Because Qu Yuan was a family of the King of Chu, he was called "the public house" or "the public house" at that time, so his relationship with Chu was of course different. The descendants of Qu, such as Qu Zhong, Qu Wan, Qu Dao and Qu Jian, all held important positions in Chu State. Qu Yuan's father's name is Bo Yong. In Qu Yuan's generation, not many people became great officials, only Qu Yuan and Qu Gai, a general who was later captured by Qin State. In Qu Yuan's Nine Chapters of Chu Ci, Xi Yong once said, "I suddenly forgot my poverty." It is very likely that the aristocratic family had already declined at that time.
be born
According to the research results of many people in modern times, Qu Yuan's date of birth is probably not between 27 years (342 BC) and 30 years (339 BC) in Chu Xuanwang. According to Jiazi's calculation, it should be Wuyin year. Coincidentally, Qu Yuan was born not only in the year of the Silver Moon, but also on that day. According to the ancient saying of China calendar, "people are born in the shade", so Xia Zheng takes the month of establishing the shade (the first month) as the beginning of the year. Because Qu Yuan was born in the year of Silvermoon, which really accords with the date of birth of "human", he said in Qu Yuan's masterpiece Lisao: "She was taken to raise her virginity in Meng Xi, but she was taken to surrender." This sentence is the first month of the year when the stars meet the Yin [4], which is Geng Yin Day. I was born from my mother. Explain that this year is a cloudy year; Meng is the beginning, the new moon is the first month, and the summer calendar begins with the month, which means that the first month of this year is; Geng Yin explained that it was cloudy. Qu Yuan was born in Yinri, which is a good day (according to Zou and Liu, this day was 2 1 day in the first month of 343 years ago). In the Qing Dynasty, Chen You took the week calendar as the 22nd day of the first month of 343 years, and now it is generally defined as the first 340 years.
name
Qu Yuan felt that his birth and death years were somewhat different, so he said in Li Sao: "Emperor Guan is full of joy, Zhao Qian's name is common, and the word is even."
My father gave me a good name when he saw that my birthday was unusual. The name is Ping and the word is Yuan. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi explained Qu Yuan's name in Zhang Sentence, saying, "Benevolence and justice; Then the law is also ","Spirit is also, and God is also; Uniform and adjustable. There is nothing fairer than the sky. The people who raise things have been adjusted and are not in the ground. "
Therefore, it is called "Pingtian" and the word is "Tian". According to his date of birth, literally speaking, "ping" means justice, and fairness is the image of heaven; "Original" is a broad and flat terrain [7], which is the image of the earth. Qu Yuan's birth and death year and name conform to the three systems of heaven, earth, ugliness and fate in Yin [8]. Today, it's just a coincidence. It doesn't matter, but it was considered a good sign at the time.
The first left disciple
Qu Yuan is an outstanding talent among Chu nobles. Proficient in history, literature and mythology, and have a thorough understanding of the national conditions and the way of governing the country; People are smart and eloquent. Sima Qian's Historical Records said that he was "knowledgeable, ambitious" and "good at rhetoric". In his twenties, he became a leftist in Chu Huaiwang. The picture on the left is only one level lower than Ling Yin of Chu State. He consulted with the King of Chu at home, issued orders, received guests abroad and dealt with princes. The king of Chu trusted him very much, let him draft laws and regulations, and let him go to Qi to unite against Qin. This shows that Qu Yuan is an important official in charge of internal affairs and foreign affairs of Chu State. However, his reform spirit and measures aroused the opposition and jealousy of the noble ministers of Chu. The representatives of the opponents are Chu Huaiwang's favorite concubine Zheng Xiu, son Zilan and Shangguan doctor Jin Shang. These people are short-sighted and jealous of talents. They only want to protect their aristocratic privileges, but they forget the long-term interests of the country. However, they are very powerful. They surround Chu Huaiwang all day, influencing Wang Huai's words and deeds. Chu Huaiwang, who was in a daze, listened to rumors and gradually alienated Qu Yuan.
Express feelings with poetry
From the sixth year to the eighteenth year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, the State of Chu was basically in the hands of Qin, obedient and did not dare to move. Qu Yuan was very sad about it, but there was nothing he could do. Seeing that the country's situation is getting weaker and people's livelihood is more difficult, he has to use poetry to express his feelings of worrying about the country and the people.
