1. foil: refers to the use of eternal nails to make the characteristics or traits of nails more prominent. There are two kinds: front lining and back lining. Tonight (fū), watching it from the window of her room alone. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? . The description of his wife's beauty in the Neck Couplet reflects the poet's melancholy and painful mood. People can set off people. For example, in Qin Luofu, the stunning beauty of Qin Luofu is set off by the reactions of "walkers" and "teenagers". It can be a foil, such as "cicada makes the forest quieter, Tonamiyama quieter", "monk knocks on the door of the moon" and "birds are surprised when the moon comes out" to make it quieter. Things can set off people, such as writing the moon in the river three times in Pipa, which set off the wonderful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively; Another example is the image of "thousands of feet Deep Peach Blossom Pond", which vividly sets off Wang Lun's deep affection for the poet.
2. Citation: that is, quoting historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry attaches great importance to the use of allusions, which can not only refine the language of poetry, but also increase the richness of content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, receive concise and thought-provoking effects, and enhance the expressive force and appeal of works. There are two kinds: quoting useful things and quoting previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words. "When Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" is about the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains. The word "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze Makes Wheat Green" not only reviews the author's experience of going south 43 years ago, but also refers to Du Mu's poem with the theme of "Ten Miles of Spring Breeze", showing the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past. "Let the wheat be green" wrote the bleak situation that the poet saw today. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
3. Symbol: Symbol expresses concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics through concrete images that are easy to associate. Symbol is a way of expressing objects and wishes. In some things, it has been widely accepted that certain spiritual qualities or abstract things are endowed by long-term use.
4. initiation ceremony: the initiation ceremony is to say something else first and let the lyrics be sung. "I don't know why my Jinse has fifty strings, and each string has a youthful interval" (Li Shangyin's Jinse) is the first couplet that uses the instrument of playing the piano, thus thinking of "New Year". Fu, Pen and Xing: Fu describes the scenery in detail and expresses the author's attitude. Comparison is to compare one thing with another. Xing, that is, "say something else first, so that the words can be sung." For example, "Peacock flies southeast and drifts five miles" at the beginning of "Peacock flies southeast" is both "Xing" and "Bi".
5. Association and imagination: Association connects one thing with another thing related to it, or connects similar features in things to form a model. Most of them were adopted by romantic poets. Imagination is a thinking process that people create new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas.
6. Rendering: Rendering describes the environment and scenery in various ways to highlight the image and strengthen the artistic effect. Du Fu's "Ascending the Mountain" starts from the front, "There are high winds in the sky, apes singing and birds singing, blue lakes and white sand, falling leaves like waterfalls, and I see the long river rolling in". Through the description of the scenery, the bleak atmosphere of the riverside in late autumn is rendered, which coincides with the poet's sad life feelings: the description of the environment sets off the artistic conception. Write from the side. For example, in the last eight lines of Yuefu's poem "Mulberry on the Stranger", "Monkeys see Luo Fu, and teenagers see Luo Fu, taking off their hats and putting on their hair. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe. Come to complain, but sit and watch Luo Fu. " It is more artistic to set off the beauty of Luo Fu from the viewer's manner than to describe it directly from the front. In many cases, the theory of rendering contrast, especially in poetic works expressing feelings through scenery, often describes the scenery first, shapes the artistic conception, and then sets off the feelings of the characters through the scenery (artistic conception). Generally speaking, we say that we play up the atmosphere and set off the emotions.
7. Repression: Suppress both negative and positive aspects at the same time, and only highlight one of them to achieve the purpose of suppressing either one or the other. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising. "Boudoir young woman don't know sorrow, spring makeup tall buildings. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " (Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart) This poem adopts the method of praising first and then restraining. First, it writes that the young woman "doesn't know how to worry" and then says that she "regrets". By describing the subtle changes of young women's mood, this paper profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
8. Combination of reality and falsehood: The combination of reality and falsehood means that the real scenes and events are set against each other and intertwined with the imaginary scenes and events to express the same feelings. Virtual and real are interrelated, infiltrated and transformed, reaching the realm of virtual and real, thus greatly enriching the images in the poem, opening up the artistic conception in the poem, providing readers with a broad aesthetic space and enriching people's aesthetic taste.