, he proposed the policy of founding the country: to establish a foothold in the east of the Yangtze River, to reject Cao Cao in the north, to wait for the opportunity to eliminate Huang Zu, to advance to Liu Biao, to seize the Yangtze River, and then to establish the title of emperor to benefit the world. This is similar to Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui". When Cao Cao's army marched south to Jingzhou, Sun Quan's subordinates all surrendered. Only Lu Su advocated resisting Cao Cao and persuaded Sun Quan to recall Zhou Yu to fight against Shang Zhan and stick to the plan. After the Battle of Chibi, he advocated supporting Liu to fight against Cao. In the history of Soochow, Lu Su was actually a Zhuge Liang-like figure, and Sun Quan also admired him very much. The establishment and development of the State of Wu basically followed the political and strategic guidelines proposed by Lu Su. But in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Lu Su became the victim of the wits battle between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, and was a typical example of being fooled and bullied.
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1.Cao Cao
Place of birth [Yanzhou] Peiguoqiao County [now Bozhou, Anhui]
Short in appearance | ugly in appearance
Official to Prime Minister, King Wei, posthumously named Wu Zhui Wei Taizu Emperor Wu
Birth and death 155 — 220 (66 years old)
Family
Information: Father Cao Song, mother Zou
Spouse Bian
Children Cao Ang, Cao Pi, Cao Zhang, Cao Zhi, Cao Xiong, Cao Chong, Cao Yu
Brothers and sisters Cao Bin Cao De
Related figures Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao, Zhou Yu, Liu Bei, Guan Yu
Forces he served in, Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty
Cao Cao - A concise historical biography
During the Three Kingdoms period, politicians, military strategists, and poets unified the north, held the emperor in power and commanded the princes, and fought for their entire lives. Cao Cao's father, Cao Song, was the adopted son of the eunuch Cao Teng, who was the descendant of Cao Shen, the prime minister of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao was posthumously named King Wu. After Cao Pi became emperor, he was honored as Emperor Wu and was known as Emperor Wu of Wei in history. Cao Cao farmed in the north and built water conservancy projects, which solved the problem of lack of military rations and played a certain role in the recovery of agricultural production. He employed people based on their talents, recruited people from the middle and lower classes of the landlord class, restrained tyranny, and strengthened centralization of power. The social economy of the area under its rule has been restored and developed. He is an expert in the art of war and has written books such as "Sun Tzu's Brief Explanation" and "The Art of War". He is good at poetry, such as "A Journey in the Artemisia" and "Viewing the Sea", which express his political ambitions and reflect the suffering life of the people in the late Han Dynasty. They are majestic, generous and desolate. The prose is also clear and neat. His works include "Collection of Emperor Wu of Wei".
Cao Cao - A Concise Romance Biography
Cao Cao was one of the Eight Lieutenants of Xiyuan. He once assassinated Dong Zhuo alone. After the failure, he and Yuan Shao joined forces with the world's princes to attack Dong Zhuo. Developing his own power, he defeated separatist forces such as Yuan Shu, Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao, Liu Biao, Zhang Lu, and Ma Chao in his life, and unified the north. However, in the battle south to attack Jiangdong, Cao Cao was defeated miserably in Chibi. Later, in the battle for Hanzhong with the Shu Han, Cao Cao returned without success again. Cao Cao never proclaimed himself emperor in his life. After his death, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor soon after he succeeded to the throne and posthumously named Cao Cao Emperor Wu of Wei.
Cao Cao-Historical Evaluation
◆Chen Shou: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, heroes and heroes emerged together, but Yuan Shaohu conquered the four states and was powerful and invincible. Taizu made plans , whipping Yu Nei, the spells of Shen and Shang, the clever strategies of Han and Bai, the official materials, each with its own tools, the pretentious and calculating, not thinking about the old evil, can finally control the emperor's machine, defeat the prosperous industry, but his clear strategy is the most Excellent. You can be called an extraordinary person, a transcendent hero."
◆Wang Chen: Taizu has been in charge of the army for more than thirty years, and he has never let go of his books. The book talks about military strategies, and the night is spent thinking about the classics. When you climb high, you must write poems and compose new poems, which will be orchestrated and turned into music. "Book of Wei"
◆Zhong Rong: Cao Gong is an ancient man with very sad words. "Poetry"
◆Xu Zijiang: A capable minister in the world, a traitor in troubled times. "Book of Wei"
The character Xuande eventually belonged to Shu
Place of birth [Youzhou] Zhuo County, Zhuo County [now Zhuozhou, Hebei]
Appearance, seven feet five in height Cun, lower your hands and knees, look at yourself and see your ears.
