The theme of this short song is very clear, that is, the author hopes to have a large number of talents for his own use. In his political activities, in order to expand his ruling base among civilian landlords and crack down on reactionary hereditary forces, Cao Cao once strongly emphasized that "meritocracy means promotion", and for this reason, he successively promulgated the orders of seeking talents, promoting scholars and escaping. In fact, "short song" is a "song of seeking the virtuous", and it is precisely because it uses the form of poetry and contains rich lyrical elements that it can play a unique infectious role, effectively publicize his persistence and cooperate with his decrees. [7]
Short song pictures (9 photos)
"Short Song" originally had "six explanations" (that is, six paragraphs), which was divided into four sections according to the poem.
"When drinking songs, life geometry? For example, morning dew is much more difficult to go to Japan. Be generous, and your troubles will be unforgettable. How to solve the problem is only Du Kang. "
In these eight sentences, the author emphasizes that he is very worried and extremely worried. So what's there to worry about? It turns out that he can't get many "talents" to cooperate with him and make contributions together. Imagine that even powerful people like Cao Cao are worried about "seeking talents" there, and how much publicity effect it will have. If there are really "talents" among the landlords in Buyi, we can't help being moved and encouraged by these words. They are trying to find a way out. They didn't expect Cao Cao to be eager for talents there, so many people who are really talented or think they are talented are likely to be eager to "return" to him. At first glance, the eight sentences of "Chanting to Wine" are very similar to the negative sentences in Nineteen Ancient Poems, but they are quite different. Talking about "life geometry" here is not to ask people to "eat, drink and be merry", but to make contributions in time. On the surface, Cao Cao is expressing his personal feelings. He is worried that time will pass too fast and he may not have time to make a difference. In fact, it is subtly infecting the vast number of "talented people", reminding them that life is as easy to disappear as "morning dew". Many years have passed, so we should make up our minds and come here to display our ambitions. Therefore, once analyzed, it is not difficult to see that the rich lyrical atmosphere in the poem contains quite strong political purposes. Such a positive purpose, but deliberately began with a low tone, which of course shows that Cao Cao really has his melancholy thoughts, so he speaks truly; But on the other hand, it is precisely because of this tone that we can open the hearts of those literati who are at the lower level, have experienced many hardships and are eager to find a way out. Therefore, the intention and wording are true and ingenious. In these eight poems, the main emotional feature is the word "sorrow", which needs to be overcome by wine ("Du Kang" is said to be the first person to make wine, so his name is used instead of wine here). The emotion of "worry" itself cannot be evaluated, only the objective content of this emotion can be evaluated, that is, what is "worry". Worrying because of selfishness, decadence and even reaction is a negative emotion; On the contrary, worrying about the purpose of some progress becomes a positive emotion. Looking at the specific historical background, the melancholy expressed by Cao Cao here belongs to the latter and should be properly evaluated in history. Chen Ling, a Qing Dynasty man, said in Bi Xing Jian: "This poem is a reflection on warriors in Song of the Great Wind by Emperor Gaozu. The origin of' life geometry' is said that the so-called ancient king knew that his life span was not long, so he made sages as heirs. " This can be said to basically understand the meaning of Cao Cao's worry; However, the so-called "building sages to pass on their descendants" is a bit far-fetched. Cao Cao was considering ending the war and unifying China with his own life. There are similarities and differences between Han Gaozu and Han Gaozu in singing "Da Feng Ge". [8]
"Qingqing leisurely from jumping in my heart. But for your sake, I've thought it over. A herd of deer, yo, ate mugwort in Ye Yuan. I have a guest, blowing sheng. "
These eight sentences are even more lingering. The phrase "Qingqing" comes from The Book of Songs Zheng Feng Zi Jin. The original poem is about a girl who misses her lover. The four sentences in the first chapter are: "Qingqing Zi Jin, carefree in my heart. Even if I don't go, I'd rather not send a message? " Your green collar bothers me deeply. Although I can't come to you, why don't you take the initiative to leave me a message? ) Cao Cao quotes this poem here, saying that he has been reciting it in a low voice, which is really ingenious. He said that "a girl in green is lingering in my heart", which is of course a direct metaphor for missing "talented people"; But more importantly, he omitted two sentences: "Even if I don't go, I'd rather not send a message?" Because it is impossible for Cao Cao to look for those "talents" one by one, he reminded them in this subtle way: "Even if I don't look for you, why don't you take the initiative to look for me?" From this implicit meaning, we can see that his intention of "seeking the virtuous" is indeed thoughtful and has