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Shi Dakai, who is both civil and military, has always been famous as a poet and pianist. But most of his poems handed down to this day are fakes of others, and there are few real poems. As Mr. Luo Ergang said, the name of Shi Dakai's Neng Poems is not an empty trust of later generations. Only a few works have been preserved, and most of them have been lost with the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. It is because of his ability to write the names of poems that so many people write fake poems in his name.
Among Shi Dakai's poems, there are three that I think are true.
(1) Poems on the wall of Bailong Cave in Guangxi
When the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Geng Shen picked up the year, he was in Ji Chun, where he got political leisure and visited the suburbs with other officials. Beautiful mountains and rivers, beautiful vegetation, and the ancient cave in Dengzi is full of beautiful poems and elegant charm. Look at Liu Qingyun's white wall sentence, with superb meaning and handsome words. This is quite similar to exorcising Buddhism and evil spirits. Very commendable, ordered to investigate his poems. I thought that the world was fascinated by the immortal Buddha. Give members a few original rhymes, publish all the stones, so as to visit the clouds.
Stand up and climb the mountain, raise your eyes and shine in the distance.
Destroy the Buddha and worship the Emperor's immigration retro style.
Lin Jun said that he would bravely play in caves and enjoy poems.
The shock wave rushed to the stars and shot at the sun rainbow.
The writing background of this poem has been clearly stated in its preface. The original poem of Liu Qingyun mentioned in the article is:
From the sky to the ground, the horizon is empty.
Wanjiayao brought rain, and the wind heard the sound of water howling.
The ancient Buddha described it as strange.
Looking back at the waist sword, flying for Changhong.
This is a true poem, and many historians have proved its authenticity in many ways, so I won't say it here.
The words in Shi Dakai's poems are shallow, but the brushwork is deep.
Why do you say that? Judging from the original poem, there are no profound words and allusions, and the meaning is quite simple. Even people with little culture can basically understand what it means. Since the uprising, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has always advocated the application of literature and the simplicity, understandability and easy dissemination of writing style. Openness also abolished stereotyped writing, and the content of the article is more important than the form. This can also be regarded as one of the positive significance of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
However, although the words in this poem are simple, Shi Dakai's writing skill can be seen from the form. This is the first five-character poem. Among these poems, the five-character poem is the most strict in the aspect of leveling. In addition to the basic requirements of rhyme, the level tone conversion in each sentence is also quite strict. This poem is improvised and rhymed (according to the original rhyme of Liu Qingyun's "Empty, Wind, Heroic and Rainbow"), and it fully meets the requirements of pentameter. What is more noteworthy is that the pentameter only requires the second couplet and the third couplet, but Shi Dakai's poems did it on the basis of observing the law of pentameter. Therefore, in form, this is already a superb work. Although the author did not deliberately carve and show off his literary talent, he can still see his writing skills.
Look at the content of this poem, the momentum is obviously better than Liu Qingyun's original poem. Mr Luo Ergang once commented, "... in terms of style, Shi Dakai's poems are magnificent. We should read his poem "Stand up and wait for the mountain, raise your eyes and look at the sky", which will immediately remind people of mcgowan's spirit of "Geng Jie's heroic chivalry, courage and integrity". This style is completely different from the fake poetry style handed down by the scribes. "
Having said that, the author has two associations:
First, in "General Sixty-seven Going to Heaven", Shi Dakai is accused of "returning home, so he has the idea of returning to the forest". Because they left Shi Dakai before Shi Dakai returned to his hometown in Gui County, the "hometown" here can only refer to Guangxi. However, don't say "I went back to my hometown once". When writing this poem, Shi Dakai had been back in Guangxi for half a year. Looking at the momentum of this poem, the ambition to compete in the Central Plains is fully revealed. How can you have the idea of "returning to the forest"? This poem alone is enough to refute the statement that once you return to your hometown, you will have the idea of returning to the forest.
Secondly, Shi Dakai's poem, which is the most widely circulated today, is probably the following poem "Going to Sichuan to Raise a Wall".
Thieves also have ways, and poetry books despise them.
Gold is like dirt, and courage is like iron.
Ride across the cliff and shoot Hu Yue with a bow.
A man's head is a wine glass, and he drinks all the blood of hatred.