Official to the emperor of Shu, posthumous name Zhaolie
Born and died 161-223 (63 years old)
Family
Information about father Liu Hong's mother is unknown
Spouse Gan's Mi's grandson Shangxiang Wu's
Children Liu Chan, Liu Li, Liu Yong and Liu Feng
Brothers and sisters unknown
Related figures Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Cao Cao
The forces that he served for: Eastern Han Gongsun Zan, Liu Biao, Shu Wei, Yuan Shao
2. Liu Bei - A concise historical biography
Liu Bei, the leader of Shu Han The founding emperor is said to be a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, the son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. When Liu Bei lost his father when he was young, he and his mother made a living by selling shoes and weaving straw mats. During the Yellow Turban Uprising, Liu Bei organized volunteers and followed the government troops to annihilate the Yellow Turbans. He served with meritorious service and was appointed as the captain of Anxi County. Soon after, he abandoned his post because he whipped the postal supervisor. After the feudal lords were separated, Liu Bei's power was weak and he often relied on others. He successively sought refuge with Gongsun Zan, Cao Cao, Yuan Shao, Liu Biao and others. After many twists and turns, he still had no territory of his own. During the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei allied with Wu to fight Cao Cao and won the victory. He "borrowed" Jingzhou from Soochow and developed rapidly, annexed Yizhou, occupied Hanzhong, and established the Shu Han regime. Later, Guan Yu died in battle and Jingzhou was captured by Sun Quan. After Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, he attacked Wu and was defeated by Lu Xun in the Battle of Yiling. He died of illness in Baidi City and was left alone by Zhuge Liang on his deathbed.
Liu Bei - A Concise Romance Biography
Liu Bei, the founding emperor of the Shu Han Dynasty, was a descendant of Liu Sheng, Prince Jing of Zhongshan, the son of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bei was a poor boy who made a living by selling shoes and weaving straw mats. During the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Liu Bei became sworn brothers with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei Taoyuan, and they became brothers with different surnames. Together they suppressed the Yellow Turbans. With meritorious service, he was appointed as the captain of Anxi County and soon resigned. When Dong Zhuo was in chaos, Liu Bei accompanied Gongsun Zan to attack Dong Zhuo. The three of them defeated Lu Bu at Hulao Pass. . After the feudal lords were separated, Liu Bei's power was weak and he often relied on others. He successively sought refuge with Gongsun Zan, Cao Cao, Yuan Shao, Liu Biao and others. After many twists and turns, he still had no territory of his own.
On the eve of the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei visited the thatched cottage in Jingzhou three times and asked Zhuge Liang to come out to assist. In the Battle of Chibi, he teamed up with Sun Quan to defeat Cao Cao and laid the foundation for dividing the world into three parts. With the help of Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei occupied Jingzhou, and soon marched into Yizhou, captured Hanzhong, and established a regime spanning Jingzhou and Yizhou. Later, Guan Yu died in battle and Jingzhou was captured by Sun Quan. Liu Bei was furious. After proclaiming himself emperor, he attacked Wu. In the Battle of Yiling, Lu Xun defeated him with a fire attack. He soon died of illness in Baidi City and left Zhuge Liang alone at the end of his life.
Liu Bei - Historical Evaluation
◆Chen Shou: The forefather’s fortitude and generosity, his understanding of others and his treatment of scholars, the style of the great ancestor, the weapon of a hero. The whole country is entrusted to Zhuge Liang, but his mind is clear, and he is sincere to the emperor and his ministers. This is a prosperous track in ancient and modern times. If you use your power to make a strategy and do not capture Wei Wu, your base will be narrow. However, if you bend without giving in, you will not be inferior in the end. If you suppress others, you will not tolerate yourself. This is not only to compete for profit, but also to avoid harm.
◆Lü Bu: He is the most distrustful person.
◆Cao Cao: The only heroes in the world today are your envoy and Cao Er.
◆Fu Bo: Being kind and tolerant can win people over.
◆Zhang Fu: Mighty and gracious, brave and righteous, generous and broad-minded.