Experience period
Qu Yuan experienced three periods in his life: Chu Weiwang, Chu Huaiwang and King Xiang of Qing Dynasty, and his main activities were in the period of Chu Huaiwang. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification. "Qin Huang is horizontal, Chu Wang is vertical." Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang.
In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty.
Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Wang Xiang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was once again expelled from Ying Capital and exiled to the south of the Yangtze River, and was displaced between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (278 BC), General Qin attacked Yingdu in vain, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal. Sima Qian (about 145 ~ 90 BC) died in 90 BC at the age of 56. Zi Chang, a great historian and writer in the Western Han Dynasty, wrote China's first biography, Historical Records, which was called by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme." (Republic of China, Lu Xun). Sima Qian was born in Longmen, xia yang, Western Han Dynasty. Xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi), county name, near Longmen. Therefore, Sima Qian claimed to be "moving to Longmen" (Preface to Taishi Gong). Longmen, Longmen Mountain, is very famous. Legend has it that Dayu once opened a mountain in Longmen to control water. To the south of Longmen Mountain is the Yellow River. Sima Qian's home is between the Yellow River and Longmen. There are many local places of interest. Sima Qian liked scenic spots since childhood, but he also had the opportunity to hear many historical legends and stories.
Sima Qian was born in Longmen in 145 BC (the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty).
I was six years old in BC 140 (the first year of Jian Yuan of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty) and studied in my hometown.
Father Sima Tan served as Taishiling. Preface of Taishi Gong: "Talking about Taishi Gong is between Jianyuan and Yuanfeng. Taishigong is in charge of Tianguan and does not treat the people. "
BC 136 (the fifth year of Jianyuan) was ten years old, in my hometown.
Preface of Taishi Gong: "Recite ancient prose at the age of ten." Press: Sima Qian was about ten years old, that is, he lived a part-time life in his hometown.
BC 135 (the sixth year of Jianyuan) was eleven years old.
After Dou Taihou's death, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty broke the reputation of Huang Lao's punishment and renewed his respect for Confucianism.
BC 134 (the first year of Han Yuanguang) was twelve years old.
It is Dong Zhongshu's "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed hundreds of schools and respected Confucianism alone. Sima Qian studied in xia yang and Chang 'an.
He was nineteen years old in 127 BC (the second year of Han Yuanshuo) and moved from xia yang to Chang 'an.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty suggested moving people from their father Yan to Maoling. Sima Qian moved to Beijing with his family. Learn from Kong Anguo's Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Chunqiu. Kong Anguo served as an assistant.
There is no clear history of Sima Qian's birth and death. According to Wang Guowei's research on Taishi Gongxing Year, Sima Qian was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (145 BC) and died in the first year of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (86 BC) at the age of 56. It is said that Sima Qian's family is a historian and writer who passed down from Tang Yu to Zhou. Sima Cuo was a famous soldier when King Hui of Qin attacked Shu, and Sima Chang was an iron-fisted official of Qin Shihuang. Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, was also an official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he resumed his ancestral career as a historian.
In Sima Qian's youth, he "cultivated the grandchildren of rivers and mountains". Sima Qian grew up in this natural environment (Preface to Hancheng County Records) and had some experience in folk life. Li Bai (70 1-762), whose name is Taibai, is a violet layman. China, a famous poet in Tang Dynasty, is known as "Poet Fairy". Li Bai and Du Fu are collectively called "Du Li". There is a collection of Li Taibai handed down from generation to generation. Li Bai's ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu). He was born in the first year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (70 1). There are different opinions about his birthplace, and now it is generally believed that it is the broken leaf of the Western Region (located near tokmak, Kyrgyzstan). According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he is the ninth grandson of Emperor Liang, and he is actually the same clan as the kings. According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai's father is Ren Chengwei. In 705, when Li Bai was five years old, he moved to County, Mianzhou County and Qinglian Township of Shu County with his father Li Ke and began to receive enlightenment education. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), Li Bai began to read hundred schools of thought's historical records, and in the third year of Kaiyuan (7 15), he was fond of writing poems, fencing, fantasy books and immortals. When he was young, he began to travel around China. Five years before and after Kaiyuan, Li Bai studied with Zhao Kun, who wrote long and short classics, for more than a year. The study in this period had a far-reaching influence on Li Bai. In the sixth year of Kaiyuan, I studied in Daitian daming temple.