There are many reasons to think that this poem is a forgery, such as whether the "Mr. Right" who calls himself "the New Moon of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" will openly call himself a "thief"? Since this poem refers to the wall, where does it refer to? Why wasn't there any public or private document mentioned at that time? Wait a minute. What I want to say here is that with the writing skill shown in Shi Dakai's Poem on the Wall of Guangxi, this poem is unlikely to be written by him. This poem is neither impromptu nor rhyming. The theoretical difficulty is far less than the above, but even the basic antithesis requirements of metrical poems can not be met, let alone harmony or not. The second couplet "Gold is like dirt, bravery is like iron" is not a couplet at all. It's really hard to believe that it was written by the same person as the previous real poem.
(2) Garrison Dading and Miao people get together to improvise poems.
A thousand pearls were collected in an urn, where the king bowed his head.
Wuyue embraced Optimus Prime and sucked back the Yellow River.
This was in 1862, when Shi Dakai's army passed through Qianxi and Dading, Guizhou Province, the local Miao people welcomed Shi Dakai's army with the ceremony of welcoming the "most distinguished guests"-taking out the old wine brewed with soybeans, barnyard grass, sorghum, millet, corn and millet that had been buried underground for many years and putting it in the jar in the middle of the flower field. Insert a straw into the altar. Shi Dakai and the soldiers of Taiping Army sang and danced with the Miao people, covered with moonlight, lit bonfires, held straws and bowed their heads and drank. During the dinner, Shi Dakai improvised a poem.
The first sentence "a jar of 1000 beads" means that wine is made from a variety of grains. The second sentence "Kings come here to bow their heads" is because no matter who is noble, they can't suck wine without bowing their heads. The last two sentences mean holding the straw with five fingers and drinking the wine in one gulp.
The authenticity of this poem is still controversial. Mr. Luo Ergang thinks it is true, and Jane's prose and historical style think that it can neither be true nor false.
Personally, I think this is a real poem. In addition to the basis cited by historians, such as legends and Shi Dakai's marching route, local folk customs, etc. More importantly, the majestic spirit of this poem. Literally, it is closely related to "drinking", which is very appropriate, but if you collect thousands of pearls in an urn, even the king will bow his head here, or even just hold the pillars of heaven, and the Yellow River water can be poured backwards. This kind of mind, courage, courage and ambition can only be possessed by heroes who swallow mountains and rivers, which is beyond the reach of ordinary literati.
This poem by Shi Dakai is about celebrating with the Miao people, but it is about his own ambition.
(3) The five-character notice of "honesty and bloodletting" when leaving Beijing.
This is the notice that Shi Dakai told the soldiers and civilians in the kingdom of heaven that he had left Beijing after he left Tianjing.
First of all, there are two versions of this notice, and there are many differences in comparison:
Version 1:
In order to drain the blood, to be honest and clean, I told all the soldiers and civilians: I hate my lack of wisdom, and the kingdom of heaven is ashamed of my kindness.
Only loyalty is my whole heart, can I become an emperor, and can I become the quality of the ancients.
Last year, when he was in trouble, he rushed back to Beijing in a panic, claiming to be foolish and loyal, and would be enlightened by saints.
However, if there is something wrong, the imperial edict will drop frequently, and suspicion will be born again, which is unsustainable.
Use is self-motivation, then shows the truth, rewards God's virtue and encourages God's mercy.
Loyalty is like a stone, and sincerity is long seen. Only when the devil is destroyed will Yu return to the forest.
To this end, I made an Oracle and told all the soldiers and civilians: I will stick to my duties and establish my fame as always.
Or follow the Lord, also mark the founding fathers, unify Taiping Day, and invite Tianenrong.
Version 2:
In order to drain the blood, I told all the soldiers and civilians: I am ashamed of my lack of intelligence and I am deeply grateful for my grace.
Only vector loyalty is all I have, and I can go to heaven and the world.
Last year, I was very upset and returned to Tianjing awkwardly. I call myself stupid, and I will definitely be enlightened.
However, if there is something wrong, the imperial edict will drop frequently, and suspicion will be born again, which is unsustainable.
Doubt will do harm, and it is difficult to tell a hundred birds' mouths apart. Only by working hard can we show the truth at the beginning.
Reward God's messenger, reward God's mercy. Only after the success of this period will Yu return to the forest.
To this end, I issued a letter to all the soldiers and civilians: still stick to your posts and make your own contributions.
Still following the Lord, it is also the same contribution, unifying Taiping and inviting Tianen Rong.
The two versions found that the time and region were different, and they should be the first draft and revised version of the same notice. Regarding which article is the first draft and which is the revised draft, Mr. Shi Shi's conclusion that the former article is the revised final version and the latter article is the earliest draft is convincing according to the posting time and exquisite wording.
Apart from some differences in wording, there are three significant differences between the two drafts.