The data name Yide finally belongs to Shu
Native place [Jizhou] Zhuojun County [now Zhuozhou, Hebei]
There is no relevant record of appearance
Official to chariot general, posthumous name Huan
Birth and death? — 221
Family
Father unknown, mother unknown
Spouse Xiahoushi
Children Zhang Bao and Zhang Shao
Brothers and sisters unknown
Related figures Liu Bei and Guan Yu
Force he has served in Shu< /p>
3. Zhang Fei - A concise historical biography
Meeted Liu and Guan in Zhuojun, worked together with Guan Yu on Liu Bei, and treated Guan Yu like an elder brother. Following Liu Bei, he helped Cao Cao defeat Lu Bu and was awarded the title of Zhonglang General. At Changban in Dangyang, Zhang Fei led 20 cavalry to seize the water and break the bridge to block Cao Cao's army. No one in Cao Cao's army dared to advance. Liu Bei pacified Jingzhou, and made Zhang Fei the governor of Yidu, general of conquering captives, and Marquis of Xinting. When Liu Bei entered Shu, Zhang Fei and Kong Ming went up the river to Jiangzhou, captured Yan Yan, the governor of Bajun, and released him. Yizhou was pacified, Zhang Fei was appointed governor of Brazil, and soon defeated Zhang He's invasion. Liu Bei ascended the throne as King of Hanzhong and made Zhang Fei the right general. In the first year of Zhangwu's reign, he was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, appointed as Lieutenant of Sili School, and granted the title of Marquis of Xixiang. Later, when Liu Bei attacked Wu, Zhang Fei led 10,000 troops from Langzhong to Jiangzhou. Before leaving, his subordinates Zhang Da and Fan Jiang killed him. Later he was given the posthumous title Huanhou.
Zhang Fei - A Concise Romance Biography
Zhang Fei, Liu Bei and Guan Yu became sworn brothers in Taoyuan. Zhang Fei ranked third. He accompanied Liu Bei to conquer the Yellow Turbans. Liu was granted the title of Prime Minister of Pingyuan, and Zhang Fei was appointed as farewell. Department Sima. The city of Xuzhou was destroyed, Zhang Fei occupied the ancient city and appointed himself the county magistrate. When Cao Cao pacified Jingzhou, Zhang Fei led more than 20 cavalry and immediately mounted at Changban Bridge, frightening Cao's army for dozens of miles. After Liu Bei entered Shu, Zhang Fei led his reinforcements up the river, captured countless cities, and exonerated Yan Yan. Later he was named the Five Tiger General of Shu Han. After Guan Yu's death, Zhang Fei was extremely grieved. He drank alcohol and whipped his subordinates every day, but was killed by his subordinates while they slept.
Zhang Fei - historical evaluation
Chen Shou: "Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are known as enemies of ten thousand people and are tiger ministers in the world. Yu served Duke Cao, Fei Yi released Yan Yan, There is also the style of a state scholar. However, Yu is strong but conceited, violent and merciless, and defeats by shortcomings.
4. Guan Yu (? - 219 years), was born in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Huan, his courtesy name was Yunchang, and his real name was Changsheng. He was a native of Jiexian County, Hedong (now Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province). He was a famous general of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period. He was highly praised by the people after his death, and was praised by the imperial court. He was regarded as the Holy Emperor of Guan. He was called Jialan Bodhisattva.
Life
In his early years, he fled his hometown to Zhuo County, Youzhou. In 1888, Liu Bei organized a volunteer army in Zhuo County to participate in the war against the Yellow Turban Army. , Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were among them. The three of them slept on the same bed, and they felt like brothers. When Liu Bei sat down, the two of them often stood there for a long time. , Liu Bei defected to his former classmate Gongsun Zan, and was named Prime Minister of Pingyuan. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed commanders of other departments, and they were divided into divisions.
Later Liu Bei led Xuzhou, was attacked by Yuan Shu and Lu Bu, and defected to Cao Cao. Cao Cao recommended Liu Bei. He was the general of the left and the governor of Yuzhou. In 198, Cao Cao defeated Lu Bu and appointed Chezhou as the governor of Xuzhou. At that time, Yuan Shu went north to defect to Yuan Shao. Liu Bei was ordered by Cao Cao to intercept Yuan Shu in Xuzhou. Liu Bei took the opportunity to attack Chezhou and ordered Guan Yu to guard Xiapi and lead the army. In Xuzhou, Liu Bei returned to Xiaopei. In 200, Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao and Guan Yu was captured. Cao Cao wanted to keep Guan Yu for his own use, and in exchange for a generous gift, Yuan Shao sent general Yan Liang to lead Chunyu Qiong, Guo Tu and others to attack Baima. , Cao Cao personally led the army to rescue, and ordered Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to be the vanguard. Guan Yu saw Yan Liang's command, charged, assassinated Yan Liang among the thousands of troops, and beheaded him. No one could stop Yuan's army, and the white horse was in danger. After being released, Guan Yu was granted the title of Marquis of Shouting of the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao knew that Guan Yu would leave, so he rewarded him heavily and wanted to keep him. However, Guan Yu refused Cao Cao's rewards and left a letter to say goodbye. He wanted to pursue Liu Bei. Kill him, but Cao Cao thought: "Each is his own master, don't pursue him. ”
Liu Bei took refuge with Liu Biao and stationed troops in Xinye.