According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Li Bai showed extraordinary talent in his youth. He had lofty aspirations and a detached heart. He and Confucius, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian and other middle school students in Shandong Province hid in Culai Mountain, singing and drinking, and the time number was "Zhuxi Liufu".
Li Bai once presented the Hanlin in the first year of Tianbao, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (742). Once the emperor was drunk and asked Li Bai, "What was the dynasty between me and Tianhou?" Bai said, "The queen of heaven has many political affairs, and the country is fortunate to be raped. Just like the melons in the children's market, you don't choose the fragrant ones, you choose the fat ones; I am the one who gets the essence of anyone, such as gold from washing sand and stone from cutting stone. " Xuanzong laughed after listening. But because of his unruly personality, he left Chang 'an in less than two years. It is said that because his Qing Ping Diao offended Yang Guifei, who favored the harem at that time (Yang Guifei thought the words "poor swallow leans on new makeup" were ironic), it was not allowed in the palace.
[Editor] Middle-aged people
Later, he met Du Fu, another famous poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, and became good friends. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, in February 65438 +756, in order to quell the An Shi Rebellion, Li Bai was invited to be a staff officer. After Wang Yong angered Tang Suzong and was killed, Li Bai was also found guilty and imprisoned. Soon after, he was exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). He was pardoned in exile at the age of 59.
[editor] old age
Li Bai roamed the south of the Yangtze River in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led a great army to crusade against Anshi rebels, so he went north to join the army with Li Guangbi to kill the enemy, but turned back because of illness. The next year, Li Bai went to his uncle Li, who was then a county magistrate in Dangtu (now Maanshan, Anhui). In the same year 165438+ 10, Li Bai died in his apartment at the age of 62 and was buried in Longshan, Dangtu. In the 12th year of Tang Yuanhe (8 17), the observation of Xuanzang Pool made Fan move the tomb to Dangtu Castle Peak according to Li Bai's wishes. There are many different legends about his death. One said that he was watching the moon on the boat and fell into the water to pick it up. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty records that although Li Bai was pardoned and exiled, he died drunk in Xuancheng because of excessive drinking on the way.
Du Fu (7 12 February 12-770) has beautiful words. Shao Ling Ye Lao was born in Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) and his ancestral home was Gongxian County, Henan Province (now gongyi city), a realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty. He used to be the foreign minister of the calibration department, so later people called him Du Gongbu; Because he lives in Shaoling outside Chang 'an, he is also known as Du Shaoling. His influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are also called "the history of poetry". Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Fu's grandfather was a high official in Gongyi, Henan. Du Fu was eager to learn since he was a child, and he was able to write poems at the age of seven. After the age of 20, he wandered between wuyue and Qilu, and was interested in "introducing the monarch into Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure". He met Li Bai in Luoyang. Du Fu went to Chang 'an at the age of 35 and lived in Chang 'an for ten years. He rushed to give gifts, was depressed, frustrated in his career and poor in life. After the Anshi Rebellion, Du Fu went to see Su Zong, "Ma Xie met the son of heaven", and was left to pick up the body. Later, he was demoted to Huazhou because of exhortation. In 759, he abandoned his official post and went to the west, and built a small house next to Huanhuaxi in the western suburbs of Chengdu. During these four years, he wrote more than 240 poems. In 764, Tang Daizong Guangde served as an aide under the protection of Yanwu, the ambassador of Jiannan County in Chengdu, Sichuan, and inspected Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Industry. "Wu and Fu are both old, and they have been treated for a long time" (Old Tang Book < Biography of Du Fu in Wen Yuan >). Soon, I lived a wandering life, wandering in today's Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan provinces, taking the boat as my home. In the fifth year of Tang Dali (770), he died on the Xiangjiang River from Changsha to Yueyang [1]. It is said that Du Fu was flooded in Leiyang and didn't eat for more than ten days. Later, Nie County Magistrate of Leiyang hired a boat to pick him up and gave him a lot of beef and white wine. Du Fu ate all night and died drunk at the age of 59 [2][3][4]. The coffin was parked in Yueyang, in the eighth year of Zongyuan (8 13), and was moved and buried by Sun Du in shouyangshan, Henan.