(1) In the first draft, "Doubt will harm the picture, but a hundred beaks are hard to distinguish" was deleted in the revised draft.
(2) In the revised draft, the phrase "loyalty is like a stone, and sincerity is long seen" has been added.
(3) Change the name of "individual meritorious service" in the first draft to "meritorious service as usual" in the revised draft.
Shi Dakai's mood when he made these three changes is really worth pondering. As Mr. Shi Shi pointed out in the article "Textual Research on the First Draft of Five-character Notice", "Doubt in the first draft will be harmful, and a hundred birds' mouths are difficult to distinguish", which was obviously written by Shi Dakai in a very angry mood towards Hongjia Furniture Party. Is this a fact? Of course it's true. This fact is known not only by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's own people, but also by the enemy. For example, the general Li, who was besieged in Jiujiang at that time, got the information that:
"Downstream merchants return, saying that all pseudo-kings in Jinling can get along. Stone is surrounded by the party and listens to everything. The puppet king said something and didn't want to listen. Therefore, they avoid it and call it evil. " -"Li Zhongwu's official suicide note"
However, although this serious internal friction within the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a completely open secret, it is still a secret. Making this secret completely public in the first draft may increase others' ambitions, undermine their own prestige and have a bad political influence. Calm down In order to take the overall situation into consideration, Shi Dakai deleted these two sentences in the revision, and added "Loyalty is like a stone, and over time, we will see the truth". "
According to the same idea, it is not difficult to speculate why the "respective meritorious service names" in the first draft were changed to "the same meritorious service names" in the revised draft. "Each has made meritorious service" gives people an illusion, that is, whether the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's team has its own way; Fighting alone is no longer a whole. It's much better to "lower your reputation as usual" Whether you stay in the local area or go out with Shi Dakai, you will make contributions to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and strive for the same cause and goal. ""advise all soldiers and civilians to be loyal to their duties and contribute to the revolutionary cause. If it is really voluntary, you can also join your own team to contribute. " ("Historical Style" Textual Research on the Reasons for Shi Dakai's Impermanence in Evaluation)
For this five-character notice, the author agrees with the analysis made by Mr. Shishi in the article "Textual research on the authenticity of Shi Dakai's poems"-
"If the poet's poems are not limited to Dharma, then the five-character notice publicly posted when Shi Dakai left the capital for war can also be said to be a good poem ... If Shi Dakai is not a literate person, this notice is naturally represented by Old Master Q in the army; He can write poetry or prose, but this notice uses a very special form of verse, and it can rhyme to the end, which is extraordinary. This is by no means something that Old Master Q, who only writes "Wait for this", can do. So, it's probably written by Shi Dakai. Official documents should be clear and fluent, and don't rhyme with limited words. Why does this notice use verse, and it should be a short sentence and five-character verse? The reason is not difficult to infer. Shi Dakai has infinite worries to tell you, but it can't be too obvious. This is for the overall situation. If it is too obvious, it will increase internal contradictions in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and give the enemy an opportunity. He changed "Doubt is bound to hurt, and a hundred beaks are hard to distinguish" to "loyalty is like a rock, and over time, I will see the truth", just to make things more subtle. Since the hope is implicit, then the five-character rhyme is the best form, which can be said to be endless.
Although Shi Dakai could read, he was forced out because of the national crisis when he left Beijing. Therefore, the language is not delicate enough and the meaning is not implicit enough. After arriving in Anhui, I think it is necessary to make a revision after careful consideration. This is why there are two different manuscripts with slightly different words before and after the five-character notice.
If we carefully understand the thoughts and feelings of the author of this five-character notice, we will believe that it was really written by Shi Dakai. He has always been loyal to the cause of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, but Hong family members have always had doubts about him. He devoted himself to serving his country, but Hong Jia's private party held him back everywhere, conspiring to frame him and forcing him to leave. He is as full of grief and indignation as Qu Yuan in exile. His situation is similar to that of Qu Yuan. So his Five-Word Biography became Li Sao in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom era. The whole article is heartfelt and full of true feelings. Formally speaking, the five-character notice can't catch up with the poem on the wall of Bailong Cave. However, from the aspects of revealing the true feelings, "from the heart" and "expressing the will in poetry", the Five-character Notice is a touching poem, which should be above the poems on the Bailongdong wall. "
References:
Luo Ergang's Analysis of Historical Materials of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
A Brief Comment on The Whole History of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Historical Textual Research on the Revision of the First Draft of Wuyan Notice and the Authenticity of Shi Dakai's Poems
Attachment: About a poem whose authenticity is disputed by Shi Dakai.
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