In 208, Cao Cao went south and Liu Bei fled south. Guan Yu was sent to take hundreds of ships to join Jiangling. However, Liu Bei was chased by Cao Cao's army on the way. Fortunately, Guan Yu sailed to Hanjin and took a ship to Xiakou together. After Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, Cao Cao left Cao Ren and others to defend Jingzhou, so Liu Bei and Sun Quan's general Zhou Yu attacked Cao Ren and ordered Guan Yu to cut off Cao Ren's retreat. After Liu Bei captured Jingnan, Guan Yu was granted the title of Yuan Xun, the governor of Xiangyang, and the general of the Dang bandits. During this period, Xiangyang was actually within Cao Cao's sphere of influence, so he was stationed in the north of the Yangtze River. After Liu Bei pacified Shu, he authorized Guan Yu to take charge of Jingzhou.
In 215, Sun Quan lost the war in the north, and believed that he had far more strength than Liu Bei in the Battle of Chibi. He turned to Liu Bei to demand Jingzhou, but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan ordered Lu Meng to sneak attack the southern part of Jingzhou, and Lu Su went to Yiyang. To contain Guan Yu, Sun and Liu finally agreed to divide Jingzhou equally, but the relationship between the two sides had deteriorated, and Sun Quan hated Liu Bei and Guan Yu. In 219, Liu Bei proclaimed himself the King of Hanzhong and made Guan Yu a former general, giving him the title of Jie Jie Yue. In the same year, Guan Yu attacked Fan City, and Cao Cao sent General Cao Cao to rescue him in Jin City. Heavy rain caused the Han River to surge. Guan Yu used celestial phenomena to capture more than 30,000 enemy troops and captured them alive in Jin City. He beheaded Pang De and further besieged General Cao Ren in Fan City. Surround Xiangyang. At that time, many bandits under Cao Cao had already been controlled by Guan Yu, and many rebellions wanted to recruit Guan Yu for help. Guan Yu was powerful in China.
In October 219, King Cao Cao of Wei wanted to move the capital to avoid his influence. Sima Yi, Jiang Ji and others dissuaded him, thinking that Sun Quan must not want to see Guan Yu become powerful. As expected, Sun Quan asked Cao Cao to attack Jingzhou because he coveted it. Behind Guan Yu. Cao Cao was still worried and mobilized generals such as Xu Huang and Zhang Liao, as well as Pei Qian, the Assassin of Gunzhou, and Lu Gong, the Assassin of Yuzhou, to lead troops to rescue Fancheng, and prepared to personally conquer Guan Yu. Sun Quan also mobilized all the main troops and ordered Lü Meng to be the commander-in-chief to attack Jingzhou. He personally led his troops to Jingzhou as backup. Mi Fang, the guard of Jiangling, and Shiren, the public security guard of Jingzhou's important town, surrendered without a fight. Sun Quan's men, Lü Meng and Lu Xun, etc. successively captured Jingzhou. everywhere. Due to changes in the rear, Guan Yu lost the battle with Xu Huang, so he lifted the siege of Fancheng and retreated south, but the navy still controlled the Han River. Most of the family members of Guan Yu's army were in Jingzhou. When they learned that Jingzhou had fallen and his soldiers gradually dispersed, Guan Yu had no choice but to retreat to Maicheng. In December, Guan Yu tried to fake a surrender and break out of the encirclement, but was discovered. On the way, he was captured by Pan Zhang's subordinate Ma Zhong and was beheaded in Linju. Later Liu Chan gave Guan Yu the posthumous title of Zhuang Miaohou.
Characteristics
Guan Yu has a beautiful beard, an enemy of ten thousand people, and is both loyal and righteous. He is good at reading Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals and can recite fluently. When he surrendered to Cao Ying, although he was treated with courtesy, he still loved Liu Bei. Be kind to your soldiers. He even scraped the bones to treat poison. He was injured by a poisonous arrow on his left arm. Every time it rained, his bones hurt. A doctor said that he needed to scrape the bones to remove the poison before he could recover. Guan Yu extended his arm to the doctor and began to scrape the bones. , blood flowed to his plate, but Guan Yu was eating meat and drinking wine, looking calm.