touching power. And this touching power embodies the combination of politics and artistic creation. Of course, his profound and subtle intentions can't be fully expressed in the literature such as "Asking for a Scholar". As a poem, short songs can express feelings that political literature can't express and play a role that political literature can't. Then he quoted four sentences from The Book of Songs Xiaoya Luming Literature to describe the scene of the banquet, meaning that as long as you come to me, I will definitely stay as a "guest" and we will get along well and cooperate harmoniously. These eight sentences still don't clearly say the word "seeking the virtuous", because Cao Cao writes poems, so he uses allusions as metaphors, which is the performance of "being gentle, respectful and frugal". At the same time, the word "Jun" is also typical in Cao Cao's poems. Originally in the Book of Songs, this "gentleman" only refers to a specific person; Here, it has a wide range of significance: all the "wise men" who read Cao Cao's poem at that time could think that he was the object of Zi Jin's memory. It is precisely because of this that this poem will play a huge social role if it is circulated. [8]
"It seems like a month, when can I wait? The troubles come from this and cannot be cut off. The weirder, the more useless. Talk about it and remember the old grace. "
These eight sentences are the focus and care of the above sixteen sentences. The above sixteen sentences mainly have two meanings, that is, worrying about seeking the virtuous and treating the virtuous with courtesy. If compared with music, these can be said to be two "theme melodies" in the whole poem, and the eight sentences of "Clear as the Moon" are the reappearance and variation of these two "theme melodies". The first four sentences are about sadness, not the first eight; The last four sentences are about the arrival of "talents". These are the last eight sentences. On the surface, the meaning is repeated by the first sixteen sentences, but in fact, due to the reproduction and variation of the "theme melody", the whole poem is more restrained and chanting, which strengthens the concentration of lyric. Judging from the literary theme of expressing poetry, these eight sentences are not simple repetitions, but contain profound meanings. In other words, "talents" have come a lot, and we have cooperated very well; However, I am not satisfied. I'm still worried about talent, and I hope more "talents" will come. The bright moon in the sky has been running and will not stop ("stop" means "stop", and Jin Yue's Short Song Xing means "stop"; The definition of "duo" in high school textbooks is: take it as you pick it up. When can I pick it up? In the same way, my idea of seeking the virtuous will not be cut off. This is also a thoughtful expression, because Cao Cao is constantly recruiting talents, so will the latecomers worry about "overcrowding"? Therefore, Cao Cao further said here that his heart of seeking wisdom will not end like the bright moon, and people will have no worries, and they will be given preferential treatment early and late. On this point, the author will make it more clear below. It is just a connecting link and plays a transitional and buffering role. [8]
"The moon and the stars are thin, and the black magpie flies south and circles the tree three times. What branch can we rely on? The mountains are not tired of heights, the sea is not tired of depths, the Duke of Zhou vomits food, and the world returns to the heart. "
The four sentences "Bright moon in the sky" are not only an accurate and vivid description of the scenery, but also metaphorical. Shen Deqian, a poet in A Qing, said in The Source of Ancient Poetry: "There are few stars in the moon, and there is no one to rely on for strange talents." This shows that he saw that these four sentences are metaphors, but that "guest" is vague; In fact, this refers to those who are hesitant, and they are at a loss in the situation of the Three Kingdoms. Therefore, Cao Cao used the scene of blackbirds circling trees and "with what branches" to motivate them. Don't be half-hearted, be good at choosing branches and live, and come to your side quickly These four poems vividly describe the situation and mood of the hesitators, but the author not only does not accuse them at all, but reveals his concern and sympathy for these people in his rich poems. This just shows that Cao Cao is good at ideological work and he attracts and strives for talents with a reasonable attitude. And a feeling like this also gives full play to the unique infection effect of poetry. The last four sentences are the finishing touch, and I hope that all people will come to me and clearly understand the theme of this poem. The allusion of "Duke Zhou vomited food" comes from "History of Han Poetry". According to legend, Duke Zhou said, "The son of King Wen of our country, his brother, and uncle of King Cheng; I am also in the world, and I am not a light in the world. However, if you hold it for three times and vomit for three times, you still fear losing the people of the world. " In order to receive the people all over the world, Duke Zhou sometimes washed his hair and ate a meal, which was interrupted several times. This legend is of course too exaggerated. However, this allusion is used here to highlight the author's thirst for talents. The phrase "the mountain will never be too high and the sea will never be too deep" also convincingly shows that the more talents, the better, and there will never be a sea of people. Chen Ling, who borrowed Guan Zi Xing Jie, said, "Birds choose wood. Can wood choose birds? " ? Three points in the world. Scholars either go north or go south. When we left for Shu and Wu, the emperor had not decided yet. If you don't spit and feed the festival, why come? Mountains never tire of soil, so they can become high; The sea never tires of water, so it can become deep; You never tire of scholars, and the world returns to your heart. "These words are very helpful to explain the background, theme and the meaning of the last few words of this poem. [8]
