The number of words online equals the number of words offline. The number of words in each clause of the long couplet is equal.
There is a special case that the number of words in the upper and lower couplets is intentionally different. For example, during the Republic of China, some people ridiculed Yuan Shikai's couplets: "Yuan Shikai is eternal; Long live the people of China. " The first part of "Yuan Shikai" and the second part of "China people" are "sorry", which means that Yuan Shikai is sorry for the people of China.
Overlapping or overlapping words are allowed in sentences. Folding in half and overlapping words are commonly used rhetorical devices in couplets, but attention should be paid to the consistency of the upper and lower couplets when overlapping. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng wrote "Wuxi Donglin Academy Union: the sound of reading in the wind and rain, and the sound and sound are heard"; Family affairs, state affairs and world affairs are all concerned.
However, we should try our best to avoid "heterotopic words" and "appositive words" in couplets. The so-called ectopic reduplication means that the same word appears in different positions of the upper and lower links. The so-called homonym means that the same word is opposite in the same position of the upper and lower parts.
However, some function words are allowed to have homonyms, such as the couplets of Ge Ling in West Lake, Hangzhou: The Song of Peach Blossoms and Flowing Water; Between the shade and the grass.
The word "Zhi" in the upper and lower couplets is repeated in the same place, but it can be used because it is empty word. However, there is a special format of "ectopic mutual weight" (called "transposition case"), such as Lin Sen holding a couplet by Dr. Sun Yat-sen: one person is eternal; One person through the ages.
2. Part of speech is equivalent
There are two types of parts of speech in modern Chinese, namely, notional words and function words.
The former includes nouns (including locative words), verbs, adjectives (including color words), numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.
The latter includes adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations and onomatopoeias.
Part of speech equivalence means that words or phrases with the same position in the upper and lower parts should have the same or similar parts of speech. The first is the rule of "real to real, virtual to virtual", which is the most basic rule and has the widest meaning.
In some cases, just follow this. Secondly, the corresponding rules of parts of speech, that is, the words 12 above correspond to each other. This rule should be observed in most cases. Thirdly, the semantic correspondence rule refers to putting things of the same type represented by Chinese characters together for confrontation. The ancients noticed this rhetorical method long ago.
In particular, nouns are divided into many subcategories, such as astronomy (sun, moon, wind, rain, etc. ), season (day and night, etc. ), geography (mountains and rivers, etc. ), government offices (towers, doors, etc. ), vegetation (trees, peaches, plums, etc. ), birds (chickens, birds, cranes, etc. ) and so on.
Neighborhood correspondence rule, that is, words with adjacent categories can be paired with each other. For example, astronomy returns to the season, astronomy to geography, geography to the palace and so on.
3, the structure is commensurate
The so-called structural symmetry means that the grammatical structure of the upper and lower conjunctions (or the structure of their phrases and sentence patterns) should be as same as possible, that is, the subject-predicate structure is opposite to the subject-predicate structure, the verb-object structure is opposite to the verb-object structure, the partial structure is opposite to the partial structure, and the coordinate structure is opposite to the coordinate structure, and so on.
For example, Li Bai's topic is Yueyang Tower in Hunan: Water and sky are the same color; The wind and the moon are boundless.
This conjunction is both a subject-predicate structure. Among them, "water sky" and "romantic moon" are both parallel structures, and "one color" and "boundless" are all positive structures.
However, in the case of equivalent parts of speech, the requirements for some similar or special sentence structures can be relaxed appropriately.
4. Rhythm correspondence
That is, the places where the up and down links stop must be consistent.
Such as: don't let the spring and autumn pass; It's the hardest for an old friend to come once.
This is a seven-character short couplet, and the rhythm of the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, both of which are "223". Longer couplets must have corresponding rhythm.
5. Integration of levels and levels
What is leveling? The classification of flat tones in Putonghua is, in short, flat tones and upper tones, flat tones and flat tones. In the ancient four tones, the flat sound is flat, and the rising, going and entering sounds are silent. Even peace and harmony include two aspects:
(1) The upper and lower links are opposite. Generally speaking, word alignment is not required, but attention should be paid to the alignment of the upper and lower tails (feet), the upper part is different and the lower part is flat; The words at the end of the sentence or at the rhythm point should be flat and opposite; The ending (foot) of each clause in a long couplet should be flat, right.
(2) The upper and lower couplets alternate in the sentence. Yu Dequan, a contemporary couplet writer, summed up a set of "horseshoe rhyme" rules. Simply put, it is "flat, steady and steady", walking like the rhythm of a horseshoe.
6, content related
Couplets are both "right" and "linked". The same number of words, the same part of speech, the same structure, the corresponding rhythm and harmony are "right" and "linked", indicating that the content is related.
Between the upper and lower couplets of a couplet, the content should be related. If the upper and lower couplets each write an irrelevant thing, and the two can't reflect, connect and echo, it can't be regarded as a qualified couplet, or even a couplet.
Baidu encyclopedia-couplets