But he was arrogant by nature and very proud of the scholar-bureaucrats. The relationship with his colleagues was also not very good. For example, when Huang Zhong paid homage to the general, he said angrily: "A man will never be ranked with a veteran!" Fortunately, Liu Bei sent Fei Shi to explain. However, Mi Fang, Shi Ren, and Pan Jun all had rifts with Guan Yu.
Evaluation
Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, commented: "Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are known as enemies of ten thousand people and are tiger ministers in the world. Yu served Duke Cao, Fei Yi explained Yan Yan, and they have The style of a scholar is that he is fierce but arrogant, and he is defeated by shortcomings. "
Wen Hui: "Guan Yu is sharp."
Lu Meng: "This man is tall and eager to learn. He is fluent in reading Zuo's biography. He has a bright and majestic temperament, but he is quite arrogant and a good Ling native." Can we not decide in advance?"
Zhuge Liang wrote to Guan Yu: "Meng Qi is both civil and military, he is extraordinary, a hero of his generation, a disciple of Ting and Peng, he should compete with Yide to be the first, but he has not yet reached it. "The beard is unparalleled."
Guo Jia and Cheng Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "The enemy of ten thousand people"
Liu Ye called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "The brave champion of the three armies."
Zhou Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Generals of Bears and Tigers"
Fu Qian called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Brave and righteous, they are enemies of ten thousand people, and they fight against them" General."
Yang Xi's "Ode to the Ministers of the Han Dynasty" praises Guan Yunchang and Zhang Yide: "Guan and Zhang Jiujiu were born in the Kuang Dynasty. Fa, help in difficulties, praise the Lord Hong Ye, follow Han and Geng, confess his double virtues in unison, and cause treachery, mourn but be careless, and die in Kuang Kingdom."
Guan Yu. Both Zhang Fei and Zhang Fei became synonymous with bravery and prowess in battle at that time:
The biography of Liu Xia, the Book of Jin: "Liu Xia of Jin Dynasty attacked thieves every time, fell into forts and destroyed the front, hoping to compare with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei."
p>The Biography of Cui Yanbo, Shu of Wei: "Cui Gong, Guan Zhangye in ancient times."
You can refer to the part about Guan Zhang Zhiyong in Volume 7 of "Twenty-Two Histories" written by Zhao Yi, which is compiled in detail The ancients used Guan Yu or Guan Zhang as synonyms for brave generals.
Birth Controversy
In the Guandi Family Temple in Changping Village, Yuncheng City, China, there is an inscription on the tomb of the former general Guan Zhuang Mu Houzu in the 19th year of Kangxi’s reign in the Qing Dynasty (1680). ", it is recorded that he was born on "June 24th, the third year of Yanxi (160 years) of Emperor Huan", and the "Field Sacrifice Stele" erected on the tomb of Guan Yu in Shipangou in the second year of Chongji (1629) of the Ming Dynasty and the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty The Records of Emperor Guan compiled in the 21st year (1756) all believe that Guan Yu was born on June 22, the third year of Yanxi, the third year of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty. In addition, there are several folk theories about Guan Yu's birthday.
After comparing and verifying several kinds of information, the more credible and established theory is that Guan Yu was born on June 22nd of the third year of Yanxi [1].
However, the information has been controversial. "Three Kingdoms" and other historical materials from the same period do not record Guan Yu's birth. In addition, "Guandi Zhi" mostly contains content from "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", which is not a rigorous historical material; "Field Sacrifice Stele" and "Former General Guan Zhuang Mu Houzu's Tombstone Inscription" 》There is no strict study. The "Biography of Famous Generals in Chinese Dynasties" compiled by Wang Zhaochun and others is tentatively recorded as (? - 219), so there is still no accurate and reliable information.
5. Lu Bu
Tall (? Estimated to be over 190m), handsome in appearance and highly skilled in martial arts. Lu Bu not only dresses gorgeously, but also likes to be cool. When he appears, he is "arrogant and majestic, holding Fang Tian's painted halberd and glaring angrily", which is simply cool. He often held a square-shaped painted halberd, stood astride a red rabbit and a horse, and went to pick up girls everywhere. At that time, he was known as "Lu Bu among men and red rabbit among horses."