Generally speaking, short songs are like other poems of Cao Cao, such as Good, Drinking and Crying. , is a highly political poem, mainly serving the political line and policies and strategies implemented by Cao Cao at that time. However, its political content and significance are completely integrated into the rich lyrical artistic conception. The whole poem gives full play to the specialty of poetry creation, accurately and skillfully uses metaphor, and achieves the goal of combining reason with emotion and touching. In the era of Cao Cao, he was able to achieve the expected social effect according to the special laws of lyric poetry, and this kind of creative experience is obviously worth learning. At the same time, because Cao Cao's emphasis on "meritocracy" at that time had certain progressive significance, his highly artistic performance on the theme of "seeking talents" should also be affirmed by history. [2]
There are few stars on the moon, and blackbirds fly south. Turn around the tree three times, what branches can you rely on? The mountain will never be too high and the water will never be too deep. The duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart.
In addition, there is another meaning. When Cao operated this poem, it was the Chibi War, which was very different from Sun Cao's strength. For Cao Cao, there is no suspense. When Sun Wu perishes, the world will be determined. This poem has few stars, and blackbirds fly south. Turn around the tree three times, what branches can you rely on? At this time, it is also the most fierce time for Cao Cao to entangle good and evil in his chest. At this time, he also found it difficult to ride a tiger with fame and ambition. Is it retiring after success or abolishing Hanting as emperor? If you retire after your success, but Hanting has no prestige for the people under your command, you can't arrange the deployment. Even if your subordinates really have their own income, they will only obey Cao Guan. If Cao just pays homage to these people and then gives up, his subordinates will not follow, or they will be chilling or arise, and the world will be divided again. If the civil servants and military commanders are at peace and there is no war, Cao Cao will have no sense of security. On the other hand, I'm worried that if I go back to the capital to abolish the emperor and stand on my own feet after pacifying the world, and the name of usurping the Han Dynasty becomes a reality, my ambition and lifelong career will fall into the same eternal infamy as Dong Zhuo. He compared himself to the Duke of Zhou, thus implicitly expressing his determination to swear to the enemy of Bill Han. Under the moral etiquette at that time, Han would lose the hearts of many students loyal to the old Hanting. Although the whole poem has obvious political purpose, it is highly artistic because of the euphemism of metaphor and the atmosphere of rhetoric.
When an enlightened king needs talents.
The sentence "Duke Zhou" is the crowning touch, which clearly shows that people are willing to surrender to me, Cao Cao, and also points out the main idea of the whole poem. With regard to the allusion of "Duke of Zhou vomited food", it is said that Duke of Zhou himself said: "Son of King Wen, brother of King Wen, uncle of King Cheng; I am also in the world, and I am not a light in the world. However, if you hold it for three times and vomit for three times, you still fear losing the people of the world. " This seems to express the poet's feelings.
Evaluation by famous experts
Wei Wudi's "Singing to Wine, Life Geometry" ... It's interesting to speak in time. Long song's short songs often say that people's life span is fixed, so don't ask for it in vain. (Jason Wu's Interpretation of Yuefu Ancient Poems)
Kong Rong and Yang Xiu both shot their hands. How can they be safe? As the Han dynasty, it is absurd to think that people are thieves of the Han dynasty, but it was drawn up by Duke Zhou. (Liu Kezhuang's "Later Stories" originally contained Volume 1)
"Like morning dew, go to Japan to eat more bitterness": It's wonderful to come to Japan without eating less bitterness. "But for the sake of the monarch, Shen Yin has stopped here": Heroes are not loyal to friendship, but they are not omnipotent. "Clear as the Moon": the words are strange, and the music is strange. "Talk about the banquet, and remember the old gratitude": You may as well be a hero if you come through thick and thin and bite the hand that feeds you. There is another cloud: at this point, the word "300" is exhausted, and its heart and hands are not sticky. The two sentences "Qingqingzijiao" and "Yo Yo Luming Literature" are written in "300 Articles", but it's hard to say whether they are exactly the same. (Zhong Xing and Tan's Comments on Ancient Poems in Zhong Xing)?