There are more than 400 poems/kloc-0. Writing poems can be divided into four periods:
[Editor] Early student days
Before 35 years old. Liang and Song Dynasties (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu) traveled with Li Bai and Gao Shi. There is a poem for Li Bai, which says, "Yu Yidong is a guest and he is like a brother. Drunk sleep autumn quilt, hand in hand with Japanese counterparts ",and cloud," drinking songs and living empty, domineering for whom ",can be called pleasure.
[Editor] Trapped in Chang 'an Period
Tianbao five years to Tianbao fourteen years. Du Fu's "food and clothing are difficult", so he has to go in and out of the aristocratic mansion, run around offering gifts and get a little support. During this period, some works appeared, such as Military Vehicle Shop, Second Supply Road, Going Out to the Front, and Reciting 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian.
[Editor] An Shi Rebellion Period
From Su Zong to Deyuanzai (756) to Gan Yuan for two years (759). During this period, there were Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Mourning for the Head of a General, Sorrow for Chen Tao, Northern Expedition, Three Officials (Shi Haoguan, Tongguan Official and Xin 'an Official) and Three Farewells (newly married, resigned and homeless).
[Editor] Wandering period
From the first year of Su Zong Shang Yuan (760) to the fifth year of Dai Zong Dali (770). In the first year of Baoying (762), Shao Yin and Xu Zhi, the suggestion of Chengdu, rebelled in Chengdu, and Du Fu went into exile in Zizhou and Langzhou. His works include Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Oranges, Climbing the Building, Reading the Book, The Two Banks of the Yellow River Recovered by the Imperial Army, The Rise of Wu Lang, Hiking the Mountain, Autumn Xing, Three Jueju, Sui Yanxing and so on. During this period, more than a thousand poems were written, accounting for more than 70% of all Du Fu's poems, which profoundly reflected the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty.
There are 60 volumes of Du Fu's poems, which have long been lost. In the second year of Baoyuan in the Northern Song Dynasty (1039), Wang Zhu collected 1405 volumes and compiled them into 18 volumes, which was named "Du Gongbu Collection". Qian edited The Collection of Du Gongbu. Yang Lun said: "Since the Six Dynasties, Yuefu imitated plagiarism, and Chen Xiangyin was the most disgusting. When Zi Mei came out, she felt what she felt at that time. When she went to Benjamin, she was in trouble. The people there were very poor. She asked questions at will and tried to get rid of the stereotypes of her predecessors. " (Du Shi Jing Quan, Volume 5)
Du Fu, known as the history of poetry, was first seen in Meng Bang's Poem Fu Neng. The third part of "Senior One" in the late Tang Dynasty: "The difficulty in Dushan flows through Shan Ye and is almost invisible, so it is called the history of poetry." In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. Some people pay attention to Du Fu's poems about historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement and prove history, so they are named poetry history. This theory only emphasizes the truth of historical events and ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry. Some people know history by Du Fu's History, and the brushwork is rigorous, which can be compared with Sima Qian, a historian of Han Dynasty. And those who judge people and things in poetry can "not hide evil and not praise good", so they are called the history of poetry. This is desirable. On the other hand, Zi Mei is famous as a history of poetry because she sympathizes with others and hurts things. This statement is also desirable.
Some people also talk about the history of poetry from the perspective of "Du Fu's poems are written for the public".
[Editor] Major Achievements
Du Fu's life experienced a period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of themes and far-reaching significance, especially describing the sufferings of the people and expressing his compassion for the country and the people.
Du Fu's poems are gloomy in style, refined in language, rigorous in meter, exquisite in workmanship, sincere in feelings, profound in description, delicate and touching in description and vivid in image. It is his creative style that the words are not amazing and never stop. Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, once compared Du Fu with Li Bai, saying, "Du Li's articles are there, and the flames are endless." .
Du Fu's influence on later generations is also moral. Wen Tianxiang wrote 200 episodes of Du Fu's five-character poems in prison. He said in the preface, "Zi Mei will speak for me first."