Lü Bu, courtesy name Fengxian, was a native of Jiuyuan, Wuyuan County. He was good at riding and shooting, and had extraordinary physical strength. He was named Flying General and was famous in Bingzhou. The governor Ding Yuan used cloth as his master's book. After Dong Zhuo entered the capital, he induced Lu Bu to kill Ding Yuan and led his troops to surrender. Dong Zhuo met his personal attendants and ordered Bu to be the Cavalry Commander, accompanying him to the left and right. Bu Yi's father worked for Dong Zhuo. However, Dong Zhuo often wanted to kill Bu out of anger, but Bu was afraid and killed Dong Zhuo at the instigation of Situ Wang Yun. Li Jue and others from the Zhuo Party gathered as thieves and attacked Chang'an. Bu could not refuse and fled. They successively sought refuge with Yuan Shu, Yuan Shao, and Zhang Yang. Finally, under the planning of Zhang Miao and Chen Gong, they took control of Yanzhou and launched several fierce battles with Cao Cao. After first winning and then losing, Liu Bei took refuge in Xuzhou and stationed troops in Xiaopei. Lu Bu took advantage of Liu Bei's opportunity to attack Yuan Shu and captured Xuzhou, and later reconciled with Bei through Cao Cao's mediation. Yuan Shu attacked Liu Bei, and Lu Bu used shooting halberds at the gate as a bet, causing Yuan Jun to retreat. Yuan Shu launched an army to attack Lu Bu, and Lu Bu was defeated. But later Cao Cao and Liu Bei allied forces attacked and trapped Xiapi. Although Bu is brave and fierce, he has no plans and is full of suspicion. He also believes in his wife's words and does not accept the words of his subordinates. In the third month of Cao Cao's siege, Lü Bu's army separated, and his generals Hou Cheng, Song Xian and Wei continued to bind Chen Gong and surrender. Lü Bu also bound Chen Gong and Gao Shun and were killed at Baimen Tower. Lu Bu's temperament was cunning and rebellious, and he was only interested in profit, which destined him to dominate for a while but not achieve great things.
6. Zhao Yun
Zhao Yun is eight feet long and has a majestic appearance
The third among the Five Tiger Generals of Shu. Zilong, a native of Changshan Zhending (now Zhengding, Hebei Province), was famous for his bravery and good fighting skills. Originally a subordinate of Gongsun Zan, he later belonged to Liu Bei. Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao's army at Changbanpo in Dangyang. Zhao Yun entered and exited Cao Cao's million-strong army six times and rescued Mrs. Gan and Adou. Liu Bei recruited a bride in Soochow, Zhao Yun led the escort, and then blocked the river to rescue Adou. He had a long spear, appeared mysteriously, and was full of courage. He fought countless battles in his life and made many extraordinary achievements. Later, he became the general of the Yi Army, the general of the Central Protector Army in the South, and was granted the title of Yongchang. Tinghou. In 227 AD, he followed Zhuge Liang to attack Guanzhong, but was defeated in Jigu and returned to Hanzhong. He soon died of illness at the age of seventy-three.
7. Gan Ning, a general of the State of Wu. The courtesy name is Xingba, a native of Linjiang, Bajun (now Zhongxian County, Sichuan). At first he followed Liu Biao and Huang Zu. After Huang Zu was defeated and killed, he surrendered to Sun Quan. He was a famous navy general who was extremely brave, often charged into battle, and achieved numerous military exploits throughout his life. When Cao's army marched into Ruxu, he led a suicide squad of a hundred men to attack Cao's camp at night and returned with a great victory without injuring anyone. When Liu Bei was conquering Wu, he was shot to death by King Samoko of Fan with an arrow. When he died, there were hundreds of crows on the tree surrounding his body and did not fly away. After Sun Quan received the news of Gan Ning's death, he was deeply saddened and built a temple to worship him.
8. Zhang Liao, courtesy name Wenyuan, was from Mayi, Yanmen (now Shuo County, Shanxi Province). He first served under Ding Yuan, the governor of Bingzhou, and later joined Dong Zhuo. After Dong Zhuo's death, Zhang Liao led his troops to join Lü Bu and served as the Cavalry Commander under Lü Bu. Later, Lu Bu was defeated by Cao Cao and Liu Bei in Xiapi, and finally surrendered to Cao Cao. He is highly skilled in martial arts, brave and resourceful, and has accomplished many extraordinary feats. In the 20th year of Jian'an (AD 215), Sun Quan attacked Hefei. He led more than 800 death squads to defend the city, attacked bravely, and defeated the Wu army. As soon as Wu Jun heard Zhang Liao's name, everyone was frightened. Even the children of Wu State cried at night, but they did not dare to cry when they heard the name Zhang Liao. In the third year of Emperor Huangchu's reign (222), Emperor Wen of Wei, Cao Pi personally went on a three-pronged expedition against Wu. Zhang Liao and his generals defeated the Dongwu general Lu Fan's army, but he died of illness in the army and was given the posthumous title of Marquis Gang.