I read it when I was young, but I felt that it was not refined; I saw it a few years ago and didn't think it was thick. To the essence, to the rough, to the strange! A hero is elegant and can test the minds of future generations. (Zhong Xing and Tan comment on Tan's "The Return of Ancient Poems"?
Xu Changgu said: "Wei Meng's generation has four words, and he is embarrassed. Cao Gong's "Short Songs" and Zi Jian's "The Disaster of the Future" are both worth making. ..... "Stupid publishing house: ... Yuan Rui said that" two poems by Cao Gong and Zi Jian, though exquisite and flashy, were punished several times in Athens ",and he won. (Xu's "Poetry Source Debate Style" Volume III)
Ren Wei's four Yuefu poems, such as Meng De's Short Song, His Good Deeds and Zi Jian's Fei Long Pian, etc. , originated from Cai Yong and Yu Hong, they are just the body of Yuefu, so they are not suitable for elegance. (ibid., vol. iv)
It is also fun to speak in time. The phrase "moon stars are scarce" means that guests have nothing to rely on. "The mountain is never too high" means that kings are not only numerous, but also great. (Shen Deqian's "Ancient Poetry Source")
This poem is also the purpose of thinking about the brave in Gao Han's Song of the Wind. The origin of The Geometry of Life, according to legend, ancient kings knew that life was not long, so they built sages and bequeathed them to their descendants. The last two poems "Qing Heng" and "Luming Literature" are quoted, one is gratifying, and Shen Yin is worried; What you want is what you get, but what you get is what you get. Although birds choose wood, can wood choose birds? There are three points in the world, and if it is not north, it will be south. When we left for Wu and Shu, the emperor had not decided yet. If you don't spit and feed the festival, why come? Mountains never tire of soil, so they can become high; The sea never tires of water, so it can become deep; You never tire of scholars, and the world belongs to your heart. If the speaker does not observe, it means that Meng Zhizhi's Zen has sprouted, while Shen Yin is undecided, which may make people laugh. I feel that the years are flowing, but I am afraid that the evidence will be lost. How to interpret the poems of Kiko and Luming Literature and the language of Chekhov's Yan Tan? Besides, on the day when Meng De spoke out for the sage, at the beginning of Wang Mang's humble corporal, would he be willing to speak out his contempt and openly usurp the throne? That's ridiculous. (Chen Ling's "Poetry is better than Stars" Volume 1) [9]
6 Author Profile Editor
Cao Cao (155-0315,220), whose real name was Meng De, a native of Geely, and a native of Peiguoqiao County (now Bozhou, Anhui Province), was of Han nationality. An outstanding politician, strategist, writer and calligrapher in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The founders of the Cao Wei regime in the Three Kingdoms conquered all directions in the name of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, wiped out the separatist forces such as Er Yuan, Lu Bu, Liu Biao and Han Sui at home, surrendered the southern Xiongnu, Wu Huan and Xianbei abroad, unified the northern part of China, and implemented a series of policies to restore economic production and social order, which laid the foundation for the founding of Cao Wei. Cao Cao was the prime minister of the Eastern Han Dynasty before his death, then Wang Wei, and after his death, posthumous title became King Wu. After his son Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he was honored as Emperor Wu, with the temple name Mao.
Cao Cao is good at writing poems, expressing his political ambitions and reflecting the tragic life of the people in the late Han Dynasty. He is ambitious, generous and sad. Prose is also neat, which opens and prospers Jian 'an literature and leaves precious spiritual wealth to future generations. Historically, it was called Jian 'an Style, and Lu Xun rated it as "the founder of reforming articles". At the same time, Cao Cao is good at calligraphy, especially at carving grass. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaiguan named it a "wonderful flower" at the end of Shu.