148 1 year, South Korea translated Du Fu's poems into Korean, which is called Interpretation of Du Fu's Poems and Proverbs. Rex Ross, a modern American poet, thinks that Du Fu is concerned with love between people, tolerance and sympathy between people. He also believes that only this kind of character can finally save our world, and the last thing to save the world is not high technology, but love, tolerance and sympathy between people. He also believes that Du Fu, who has such a personality, gave birth to such a culture, which is even greater than the Greek culture that gave birth to Homer's epic.
Su Shi (1037-11year) was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now meishan county, Sichuan). His poems, ci, fu and prose are all highly accomplished, and he is good at painting and calligraphy, which is a rare all-rounder in the history of China literature. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ou Su; Poetry and Huang Tingjian are also called Su Huang; Ci and Xin Qiji are collectively called Su Xin; Calligraphy is one of the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty: Su, Huang, Mi and Cai [1]. His paintings started the Huzhou School of Painting. He not only opposed Wang Anshi's radical reform measures, but also disagreed with Sima Guang's abolition of the new law, so he was rejected by the old and new parties and his career was very bumpy. Song Renzong Jing You was born in three years, and Jiayou was a scholar in two years. Bachelor of Duan Mingtang, Bachelor of Hanlin, Minister of Ritual. During the reign of Zongshen, Su Shi served as the foreign minister of Zubu, and sought a diplomatic post because he opposed Wang Anshi's new law. He worked as a judge in Hangzhou and knew Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the second year of Yuanfeng, the famous Wutai Poetry Case happened in Li Ding at the age of 43. He went to prison for it and died several times. His younger brother Su Zhe was demoted to save his life and was demoted to Huangzhou the following year. At that time, Zhezong was a bachelor of Hanlin, and once knew Hangzhou, Yingzhou and other places. , is an official does not. Later, Zhang Dun was banished to Huizhou and Danzhou. Changzhou died of illness in the second year after returning to the north, at the age of 66. Chasing Wen Zhong in Southern Song Dynasty. Politically, it belongs to the old party, but it also has the requirements of reform shortcomings. He is honest and clean all over the country, promoting advantages and eliminating disadvantages, with many political achievements and good reputation. Su Causeway in Hangzhou West Lake is an example.
Sima Qian (135-90 years ago) was born in xia yang (now Hancheng, Shaanxi), an ancient historian and writer in China. His Historical Records is regarded as a model of China's historical books, and later generations respectfully call him Shi Qian and Tai Shigong. In the third year of Liang Wudi's reign (98 BC), Li Ling was defeated and surrendered to the Huns. Liang Wudi was furious. All the civil servants in the Qing Dynasty believed that Li Ling was guilty and the whole family should be punished. Sima Qian defended Li Ling and angered Liang Wudi. He was put in prison and left to fend for himself. He once said that "disaster is greater than greed, sorrow is greater than sorrow, and ugliness is greater than imprisonment." People who are beyond punishment are unparalleled and not lifelong. "
[Editor] Write a book
After he was released from prison, Sima Qian was appointed as the official in charge of secretariat of history. He angrily wrote a history book. "He wants to learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a unified statement", and he completed China's first biography-Historical Records. Historical Records didn't have a title at first. Sima Qian showed the manuscript to Dong Fangshuo, and Dong Fangshuo appreciated it and named it Taishi Gongshu. Later generations called Taishigong Gong Ji "Historical Records".
"Historical Records" was originally a general term for the history books of various countries, and Sima Qian's writings were also made with reference to the history books of various countries during the Warring States Period. However, due to the influence of Taishi Gongshu, it became the proper name of this book around the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Sima Qian finished writing Historical Records, he knew that this book was not accepted by the contemporary world, so he saved a copy in the famous mountain in advance and passed it on to future generations.
Historical Records had a far-reaching influence on the development of later historiography and literature. Lu Xun praised "Historical Records", saying that "historians never sing, leaving Sao without rhyme". Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-two Histories said: "Sima Qian gave consideration to both ancient and modern times and drew inferences from others to make it a general history. This kind of record is in the order of emperors, aristocratic families remember the country, ten tables are current affairs, eight books are detailed, and biographies are aimed at characters. Then the gains and losses of a generation of monarchs, ministers and politicians are gathered in a series. From then on, it is certain that people who created history in the past dynasties can't go beyond their scope, and those who believe in historians are extremely excellent. "