9. Zhuge Liang
Eight feet long, with a face like a crown jade, wearing a silk scarf on his head, and a crane cloak, he looks like an immortal. In addition, this novel also mentioned in other chapters: After Zhuge Liang took charge of Liu Bei's army, he often held a feather fan and rode in a four-wheeled cart. In short, the novel's stereotype of Zhuge Liang's appearance is: wearing a silk scarf, a crane cloak, holding a feather fan, and sometimes riding a four-wheeled car.
Those who worked hard and died 54 (41.5%) did it knowingly that it was impossible to do 8 (6.2%) were frugal to cultivate virtue 2 (1.5%) Although the criminal law is harsh, they have no complaints 6 (4.6%) and more His intentions are calm and his warnings are clear (education is the main focus and criminal law is supplemented) 1 (0.8%) The world is not alarmed when the soldiers go out (even the common people are not alarmed during the war) 8 (6.2%) Do everything by hand 1 (0.8%) Good at ingenious thinking, Good at inventing and creating 7 (5.4%) Excellent prose 0 (0%) Be cautious and not impulsive 3 (2.3%) Do not reward the good deeds, and do not demean the deeds 1 (0.8%) Practical spirit 2 (1.5%) Proficient in music, chess, calligraphy and painting, 6 (4.6%) Excellent eloquence 1 (0.8%) Study metaphysics 1 (0.8%) Have own unique aesthetics, talent and kindness = beauty 11 (8.5%) Pay more attention to talents and appointments Moral character 1 (0.8%) No honors can be obtained without merit, and punishments cannot be exempted. 5 (3.8%) Value talents 1 (0.8%) Focus on the heart 3 (2.3%) Work to make people convinced (Li Yan and Liao immediately joined Meng Huo ) 8(6.2%)
10. Sun Quan
Historical evaluation of Sun Quan
◆Chen Shou: "Sun Quan stooped to endure humiliation, used his talents to plan, and had Gou Jian. It's amazing that he is an outstanding person. Therefore, he can dominate Jiangbiao and achieve great success. However, he has many jealousies, which results in killing. As for the slander, he was wasted and killed. , Isn’t it said that he gave Jue Sun Mou to Yan Ji? Later, Ye Ling was late, and the country was overthrown. This may not be the reason. ”
◆Liu Bei: Sun’s chariots are long and short, and his chariots are long and short. It's so difficult that I can't see him again. "Shan Yang Gong Zai Ji"
◆Cao Cao: Having a son should be like Sun Zhongmou. "Wu Li"
Sun Quan succeeded his brother Sun Ce at the age of 19, took control of Jiangdong and defeated Huang Zu. Later, Soochow Wu united with Liu Bei and defeated Cao Cao's army in the Battle of Chibi. Soochow later fought fiercely with Cao Cao's army near Hefei, recaptured Jingzhou from Liu Bei, killed Guan Yu, and defeated Liu Bei's crusade. After Cao Pi became emperor, Sun Quan first professed his vassal status to the north, then founded Wu and proclaimed himself emperor, moving the capital to Jianye.
Sun Quan was brave, decisive and courageous. He once took a large ship to spy on the Wei army's lineup in the Ruxukou area, and he was unusually calm and composed. The Wei army fired all their bows and arrows, and the arrowheads were concentrated on one side of the ship. Sun Quan ordered the ship to be turned around and receive arrows from the other side. After the arrows were balanced and the ship was level, it was possible to sail back safely. He is quite talented in "reading books and passing down history". He once wrote a letter to Cao Cao, saying: "The spring water brings forth life. It is advisable for the public to go quickly and not die without a single step. I will not be alone." In just 16 words, the meaning is very profound.
In the 13th year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 208), Cao Cao defeated Liu Biao and captured Jingzhou in an attempt to destroy Wu in one fell swoop. He claimed to Sun Quan: "The 800,000-square-foot navy under control today will join forces with the generals in Wu." Sun Quan was not intimidated by Cao Cao's aggressiveness. He decisively adopted Lu Su's suggestion and formed an alliance with Liu Bei. In the famous Battle of Chibi, he used fire attack tactics to defeat Cao's army, establishing a tripartite situation for the Three Kingdoms.
Sun Quan reviewed the situation and considered re-selecting a suitable political center. In the 16th year of Jian'an (AD 211), after listening to opinions from all sides, he resolutely decided to move from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang) to Moling (now Nanjing) and build a stone city on Stone Mountain. The following year, Moling was renamed Jianye. In the second year of Huangchu (AD 211), due to the competition with Liu Bei for Jingzhou, in order to facilitate the command of the war against Shu, Echeng in Jingzhou was used as the political center and was renamed Wuchang. In April of the first year of Huanglong (AD 229), Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang. In September of the same year, the capital was moved from Wuchang back to Jianye, where "boats and vehicles are convenient, and there are unlimited dangers; the fields are lively, and there is a way to transfer; when advancing, you can fight, and when retreating, you can defend". In this way, Sun Quan created the history of Nanjing as the capital.
Sun Quan planned and built the capital city of Jianye, which was ten miles and nineteen steps on the second day. There are magnificent palaces, government offices, residential buildings, and temples in Jianye City. Outside the city are Stone City, Danyang County City, and markets with concentrated population and prosperous commerce. Jianye founded by Sun Quan became a real city in ancient times and laid the foundation for the future development of Nanjing.
Sun Quan made significant contributions to the development of Jianye and the entire Jiangnan region. He took many measures to encourage the development of production. He "personally took over the land" and converted the eight cattle used for driving into plow cattle to show his promotion of agricultural production. He also ordered to prohibit officials from recruiting peasants for corvee service when they were busy at home, so as to ensure the production period. They also built water conservancy projects, dredged and expanded the Qinhuai River waterway, and opened Gangdu, Yundu, East Canals, tidal ditches, etc. At that time, Jianye City had thousands of skilled handicraft workers engaged in silk weaving and smelting production. Sun Quan also developed the maritime industry, sending generals Wei Wen and Zhuge Zhi to lead tens of thousands of troops to Yizhou (today's Taiwan Province). He also sent envoys to the Liaodong Peninsula and Hainan countries, and some envoys went to Goguryeo and Funan (today's Cambodia). , Linyi (now central Vietnam) and Nanyang Islands and other places. In 247 AD, Jianchu Temple was also built for the Kang Senghui of Western Region monks, which was the first Buddhist temple in Jinling.
Sun Quan ruled Jiangdong for 51 years. His life was the golden age of Wu's entrepreneurship. In his later years, the talented prince Sun Deng unfortunately died young, and Wu's other sons fought openly and secretly for the throne, which greatly weakened Wu's vitality. In the second year of Taiyuan (AD 252), Sun Quan, the outstanding politician who dominated Jiangdong, passed away in despair at the age of 71 and was buried in Zhiyang of Jiangshan (today's Meihua Mountain of Purple Mountain).
11. Zhou Yu
Zhou Yu had been friends with Sun Ce since childhood. When Sun Ce first rose up under Yuan Shu, he followed him to sweep Jiangdong. Later he went back to guard Danyang. Yuan Shu admired Zhou Yu's talents and wanted to hire Zhou Yu as a general, but Zhou Yu refused because it was difficult for Yuan Shu to achieve great things. Later, he managed to defect to Sun Ce and became the Zhonglang General. Sun Ce treated him very kindly. At the same time, he married Erqiao, who was known as the "national beauty", and became his brother-in-law. After Sun Ce was assassinated, Zhou Yu and Zhang Zhao worked together to assist Sun Quan, serving as the central protector of the army and in charge of military and political affairs. During the Battle of Chibi, he advocated rejecting Cao Cao and commanded the entire army to attack Cao's army in Wulin and achieve victory. After the Battle of Chibi, Zhou Yu advised Sun Quan to pacify Liu Bei in Wu County and use beautiful women and playthings to kill his will, but Sun Quan did not adopt it. Sun Quan later accepted Zhou Yu's advice and planned to send troops to capture Shu, eliminate Zhang Lu, and then eliminate Cao Cao. Zhou Yu died in Baling while making military preparations in Jiangling at the age of thirty-six. Sun Quan once mourned him in plain clothes. Zhou Yu has a cheerful personality and magnanimous temperament, which makes him stand out from Wei En. Proficient in musical rhythms, he can detect musical errors even when drunk.
12. Ma Chao (175-222), named Meng Qi, male, known as "Jin Ma Chao" because he wore white robes and silver armor and rode a white horse. He lived in Fufeng Maoling (now northeast of Xingping, Shaanxi) He was from a famous family and was a general of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period.
His father Ma Teng, also named Shoucheng, was born after General Ma Yuan of Fubo of the Han Dynasty. Teng's father, Ma Su, also named Zishuo, was a county lieutenant in Langan County, Tianshui during the reign of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty. He later lost his official position and lived in Longxi, where he married Ma, a Qiang girl.